Influence Of Smoking Habits Research Articles

Smoking Habit and Coffee Consumption with Gastritis Incidence Rate at Productive Ages

Gastritis is a disease caused by an inflammation of the mucous and submucosal lining of the stomach. Several studies show that there is an influence of smoking habit and coffee consumption on gastritis incidence rate. The study was to determine the correlation between smoking habit and coffee consumption toward gastritis at productive ages. The research is an analytical observational study with a cross-sectional design conducted in Makale Health Center, South Sulawesi, in February 2020. Required data was gathered by conducting guided interviews using a questionnaire that includes age range, sex, and education level. Brinkman Index was used to measure smoking habits, coffee consumption, and gastritis questionnaire. Data was analyzed using a chi-square test with a significance level of p=0.05. From a total of 115 respondents, there are 69.6% included in the age range of 26–35 years old, 58.3% have mild smoking habits, 56.5% have severe coffee consumption, and 85.2% are suffering from gastritis. There is a relation between smoking habit (p=0.029) and coffee consumption (p=0.003) with gastritis (p<0.05). The conclusion is that there is a relationship between smoking habits, coffee consumption, and gastritis incidence.

Influence of oral tobacco versus smoking on multiple sclerosis disease activity and progression

We aimed to study the influence of smoking habits, exposure to passive smoking and snuff use on disease progression, cognitive performance and quality of life in patients with multiple sclerosis...

Does Smoking Fool You? The Smoking Habits Influence on the Cognitive Abilities of Indonesians

This study aims to analyze the influence of smoking habits on adolescents' cognitive abilities. The data used in this research is cross-section data from the Indonesia Family Life Survey batch 5 2014. The high rate of cigarette consumption for the age range 15 years and over in Indonesia has become a very serious concern. The smoking habit has many negative impacts on human brain development which in the long term will affect the quality of human resources in Indonesia. by exploring IFLS 2014 data, we found 6,908 teenage respondents who smoke. This figure is quite large, reaching 8% of all respondents. This research uses logistic regression analysis to see the impact of the independent variable on the dependent variable. The research results show that together smoking habits, education, history of hypertension, sleep quality and age have a significant effect on a person's cognitive abilities. Partially, smoking habits, history of hypertension, and age have a significant negative effect on a person's cognitive abilities. Meanwhile, education and sleep quality have a significant positive effect on a person's cognitive abilities. Gender partially has no effect on cognitive abilities.

Influence of Smoking on Disease Activity and Quality of Life in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis: Results From a Swedish Case-Control Study With Longitudinal Follow-Up.

Inconclusive findings have been reported regarding the influence of smoking on disease outcomes in established rheumatoid arthritis (RA). This study was undertaken to investigate the influence of smoking habits on disease activity and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in RA patients. Patients with newly diagnosed RA (n=1,531) from the population-based case-control Epidemiological Investigation of Rheumatoid Arthritis study were followed up for up to 3 years after recruitment. Using logistic regression models, the risks of unfavorable outcomes in patients with different smoking habits were compared using self-reported swollen and tender joint counts, the Short Form 36 health survey, the Health Assessment Questionnaire, and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale by calculating odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals. At 1-year and 3-year follow-up, current smokers reported higher disease activity and lower HRQoL life compared to non-smokers, regarding both physical and mental aspects. Patients who stopped smoking within 1-year post-baseline had less disease activity measured as swollen joint counts at 1-year follow-up compared to those who continued smoking. Patients who stopped smoking after the 1-year follow-up had higher disease activity and lower HRQoL at baseline than smokers who did not quit, and late smoking cessation was not associated with more favorable outcomes compared to continued smoking. Current smoking is associated with increased disease activity and lower HRQoL among RA patients. Smoking cessation within the first year after baseline appears to have a favorable effect on disease activity.

