Influence Of SO Research Articles

Metagenomics analysis unraveled the influence of sulfate radical-mediated compost nitrogen transformation process.

The mechanism of nitrogen transformation of sulfate radical (SO- 4⋅) in the process of composting is unclear. The objectives of this study were to investigate the influence of SO- 4⋅ on nitrogen biotransformation during composting and to compare the differences in physicochemical parameters and metagenomics analysis between CK (fresh dairy manure and bagasse pith) and PS (the composting raw materials added with potassium persulfate). The results indicated that SO-4⋅ guides electron transfer in the conversion of NH+4-N to NO- 3-N and breaches the extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) structure to promote nitrogen removal. Aminomonooxygenase (AMO) and nitrate reductase (NR) levels displayed an interactive relationship between microorganisms and substrates. Metagenomics analysis revealed distinct microbial community compositions and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways between nitrification and denitrification. Correlation analysis indicated that Methanobrevibacter, Bacillus and Pseudomonas were closely related to these processes. This work demonstrates the effect of SO- 4⋅ on nitrogen cycling and retention, and possible mechanisms of nitrification and denitrification during composting.

The Influence of SO2 and HCl Concentrations on the Consumption of Sodium Bicarbonate during Flue Gas Treatment

The paper focuses on the competitive influence of SO₂ and HCl during their removal from flue gas by sodium bicarbonate. The experimental investigation was conducted at a unique combination of conditions: the experiments were conducted on a large scale, with real flue gas, and the removal of SO₂ and HCl was studied simultaneously. The aim was to ensure that experimental conditions are reasonably realistic and therefore transferable to practice. The results from experiments at various temperatures within the range from 170 to 255 °C did not indicate a significant influence of temperature. The sorbent conversion varied significantly with the lowest achieved conversion of 26% and the highest conversion of 85%. There was a clear trend showing that higher concentrations of HCl make it more difficult to achieve the selected target concentration of SO₂ in clean flue gas, suggesting the preferred reaction of formed sodium carbonate with HCl. The influence of HCl on the removal of SO₂ was quantified and is presented in the form of regression models. The found regressors were the initial concentrations of HCl and SO₂ in raw flue gas and the target concentration of SO₂ in the clean flue gas. The regression models are in good agreement with the experimental data and can be used for the prediction of the behavior of a flue gas treatment system or its optimization.

Calcium Looping: On the Positive Influence of SO2 and the Negative Influence of H2O on CO2 Capture by Metamorphosed Limestone-Derived Sorbents.

The CO2 capture performance of sorbents derived from three distinct limestones, including a metamorphosed limestone, is studied under conditions relevant for calcium looping CO2 capture from power plant flue gas. The combined and individual influence of flue gas H2O and SO2 content, the influence of textural changes caused by sequential calcination/carbonation cycles, and the impact of CaSO4 accumulation on the sorbents’ capture performance were examined using bubbling fluidized bed reactor systems. The metamorphosed limestone-derived sorbents exhibit atypical capture behavior: flue gas H2O negatively influences CO2 capture performance, while limited sulfation can positively influence CO2 capture, with space time significantly impacting CO2 and SO2 co-capture performance. The morphological characteristics influencing sorbents’ capture behavior were examined using imaging and material characterization tools, and a detailed discussion is presented. This insight into the morphology responsible for metamorphosed limestone-derived sorbent’s anomalous capture behavior can guide future sorbent selection and design efforts.

An experimental investigation of the corrosive influence of SO2 relative to H2SO4 of marine engine cylinder liners

AbstractThe present study investigates the corrosive influence of SO2 on cylinder liner wear relative to H2SO4. Several charge gases with different concentrations of SO2, H2SO4, and H2O in air are fed to a motored light duty test engine that operates at 98 revolutions per minute (rpm) in order to resemble the corrosive combustion gas and cycle speed of large low‐speed two‐stroke marine engines. When the trapped cylinder gas is compressed, the H2SO4 and H2O vapours can condense on the oil wetted liner surface, and the SO2 can be absorbed in the oil film. Hereby the liner surface may be exposed to a corrosive attack. A blend of a base oil and a commercial marine engine cylinder lubrication oil is used in the experiments. During testing, oil samples are extracted from the engine and subsequently analysed for iron and sulphur accumulation (using an energy dispersive X‐ray fluorescence spectrometer) in order to couple cylinder liner wear with the amount of SO2, H2SO4, and H2O in the charge gas. In contrast to H2SO4, the wear of SO2 is weak (if any), although the SO2 accumulates/reacts considerably in the lube oil. The highest wear rates are found at elevated H2O concentrations.

