Influence Of Soaking Time Research Articles

Influence of Soaking Time and Loading Rate on Semi-solid Compression of Porous Al-4Cu-Mg Alloy

Influence of Soaking Time and Loading Rate on Semi-solid Compression of Porous Al-4Cu-Mg Alloy

Influence of Soaking Time on Microstructural, Machinability, and Mechanical Properties of Al-10Si-0.3Mg Alloy Fabricated by Direct Powder Forging

Influence of Soaking Time on Microstructural, Machinability, and Mechanical Properties of Al-10Si-0.3Mg Alloy Fabricated by Direct Powder Forging

Experimental investigation on the low cycle fatigue performance and fractographic analysis of deep cryogenic treated 6063 aluminium alloy

The influence of soaking time in Deep Cryogenic Treatment (DCT) on the fatigue behaviour of Al 6063 aluminium alloy was investigated. The aluminium rods were subjected to the deep cryogenic treatment for 2, 4, 6, 16, and 24 hrs. The low cycle fatigue behaviour of DCT-treated samples were analyzed using the 25 kN nano fatigue testing machine at the total strain amplitude of 0.4% and cyclic frequency of 0.3 Hz. CT 6 sample retained a higher fatigue life of 2216 cycles than CT 2, 4, 16, and 24 samples which had cycles to failure of about 1392, 1723, 1249, and 364, respectively. Cyclic stabilization was observed through the stress-strain curve, and the mean stress response of DCT samples exhibited a compressive nature during fatigue loading. The plastic strain amplitude response of the CT 6 sample showed a more stabilized response among DCT samples until crack initiation. Fractography reveals the origin and propagation of cracks along with fatigue striations and final fracture of DCT samples. The final fracture of CT 16 and CT 24 samples exhibited microvoid formation due to higher immersion time, whereas CT 2, CT 4, and CT 6 samples had a transgranular fracture. XRD analysis of DCT samples confirmed the formation of Mg2Si, which leads to improved fatigue properties and hardness in DCT samples.

Experimental study on the mechanism of five point pattern refracturing for vertical & horizontal wells in low permeability and tight oil reservoirs

Low permeability oil reservoir has the characteristics of low porosity and low permeability. The initial fracturing can effectively improve the recovery of the reservoir, but the physical mechanism of refracturing to improve the recovery is still lack of systematic research. In this paper, the refracturing effect of low permeability reservoirs under the condition of five point well pattern is clarified; the refracturing mechanism of vertical-horizontal well combination is revealed; the reservoir production performance characteristics under different soak time conditions are analyzed. It is found that: (a) after 1st fracturing, the area between the two fractures still has a high residual oil, which is the material basis for refracturing. (b) After refracturing, there are secondary fractures connecting the main fractures. The crude oil in the low permeability reservoir can flow not only to the main fracture and horizontal wellbore, but also to the secondary fractures. This leads to the effective reduction of oil saturation between the main fractures. (c) The influence of soak time on cumulative oil production is obvious. With the increase of soak time, the cumulative oil production increases significantly.

Synthesis and optoelectrical properties of chemically unzipped carbon nanotubes by modified Hummers’ method

In this work, multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were unzipped utilizing the modified Hummers technique as an effectual procedure to deliver highly unzipped graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) employed for the fabrication of a light sensor. The chemical unzipping was also attained by modifying the oxidation time to ensure a good unzipping efficiency and a higher rate of exfoliation of the MWCNTs. The influence of soaking time on the unzipping efficiency of the MWCNTs has been examined. Furthermore, SEM, TEM, FTIR, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman examinations were utilized to monitor and characterize the process of unzipping of MWCNTs. Schottky diode based on the unzipping MWCNTs was fabricated. The optoelectrical properties of the chemically unzipped carbon nanotube (CNT) by the modified hummers method were studied. The high unzipping efficiency was a good technique used for the fabrication of a promising Schottky diode photosensor which was revealed by the I–V characteristics curves. A 532 nm laser was used to calculate the quantum efficiency. Based on the obtained results, the synthesized GNRs have very promising applications in many fields including micro and nano optoelectronics.