Influence of Smoking Habits on the Efficacy of EGFR-TKI Therapy in Patients with Advanced NSCLC: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Background: Epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs) are considered as the first-line treatment for advanced EGFR mutation-positive non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We aimed to analyze the efficacy of EGFR-TKIs treatment in patients with advanced NSCLC of different smoking habits. Methods: We conducted a search for meta-analyses and systematic reviews on the PubMed, MEDLINE, Embase, and the Cochrane Library to address this knowledge gap. Patients were divided into 2 groups: (1) experimental group: treated with EGFR-TKIs or EGFR-TKIs combined with chemotherapy, immunotherapy, antiangiogenesis, radiotherapy and (2) control group: treated with chemotherapy. Progressive-free survival (PFS) and total survival (OS) were adopted for evaluating the efficacy of EGFR-TKIs between experimental group and control group. Results: Eleven studies including 6760 patients were included in the meta-analysis. The results showed that smoking (including previous and current smoking) significantly reduces the PFS and OS in comparison to non-smoking group in the treatment of NSCLC with EGFR-TKIs. In addition, EGFR-TKIs combined with anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy can reduce the risk of disease progression in smokers. Conclusions: Our study indicated that smoking significantly reduced the PFS and OS in comparison to non-smoking group in the treatment of NSCLC with EGFR-TKIs.

Prognostic Impact of Active Cigarette Smoking on Mortality in Patients with Acute Venous Thromboembolic Events, Findings from Real World Data.

Background and Objectives: The influence of smoking habits on mortality, VTE recurrence, and major bleeding in patients receiving anticoagulant therapy for venous thromboembolism (VTE) has not been consistently evaluated. Materials and Methods: We used data from the RIETE (Registro Enfermedad TromboEmbólica) registry to compare mortality, VTE recurrence, and major bleeding risk in smoking versus non-smoking patients with acute VTE. Results: 50,881 patients (43,426 non-smoking and 7455 smoking patients) were included. After a median follow-up of 8.8 months, 7110 patients died (fatal PE 292 and fatal bleeding 281), 3243 presented VTE recurrence, and 1579 had major bleeding. At multivariate analysis, smoking behavior was associated with a higher hazard of death, (HR: 1.28; 95% CI: 1.19–1.40). The risk of VTE recurrence was marginally increased in smoking patients compared to non-smoking patients (1.14; 95% CI: 1.02–1.27). Major bleeding did not differ in smoking and non-smoking patients (1.15; 95% CI: 0.96–1.38). The presence of cancer did not appear to influence the association between smoking habits and death (HR: 1.34; 95% CI: 1.22–1.47 in cancer patients and HR: 1.23; 95% CI: 1.04, 1.45 in non-cancer patients, respectively) Conclusions: the risk of death after an acute episode of VTE appeared to be higher in smoking than in non-smoking patients and this risk is higher between patients presenting PE at the onset of symptoms.

Influence of Smoking Habits on the Prevalence of Dental Caries: A Register-Based Cohort Study.

Objective This study aimed to evaluate the influence of smoking habit on the prevalence of dental caries lesions in a follow-up study. Materials and Methods A total of 3,675 patients (2,186 females and 1,489 males) with an average age of 51.4 years were included. Outcome measures were the incidence of dental caries defined as incipient noncavitated, microcavitated, or cavitated lesions which had been diagnosed through clinical observation with mouth mirror and probe examination evaluating change of texture, translucency, and color; radiographic examination through bitewing radiographs; or secondary caries through placement of a new restoration during the follow-up of the study. Statistical Analysis Cumulative survival (time elapsed with absence of dental caries) was estimated through the Kaplan–Meier product limit estimator with comparison of survival curves (log-rank test). A multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to evaluate the effect of smoking on the incidence of dental caries lesions when controlled to age, gender, systemic status, frequency of dental hygiene appointments, and socioeconomic status. The significance level was set at 5%. Results Eight hundred sixty-three patients developed caries (23.5% incidence rate). The cumulative survival estimation was 81.8% and 48% survival rate for nonsmokers and smokers, respectively ( p < 0.001), with an average of 13.5 months between the healthy and diseased state diagnosis. Smokers registered a hazard ratio for dental caries lesions of 1.32 ( p = 0.001) when controlled for the other variables of interest. Conclusion Within the limitations of this study, it was concluded that smoking habit might be a predictor for dental caries.