Influence of SO2 on CO2 Transport by Pipeline for Carbon Capture and Storage Technology: Evaluation of CO2/SO2 Cocapture

CO2 capture and storage (CCS) is an important technology for avoiding atmospheric CO2 emissions, which are principally originated from fossil fuels combustion. Anthropogenic CO2 contains impurities that can strongly modify the properties of the stream. Several authors have shown that some of these impurities, such as SO2 present in emissions from sulfur-containing fuels, could be favorable for some steps of the process, and the possibility of cocapture has been proposed. To assess this possibility with regard to the transport stage of CCS, we determined the influence of SO2 on selected parameters of transport by pipeline (minimal operational pressure, pressure and density drops, distance between boosters, booster power, and inner diameter of the pipeline, and the Joule-Thomson coefficient). For this purpose, we obtained new and accurate experimental data for the density and vapor–liquid equilibrium of five CO2 + SO2 mixtures under conditions of interest for CCS and speed of sound data for four of them. We...

Effects of K<sub>2</sub>O and SO<sub>2</sub> on the selective catalytic reduction of NO by NH<sub>3</sub> over CuO/Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> catalyst

CuO/Al 2 O 3 catalyst containing 2 wt% CuO was prepared by pore volume impregnation of γ-Al 2 O 3 with an aqueous solution of Cu(NO 3 ) 2 and then calcination. K 2 O was loaded onto the catalyst with an aqueous solution of KNO 3 as the precursor. The catalysts were sulphated before being subjected to an activity test. Activity test was performed at 400 o C to investigate the effect of K 2 O and SO 2 on the selective catalytic reduction of NO by NH 3 over CuO/Al 2 O 3 catalyst. The catalyst samples were characterized by ICP-MS, XRD, IS-FTIR, NH 3 -TPD and H 2 -TPR to elucidate the possible poisoning reason. Results indicate that in the absence of SO 2 , K 2 O promotes conversion of CuSO 4 to water-insoluble copper, possibly due to reduction of CuSO 4 to Cu 3 N by NH 3 . This reaction consumes the NH 3 for SCR reaction and weakens acidity of the catalyst, which are responsible for the reduced SCR activity by K 2 O. In the presence of SO 2 , conversion of CuSO 4 to water-insoluble copper is inhibited, and the net influence of SO 2 on the SCR activity is determined by the promotion of SO 4 2− on the acidity of the catalyst, the competitive adsorption between SO 2 and NH 3 , and the weakened acidity of the catalyst caused by K 2 O. SO 2 reduces the SCR activity of the catalyst without K 2 O, has no influence at K/Cu ratio of 0.13, and promotes the SCR reaction at K/Cu ratios of higher than 0.13.

Optimization of CO2Absorption Characteristic under the Influence of SO2in Flue Gas by Hollow Fiber Membrane Contactor

Hollow fiber membrane contactor is a new, highly efficient, and the most promising technology for CO2absorption in flue gas. There is still SO2that exists in the flue gas after desulfurization tower of power plant. This paper studied the influence of SO2on CO2absorption characteristic in flue gas by hollow fiber membrane contactor with absorbent of EDA, EDA + MEA (0.6 : 0.4), and EDA + MEA + PZ (0.4 : 0.4 : 0.2). The influences of SO2concentration, cycle absorption and desorption characteristic of absorbent, absorbent concentration, and liquid-gas flow rate ratio are studied to analyze the influence of SO2on CO2absorption characteristic. The appropriate absorbent composition ratio and appropriate parameter range that can inhibit the influence of SO2are proposed by studying the hybrid sorbent with activating agent, appropriate absorbent concentration, and ratio of liquid-gas flow rate. Among the three kinds of absorbents, EDA + MEA + PZ (0.4 : 0.4 : 0.2) had the best tolerance ability to SO2and the highest efficiency. With comprehensive consideration of CO2removal efficiency and operating cost, under the condition of 1000 ppm SO2, the appropriate concentration and liquid-gas flow rate ratio of EDA, EDA + MEA, and EDA + MEA + PZ are proposed.