Influence of Soaking Time on Deep Cryogenic Treatment of CuCoNiBe Alloy

Influence of Soaking Time on Deep Cryogenic Treatment of CuCoNiBe Alloy

Study on the Change Law of Interfacial Bond Strength Between Asphalt and Aggregate Under the Influence of Salt Freezing and Water Immersion

In order to study the interfacial bond strength of asphalt aggregate under immersion and salt freezing conditions, the influence of immersion time, freeze-thaw cycles and salt concentration on the interfacial bond strength under different temperature conditions was discussed. The orthogonal test was used to determine the mass of the sample after the freeze-thaw cycle, and the water absorption rate was obtained. The influence of soaking time, freeze-thaw cycle times and salt concentration on the water absorption rate was studied by range analysis method. The self-designed drawing test device was used to obtain the stress change of each sample during tensile test at room temperature, so as to achieve tensile failure After that, the range analysis method is still used to deal with the test data. According to the test results, the influence of the above three factors on the interfacial bond strength at different temperatures is qualitatively analyzed. The results show that: under the action of immersion and salt freezing, the interfacial bond strength decreases significantly, and the asphalt aggregate specimen is more sensitive to the change of perceived temperature. When the environmental temperature of the specimen changes, the bond strength fluctuates obviously; under the influence of three factors, the salt concentration has a greater impact on the water absorption and interfacial strength of the specimen than the other two factors. Therefore, in engineering application, we should attach great importance to this problem. And through this research, it provides reference for similar engineering construction and related research.

Influence of soaking time on the mechanical properties of rapeseed and their effect on oleosome extraction

Oleosomes (or oil-bodies) are the oil storage structures of plant seeds. We typically extract oil by disrupting the oleosomes through mechanical-pressing of dry seeds and by using organic solvents. Nevertheless, it is possible to extract whole oleosomes, by breaking pre-soaked seeds. A key point to avoid oleosome damage seems to be the soaking step. Hence the aim of this work was to understand the effect of soaking time on the mechanical properties of rapeseed and its effect on oleosome extraction. The results showed that the diffusion of water through the seeds was negatively associated to the mechanical strength of the seeds. This effect occurs in 3 stages and reaches a plateau at 8 h. The extraction of oleosomes and proteins kept constant for all different treatments. However, the duration of the soaking step influences oleosome integrity, as oleosomes extracted after shorter soaking times (<8 h) yielded bigger oleosomes with extraneous proteins bounded to them. After 8 h soaking time, the mechanical properties of the seeds kept constant and oleosomes of native size and with oleosome endogenous proteins were recovered. Therefore, a minimum soaking time of 8 h is required to achieve the extraction of intact oleosomes.

Influence of soaking time on tensile strength of coconut fiber

The objectives of research are to determine the effect of long soaking of coconut fiber in alkali solution to the tensile strength of coconut fiber. The testing stages include preparation, soaking, drying, testing, and analysis. The materials used consist of coconut fiber, alkali solution, aquades, tensile test equipment, and furnace. Coconut fiber is soaked in an alkali solution with a concentration of 20% for 1, 5, 7, 9, and 11 hours. Then, the coconut fiber was rinsed with aquades before being dried in a furnace at 90°C for 5 hours. Furthermore, tests of mechanical properties include a single fiber tensile of coconut fiber with ASTM 3379-02 standart. Based on the results and discussion, it can be concluded that (a) the alkali treatment decreases the amount of hemicellulose and cellulose in coconut fiber, (b) the lowest hemicellulose and cellulose content was obtained at 7-hour immersion i.e. 8.85% and 18.40%, (c) the maximum tensile strength obtained at 7 hours of soaking is 223.907 N/mm2.