The Influence of Smoking Habit to Voice Handicap Index Score

Introduction: The health voice production depends on vocal folds vibration and resonance. Anatomical changes of the vocal folds soft tissue (epithelium, ligament, muscle) can cause functional problems results in voice disorders. The vocal folds react to smoking, from irritate the mucous to the tissue changes or dysplasia that degradation of voice performance in daily living.Aim: This study determined the influence of smoking habits to the voice handicap score by Voice Handicap Index score (VHI).Patients and Methods: The design was a retrospective cohort study from 96 adults that identified level of voice fatigue through VHI. They were divided into 3 groups: a group of active smokers, passive smokers and nonsmokers. Chi-square test and regression nominal test was used in this study.Results: Voice fatigue (VHI score > 20) in both active smokers (13.54%) and passive smokers (15.62%) compared with nonsmokers (6.25%), by Chi-square test results was p = 0.047 (p <0.05). Nominal regression test between 3 groups of samples were (RR = 3.0, CI 95% = 0.95 to 9.21) between the group of active smokers and passive smokers (RR = 3.8, CI 95% = 1.23-11.80).Conclusion: Smoking habits influence the voice handicap score in both active smokers and passive smokers compared with nonsmokers. Active smokers have a risk of voice fatigue 3 times than nonsmokers and passive smokers have a risk 3.8 times than non-smokers.

Impact of smoking habit on platelet reactivity in a cohort of patients admitted due to an acute coronary syndrome

Abstract Background Several pharmacodynamic studies have shown the impact of smoking habit on platelet reactivity; with a reduction on platelet aggregation. Wether this inhibition in platelet reactivity is due to tobacco effects in platelet signaling pathways or due to a pharmacodynamic interaction with antiplatelet therapies is not well stablished. Purpose Our aim was to study the influence of smoking habit in platelet reactivity and in the response to P2Y12 inhibitors. Methods Patients admitted in four tertiary care hospitals due to an acute coronary syndrome that undergone percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) were consecutively and prospectively recruited. All the patients received dual antiplatelet therapy with aspirin and a P2Y12 inhibitor following current European Guidelines. Platelet function was assessed at day 1 and day 30 post-PCI by VerifyNow P2Y12, VASP (Vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein) y MEA (Multiple electrode aggregometry). Results A total of 1000 patients were enrolled, of whom 12 had to be excluded due to inaccurate processing of blood samples. 372 patients (37,6%) had smoking habit. Non-smoking patients showed higher prevalence of high blood pressure [423 (68.7%) vs 196 (52.7%)] and diabetes mellitus [213 (34.6%) vs 81 (21.8%)]. Smoking patients were younger [57.3 (9,6) years old vs 68.4 (11.1)], with higher incidence of acute coronary syndrome with ST segment elevation [184 patients (49,5%) vs 241 (39.1%), p&amp;lt;0,001]. There were no differences in platelet function at day 1. When analysing platelet function 30 days post-PCI, a lower inhibition of platelet reactivity in non-smoking patients as compared with smoking patients was observed in those treated with clopidogrel, with higher prevalence of clopidogrel-resistance in non-smoking patients (VerifyNow, 51,2% prevalence of high platelet reactivity in non-smoking patients vs 34,9% 30 days after PCI, p=0,023). On the other hand, smoking patients that received ticagrelor did not show any differences. Patients with smoking habit treated with prasugrel showed a lower response of borderline statistical significance. Conclusion Smoking habit was associated with a lower response to prasugrel of borderline significance, and with higher response to clopidogrel, according with previous studies suggesting a pharmacodynamics interaction between tobacco use and P2Y12 inhibitors. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding source: Public grant(s) – National budget only. Main funding source(s): Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias (FIS)

The influence of smoking habits on cadmium and lead blood levels in the Serbian adult people.

According to the World Health Organization, in 2015, the Serbian population ranked among the highest ones in Europe in terms of smoking habit: 44.3% males and 36.2% females aged 18-64 smoked tobacco. In the last 7 years, 25% of total mortality in men and 9% in women from Serbia were associated with smoking. Tobacco smoking is one of the most important sources of exposure to many toxic substances in general population. Our study confirmed higher blood levels of two toxic metals, cadmium and lead, in the blood of smokers (3.5 and 1.5 times higher than in non-smokers, respectively). Furthermore, smoking habits, such as number of smoked cigarettes per day, smoking period and cigarette type, along with age, were shown to influence these metals' blood concentration. Higher blood levels of Cd and Pb were found in smokers consuming more than 10 cigarettes per day for more than 10 years. The present study also highlighted the importance of the controlled tobacco production, since it was shown that consumption of illicit tobacco could manifold the exposure to toxic metals that can subsequently increase the frequency of related diseases as well.