Selective Catalytic Reduction of NO by Hydrocarbons on a Stepped Pt Surface: Influence of SO2 and O2

The catalytic reduction of NO by hydrocarbons (C2H4 and its derivatives) in the presence of both S18O2 and O2 on Pt(332) was investigated. S18O2–C2H4 interactions are much stronger than NO–C2H4 interactions. Coadsorbed S18O2 molecules consume most of the H atoms from C2H4 dissociation before NO dissociation, a major cause for suppressing the NO–C2H4 reaction. The S18O2 molecules also reduce the reactivity of Pt(332) toward NO–C2H4 reaction by passivating the metal surface and by blocking the step sites for NO adsorption. NO–C2H4 reactions are also suppressed by coadsorbed O(ads) atoms due to the stronger Pt–O interaction and facile H–O reaction. However, when the coverage of O atoms is appropriate, the O atoms effectively lifts the suppressive effect of S18O2, a result of the facile O–S18O2 reaction, which scavenges the S18O2 related species and consequently gives the Pt(332) surface a more reactive pathway toward the NO dissociation (compared to that covered with sulfur oxides).

Technogenic impact on physiological and cytogenic indices of reproductive organs of Tilia genus representatives

This paper addresses the problem of technogenic pollution which is a dramatic stress-factor for plants effectively acting as a green filter for cleaning air, water, and soil. It results in their growth rate changes, seasonal development speed deviations and plant appearance variations. Green belt to consume industrial emissions and to create the esthetic look seems to be an urgent matter to deal with technogenic pollution. Lime tree decorative characteristics depend significantly on the state of their reproductive organs (flower, inflorescence and fruit). On the other hand, biometric indices of woody plant reproductive organs are sensitive parameters characterizing the plant response to pollutants. The study discusses complex environmental pollution impact caused by sulfur (IV) and nitrogen (IV) oxides as well as heavy metals on physiological and cytogenetic characteristics of reproductive organs of Tіlia L. genus representatives in conditions of steppe Prydniprovye. The research objectives were T . amurensis L. аnd T . cordаta Mill. Samples were collected in May and June 2014 on two sample areas. The research area borders with both heavy traffic road and Interpipe NTRP CJSC, Dnipropetrovsk, Ukraine, that features such pollutants as SO 2 , NO 2 , iron, manganese, zinc, mercury, chrome. The control area is located in the Botanical garden of Oles Honchar Dnipropetrovsk National University. The research proved that biometric and cytogenetic parameters of generic organo of Tilia genus representatives were dramatically sensitive to the impact of pollutants. Moreover, T. cordаta was the most sensitive among species under study to multicomponent environmental pollution when assessed by criteria of suppression of woody plant reproductive capacity formation. The other benefit of this study consisted in monitoring of the blossom rate of both species that appeared to scale down substantially in the technogenic environment. Man-induced stress factors caused lower rates of a range of lime generic parameters, for example, petal length and number of a model flowers. Besides, T. cordаta model flower had also the shorter stamen. The results obtained proved that technogenic environment undermined fertile ability of pollen grains of both research objects, though the most affected species was T. cordаta . The paper offers practical applications to complete environment phyto-indication and monitoring of condition of Tіlia genus plants with the help of the suggested test parameters (blossom rate and pollen-grain fertility (test object T. cordаta ) under conditions of constant influence of SO 2 , NO 2 and heavy metals.

Influence of sulphur dioxide on chlorophyll content and catalase activity in some chosen lichen species

The influence of SO<sub>2</sub> on changes in catalase activity and in chlorophyll content were investigated under laboratory conditions in several lichen species and in maize. In all the plants examined the chlorophyll content and catalase activity decreased after treatment with SO<sub>2</sub> as compared with that in the control plants.

Sensitivity of Fomes annosus Fr. Cooke and Schizophyllum commune Fr. to air pollution with sulphur dioxide

The sensivity of mycelium to sulphur dioxide polluting the air depends on its physiological activity. As measure of activity growth was adopted, in the sense of the function of dry weight and diametre of the colony, intensity of respiration, amino acids and nitrogen content in dry mycelial mass. The influence of SO<sub>2</sub> on mycelium growth in dependence on its age and pH of substrate was also investigated.