Role of soaking time on the phase evolution of Cu2ZnSnS4 polycrystals synthesized using melting route for photovoltaic applications

Cu2ZnSnS4(CZTS) is an emerging quaternary semiconductor material to use as absorber layer for solar cells due its suitable band gap, high absorption coefficient, earth abundancy and less toxic nature. This work provides a comprehensive insight into the phase evolution of CZTS synthesized at a relatively lower process time. In this study, CZTS bulk polycrystals were synthesized using elemental pre cursors via melting route. The influence of soaking time on the structural, compositional and optical properties were investigated using XRD, EDS, Raman, DRS, PL and XPS measurements. XRD pattern revealed a highly crystalline tetragonal structure corresponding to kesterite phase. EDS mapping were performed over a large area of the sample revealed homogeneous distribution and near stoichiometric composition for the sample soaked for 14 h (S14). Raman spectra confirmed the existence of single phase CZTS without any secondary and ternary phases for S14. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy gave a band gap value in the range 1.34–1.39 eV. PL analysis revealed that asymmetric band shape and higher energy shift is the characteristics of radiative transitions which are influenced by fluctuating potentials. XPS studies confirmed the oxidation states as Cu(I), Zn(II), Sn(IV) and S(II).

Influence of Soaking Time and Sodium Hydroxide Concentration on the Chemical Composition of Treated Mango Seed Shell Flour for Composite Application

Lignin and hemicelluloses are the major impurities to be removed in natural fibers for it to be suitable in composite application and other uses. This research is based on evaluating the influence of soaking time and sodium hydroxide concentration on the chemical composition of treated mango seed shell (MSSF) by immersing the MSSF in NaOH solution at concentration of 2.5 - 7.5 wt % and soaking time of 2-6 hr, in order to decrease the lignin and hemicellulose content while increasing its cellulose content. The optimum conditions obtained for concentration and soaking time of NaOH were 6.09 % and 5.22 hr, respectively. At these conditions, cellulose content was increased to 94.8002%, while the hemicelluloses and lignin content were reduced to 2.2779% and 0.508502%, respectively. The process parameter of MSSF was optimized using central composite design (CCD) to predict the cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin content. The quadratic model of response surface model (RSM) was adopted for the prediction of cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin content. The maximum error between the predicted using CCD and experimental results was less 0.38%. These errors in variation for both the predicted by the RSM and the actual gave good alignment with both results. Therefore, at these treatment conditions, MSSF can be utilized for composite application and other industrial purpose. Keywords : NaOH, Chemical Modification, Mango Seed Shell Flour, Chemical Composition

CdSe/TiO2 nanotubes for enhanced photoelectrochemical activity under solar illumination: Influence of soaking time in CdSe bath solution

In the present study, nanotubular structure of cadmium selenide/titanium dioxide (CdSe/TiO2) was successfully prepared via chemical bath deposition (CBD) chemosynthesis method to improve photoelectrochemical activity under solar illumination. The results revealed that optimum CdSe dopants incorporated into TiO2 nanotubes played a crucial role in determining the photoelectrode performance in water splitting. It was found that synthesized CdSe/TiO2 nanotubes soaked at 30 min of CdSe precursor showed a maximum photocurrent density of 0.0016 A/cm2 with improvement of about 10% than that of pure TiO2 nanotubes under solar illumination. The presence of optimum contents of CdSe dopants incorporated into TiO2 nanotubes could act as efficient mediators for trapping photo-induced electrons and reduce the recombination losses of charge carriers significantly.

Influence of soak time on catch performance of commercial creels targeting Norway lobster (Nephrops norvegicus) in the Mediterranean Sea

Creel catch performance is known to be affected by the soak time in many fisheries. If creels maintained their efficiency over longer periods, increase in soak time should lead to proportional increase in catch quantity. However, the exact shape of this relationship is unknown for creel fisheries targeting Norway lobster (Nephrops norvegicus ). If it was known fishermen could adjust their fishing strategy accordingly and maximize their net earnings. We compared catch performance of creels targeting Norway lobster soaked for one and two days in the Adriatic Sea. Results were obtained for three crustacean species, Norway lobster (N. norvegicus ), mantis shrimp (Squilla mantis ), and blue-leg swimming crab (Liocarcinus depurator ) and two fish species, poor cod (Trisopterus minutus ) and blotched picarel (Spicara flexuosa ). Doubling the soak time from one to two days did not double the catches and for Norway lobster no increase was found. For the other crustaceans, a slight but not significant increase was estimated. Catches of blotched picarel were significantly lower for the longer soak time, while the results were inconclusive for the poor cod.

Influence of soaking time in deep cryogenic treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of low-alloy medium-carbon HY-TUF steel

The influence of soaking time in deep cryogenic treatment on the tensile and impact properties of low-alloy medium-carbon HY-TUF steel was investigated in this study. Microstructural studies based on phase distribution mapping by electron backscatter diffraction show that the deep cryogenic process causes a decrease in the content of retained austenite and an increase in the volume fraction of η-carbide with increasing soaking time up to 48 h. The decrease in the content of retained austenite from ~1.23vol% to 0.48vol% suggests an isothermal martensitic transformation at 77 K. The η-type precipitates formed in deep cryogenic-treated martensite over 48 h have the Hirotsu and Nagakura orientation relation with the martensitic matrix. Furthermore, a high coherency between η-carbide and the martensitic matrix is observed by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. The variations in macrohardness, yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, and ductility with soaking time in the deep cryogenic process show a peak/plateau trend.

Effect of Different Solvents on Aminosilane-Compound Modification and Its Influence on the Adhesion Between Electroless Nickel/Phosphorous Film and Silicon Wafer

In semiconductor manufacturer and IC package, electroless deposition (ELD) of nickel/phosphorous (Ni/P) film is a special promising skill [1]. In general, the core of ELD is a catalytic reaction that needs a trace amount of noble metal such as palladium as the activator to lower the activation energy of metal formation [2]. Because the adhesion of ELD Ni/P film relates to the interfacial characteristic of catalyst and silicon surface. In order to enhance the bridging between the silicon substrate and palladium (Pd) catalyst, modifying silicon surface with organo-silane compound such as 3-[2-(2-aminoethylamino)ethylamino] propyl-trimethoxysilane (ETAS) is commonly used. The ETAS treatment then forms a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) which is capable to interact with polymer-capped Pd catalyst and thereby promotes the adsorption of ELD Ni/P film [3]. However, it is known that the SAM formation is very sensitive to process condition such as soaking time and solvent agents. In this study, various ETAS modification on silicon wafer are investigated. In particular, the ETAS-modified film was done by a wet-soaking method in which the influence of soaking time and solvent agents onto silicon surface were discussed. As shown in Fig 1, the AFM images with various solvent agents of ETAS-modified surface showed significant difference which indicates that the solvent agents does influence SAM formation. The correlation on the solvent effect and the adhesion of ELD Ni/P on ETAS-modified silicon surface are discussed. REFERENCES [1] A. Brenner, G.E. Riddell, J. Res. Nat'l Bur. Std. 37 (1946) 31.[2] L. Li, B. Liu, Mater. Chem. Phys. 128 (2011) 303.[3] T. C. Wei, T. P. Pan, C. M. Chen, K. C. Lai, C. H. Wu, Electrochem. Commun. 54 (2015) 6 Figure 1

Influence of soaking time on microstructures and dielectric properties of ZnO–MgO–TiO2–CaO ceramics

ZnO–MgO–TiO2–CaO (ZMTC) ceramics were prepared by a conventional solid-state method and sintered at 1150 °C for various soaking times. The density, particle sizes and dielectric constant simultaneously increase with the soaking time. On the contrary, the dielectric loss of ZMTC ceramics declines with the soaking time. The XRD analysis revealed that CaTiO3 phase nearly appears with prolonging the sintering time. With increasing soaking time, the density and er values increased, saturating at 1150 °C for 7 h with excellent dielectric properties of er = 22.4, tanδ = 0.6 × 10−4, and TCF = 24.8 ppm/°C.