Dietary sunflower oil modulates milk fatty acid composition without major changes in adipose and mammary tissue fatty acid profile or related gene mRNA abundance in sheep

There are very few studies in ruminants characterizing mammary and adipose tissue (AT) expression of genes and gene networks for diets causing variations in milk fatty acid (FA) composition without altering milk fat secretion, and even less complementing this information with data on tissue FA profiles. This work was conducted in sheep in order to investigate the response of the mammary gland and the subcutaneous and perirenal AT, in terms of FA profile and mRNA abundance of genes involved in lipid metabolism, to a diet known to modify milk FA composition. Ten lactating Assaf ewes were randomly assigned to two treatments consisting of a total mixed ration based on alfalfa hay and a concentrate (60 : 40) supplemented with 0 (control diet) or 25 (SO diet) g of sunflower oil/kg of diet dry matter for 7 weeks. Milk composition, including FA profile, was analysed after 48 days on treatments. On day 49, the animals were euthanized and tissue samples were collected to analyse FA and mRNA abundance of 16 candidate genes. Feeding SO did not affect animal performance but modified milk FA composition. Major changes included decreases in the concentration of FA derived from de novo synthesis (e.g. 12:0, 14:0 and 16:0) and increases in that of long-chain FA (e.g. 18:0, c9-18:1, trans-18:1 isomers and c9,t11-CLA); however, they were not accompanied by significant variations in the mRNA abundance of the studied lipogenic genes (i.e. ACACA, FASN, LPL, CD36, FABP3, SCD1 and SCD5) and transcription factors (SREBF1 and PPARG), or in the constituent FA of mammary tissue. Regarding the FA composition of AT, the little influence of SO did not appear to be linked to changes in gene mRNA abundance (decreases of GPAM and SREBF1 in both tissues, and of PPARG in the subcutaneous depot). Similarly, the great variation between AT (higher contents of saturated FA and trans-18:1 isomers in the perirenal, and of cis-18:1, c9,t11-CLA and n-3 PUFA in the subcutaneous AT) could not be related to differences in gene mRNA abundance due to tissue site (higher LPL and CD36, and lower SREBF1 in perirenal than in subcutaneous AT). Overall, these results suggest a marginal contribution of gene expression to the nutritional regulation of lipid metabolism in these tissues, at least with the examined diets and after 7 weeks on treatments. It cannot be ruled out, however, that the response to SO is mediated by other genes or post-transcriptional mechanisms.

Influence of SO<SUB>2</SUB> Concentration and Relative Humidity on Electrode Poisoning in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells

Influence of SO<SUB>2</SUB> Concentration and Relative Humidity on Electrode Poisoning in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells

The solubility of sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide in an aqueous solution of potassium carbonate

This study investigates the effect of sulfur dioxide (SO 2) on the removal of carbon dioxide (CO 2) from a typical power station flue gas stream using an aqueous potassium carbonate (K 2CO 3) solvent. The influence of SO 2 on the solubility of CO 2 into a 30 wt% K 2CO 3 solution was measured using a dynamic vapour–liquid equilibrium apparatus at temperatures of 90 °C and 100 °C. The study was conducted at various loadings (moles CO 2 absorbed/moles K 2CO 3) at atmospheric pressure using N 2 as the carrier gas. It was found that SO 2 preferentially reacts with K 2CO 3, displacing an equivalent molal quantity of CO 2 into the vapor phase. An experimental analysis of the absorbed SO 2 in the K 2CO 3 solution showed that sulfite was the major species present. Further analysis showed that the absorption of SO 2 into K 2CO 3 solutions is a non-reversible reaction at 100 °C and hence sulfur would accumulate in the solvent and consequently over time reduce the capacity of the solvent to absorb CO 2.

KCl-Induced High Temperature Corrosion of the Austenitic Stainless Steel 304L – The Influence of SO<sub>2</sub>

The effect of SO2 on the oxidation of alloy 304L in O2+H2O and O2+H2O+KCl environment has been investigated at 600°C. Exposure time was 1-168 hours. The exposed samples were analyzed by SEM/EDX, XRD and IC. In dry O2, a protective and chromium-rich corundum-type oxide forms. In the presence of H2O(g), chromium is volatilized in the form of CrO2(OH)2(g). The corresponding chromium depletion of the protective oxide triggers a partial loss of protective properties resulting in the formation of oxide islands on the alloy grain centers. The oxide islands consist of an outward growing hematite layer and an inward growing FeCrNi spinel layer. By coating the samples with KCl the chromia depletion of the protective oxide dramatically increases due to the formation of K2CrO4. This leads to breakaway corrosion, a rapidly growing scale forming all over the surface. The resulting thick scale has a similar structure as the oxide islands formed in the absence of KCl. The addition of 300 ppm SO2 to the O2+H2O and O2+H2O+KCl environments results in a drastic reduction of corrosion rate. In O2+H2O environment the effect of SO2 is attributed to the formation of a thin sulphate film on the oxide surface that impedes chromium volatilization and decreases the rate of oxygen reduction on the oxide surface. In O2+H2O+KCl environment the corrosion mitigating effect of SO2 is mainly attributed to the rapid conversion of KCl to K2SO4. In contrast to KCl, K2SO4 does not deplete the protective oxide in chromium by forming K2CrO4.

ChemInform Abstract: The Influence of SO2 and NO2 Impurities on CO2 Gas Hydrate Formation and Stability.

AbstractIn an attempt to provide data concerning the industrial carbon capture and storage in gas hydrate reservoirs under real conditions, the influence of small amounts of SO2 and NO2 impurities on CO2 hydrate formation, behavior, and stability is investigated by Raman spectroscopy, DSC, and XRD.

The Influence of SO2 and NO2 Impurities on CO2 Gas Hydrate Formation and Stability

The sequestration of industrially emitted CO(2) in gas hydrate reservoirs has been recently discussed as an option to reduce atmospheric greenhouse gas. This CO(2) contains, despite much effort to clean it, traces of impurities such as SO(2) and NO(2) . Here, we present results of a pilot study on CO(2) hydrates contaminated with 1% SO(2) or 1% NO(2) and show the impact on hydrate formation and stability. Microscopic observations show similar hydrate formation rates, but an increase in hydrate stability in the presence of SO(2). Laser Raman spectroscopy indicates a strong enrichment of SO(2) in the liquid and hydrate phase and its incorporation in both large and small cages of the hydrate lattice. NO(2) is not verifiable by laser Raman spectroscopy, only the presence of nitrate ions could be confirmed. Differential scanning calorimetry analyses show that hydrate stability and dissociation enthalpy of mixed CO(2)-SO(2) hydrates increase, but that only negligible changes arise in the presence of NO(2) impurities. X-ray diffraction data reveal the formation of sI hydrate in all experiments. The conversion rates of ice+gas to hydrate increase in the presence of SO(2), but decrease in the presence of NO(2). After hydrate dissociation, SO(2) and NO(2) dissolved in water and form strong acids.

Nucleation-growth process of calcium carbonate electrodeposition in artificial water—Influence of the sulfate ions

The influence of SO 4 2− ions on electrodeposition of two allotropic forms of CaCO 3 was studied in artificial underground Tunisian water. The study was performed using electrochemical, gravimetric, and optical methods. Chronoamperometric measurements confirmed the inhibiting effect of SO 4 2− ions, especially for concentrations higher than 2×10 −2 mol L −1. The nucleation-growth process was observed by means of an optical microscope positioned behind a transparent electrode. The crystal growth of calcite and vaterite was recorded optically in situ, and image analysis software was used to characterize the instantaneous nucleation process and the growth rate of the crystals. Increased sulfate concentrations were found to modify the calcite morphology, whereas, the crystalline structure evolution of vaterite was found to be independent of the sulfate ion concentration. The use of coupled techniques allowed quantification of the influence of the SO 4 2− ions on the crystallization process of CaCO 3.

High Temperature Interaction of NiO with Sodium Sulphate in SO2 Environment at 1100 and 1200 K

The present paper contains the results relative to the reaction of NiO with Na 2SO 4 in presence of SO 2 (g) at 1100 and 1200 K. Nickel oxide (NiO) is produced by the oxidation of metal alloys in many industrial operations. The oxidation of metal and metal oxides in presence of molten salts and gas environment at high temperature is often called as hot corrosion. In this investigation the studies have been carried out taking into consideration the influence of SO 2 partial pressure. The thermo-gravimetric studies have been carried out as a function of Na 2SO 4 concentration in the mixture. The reaction products identified by XRD analysis and surface morphologies of the products were discussed on the basis of metallographic and scanning electron microscopic (SEM) studies. The pH of the aqueous solutions of the reaction products were measured to observe the changes in the system with varying the Na 2SO 4 concentration. A quantitative estimation of soluble metal ions has also been carried out with the help of an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The possibility of chemical reaction is established by thermodynamic calculations of free energies of the reaction products.

Influence of SO<SUB>2</SUB> emission from high sulfur gas fields on growth and yield of rice

Influence of SO<SUB>2</SUB> emission from high sulfur gas fields on growth and yield of rice