A facile and scalable method to produce superhydrophic stainless steel surface

A superhydrophobic stainless steel surface was achieved by changing the morphology applying a sandblasting process and then modifying the surface energy with myristic acid. The effect of chemical etching with HCl and HF on surface morphology was studied; however, chemical etching induced surface morphology led to decrease of the contact angles. According to the Cassie–Baxter and Wenzel models, the effects of the different sizes of SiC powders used in sandblasting were evaluated. In addition, the influence of soaking time in the myristic acid solution on wettability was studied. With optimized surface modification parameters (roughness, myristic acid coating time), a maximum contact angle of 167° was achieved with an average value of 158.3°. A sliding angle over 180° was obtained, which can be explained with the Petal effect. The method presented is facile, low-cost and scalable, and hence with high potential for large-scale applications of stainless steel.

Investigations on oxidation cutting and dispersibility of multi-walled carbon nanotubes

Multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were oxidized by soaking in mixed acids. Their microstructure and composition were characterized using transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, Raman spectroscopy and infrared spectroscopy. The influence of soaking time on microstructure and dispersibility of the cut MWCNTs in aqueous solution was investigated. Results show that the MWCNTs were oxidized at defect sites by the mixed acids and converted from highly tangled ropes into short, open-ended nanotubes with lengths of 200–1500 nm. The isoelectric point was reduced from 4.5 to 3.5 due to hydroxyl and carboxyl groups on the surface and the open ends of the cut MWCNTs. The aggregation experiments and UV–vis absorbance spectra revealed that the cut MWCNTs can be best dispersed in an aqueous solution containing 0.1 wt.% of sodium dodecyl-benzenesulfonate when sonicated at a pH value of 2 for 40 min. [New Carbon Materials 2014, 29(2): 109–117]

The Effects of Annealing Parameters on the Crystallization and Morphology of Cu(In,Ga)Se2Absorber Layers Prepared by Annealing Stacked Metallic Precursors

CIGS films are prepared by single-stage annealing of the solid Se-coated In/Cu-Ga bilayer precursor. The annealing processes were performed using various Ar pressures, heating rates, and soaking times. A higher Ar pressure is needed to fabricate highly crystalline CIGS films, as no extra Se-vapor source is supplied. As the heating rate increases, the surface morphologies of the CIGS films become looser and some cracks are observed. However, the influence of soaking time is insignificant and the selenization process only requires a short time when the precursors are selenized at a higher temperature with a lower heating rate and a higher Ar pressure. In this study, a dense chalcopyrite CIGS film with a thickness of about 1.5-1.6 μm, with large grains (~1.2 μm) and no cracking or peeling is obtained after selenizing at a temperature of 550°C, an Ar pressure of 300 Torr, a heating rate of 60°C/min, and a soaking time of 20 min. By adequate design of the stacked precursor and controlling the annealing parameters, single-stage annealing of the solid Se-coated In/Cu-Ga bilayer precursor is simplified for the fabrication of a fully crystallized chalcopyrite CIGS absorber layers with good crystallization and large grains.

Effecting Factors on Conductivity of EG/VER Conductive Composite

Vinyl ester resin (VER) has excellent corrosion resistance, mechanical properties, and lower viscosity before curing. In this article low filled conductive composites were fabricated with expanded graphite (EG) and vinyl ester resin (VER). The influences of soaking time, rabbling intensity, the EG content and the coupling agent dosage on the electric conductivity were investigated. The results can provide good reference for the following bipolar plate researches.