Influence of smoking habits on mental status in Japanese women during the first trimester of pregnancy

Purpose We examined the relation between smoking habits and maternal mental status such as depression and anxiety during the first trimester of pregnancy. Material and methods Between July 2016 and June 2018, we examined the increased odds of depressive and anxiety symptoms in the women with smoking habits during prepregnancy with and without smoking cessation during the first trimester of pregnancy in comparison with those without smoking habits using self-administered questionnaires. Results The rate of depressive and anxiety symptom in the women with smoking habits during prepregnancy (46.4 and 47.3%, respectively) was higher than those in the women without smoking habits during the first trimester of pregnancy irrespective of smoking cessation. The rate of depressive or anxiety symptom during the first trimester of pregnancy did not change significantly by smoking cessation in the women with smoking habits during prepregnancy (depressive symptom: 44.6 versus 53.7%, p = .13; anxiety symptom: 45.3 versus 55.2%, p = .17). Conclusions Smoking habits during prepregnancy seemed to be associated with the increased perinatal mental disorders irrespective of smoking cessation.

Smoking fewer than 20 cigarettes per day and remaining abstinent for more than 12 hours reduces carboxyhemoglobin levels in packed red blood cells for transfusion.

BackgroundThe prevalence of smokers among blood donors and the effect of smoking on the quality of donated blood have not been extensively explored. In the present study, we determined the prevalence of smoker donors in a large blood bank in Southern Brazil and evaluated the quality of packed red blood cells (RBCs) from these donors through recommended quality control tests and measurement of carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) levels. We then assessed the influence of smoking habits and abstinence before donation on these parameters.Material and methodsAn observational study was conducted to determine the prevalence of smoking donors, while a prospective cohort study compared conventional hematological and serological parameters and COHb levels at 0, 15, and 30 days after donation in RBCs donated by smokers (N = 31) and nonsmokers (N = 31) and their association with smoking habits and abstinence before donation.ResultsOf 14,428 blood donations received in 1 year, 5.9% were provided by smokers. Storage over time slightly altered some quality parameters, such as hematocrit, hemoglobin, hemolysis, and COHb levels, in RBC packs. COHb levels were higher in RBC packs from smokers (8%) than from non-smokers (2%), and increased as a function of the number of cigarettes smoked daily and time elapsed since the last cigarette smoked before donation. Lower levels were found in RBC packs from donors who smoked fewer than 20 cigarettes per day or remained abstinent for more than 12h before giving blood.ConclusionAlthough cigarette smoke had no significant effect on blood quality parameters such as hematocrit, hemoglobin, or hemolysis, it quadrupled COHb levels in packed RBCs. Abstinence from smoking for more than 12h or smoking fewer than 20 cigarettes daily helped decrease COHb levels.ImplicationsGiven the increasing prevalence of tobacco use worldwide, we suggest blood banks recommend 12h of tobacco abstinence before donation and analyze COHb levels in donated blood as an approach to reduce risk for high-risk recipients.

No influence of smoking status on the performance of urine markers for the detection of bladder cancer.

The performance of urinary markers for detecting bladder cancer (BC) is influenced by various factors. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the influence of smoking habits on the performance of four commonly used urine markers. Urine samples of 723 patients with suspected BC were analysed using urine cytology, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), immunocytology (uCyt+ test), and quantitative nuclear matrix protein 22 (NMP22) immunoassay. The smoking habits of all patients were recorded and a cystoscopy performed within 2weeks after urinary marker testing. Rates of false negative and false positive results were compared between non-smokers, former smokers, and current smokers by contingency analyses. We included 723 patients in this study, 431 (59.6%) of which were non-smokers, 215 former smokers (29.7%), and 77 (10.7%) current smokers. 148 patients (20.5%) had a tumour at the time of urinary marker testing. Respective rates of false positive test results among non-smokers, former smokers, and current smokers were: 16.3, 19.1, and 11.5% (p = 0.81) for urine cytology; 36.8, 42.0, and 32.7% for the uCyt+ test (p = 0.88); 18.0, 19.1, and 13.5% for FISH (p = 0.66); and 69.5, 71.6, and 71.2% for NMP22 (p = 0.67). Respective rates of false negatives among non-smokers, former smokers, and current smokers were: 31.4, 15.1, and 28.0% for cytology (p = 0.34); 21.4, 22.6, and 16.0% for uCyt+ test (p = 0.67); 24.3, 13.2, and 28.0% for FISH (p = 0.88); and 10.0, 18.9, and 8.0% for NMP22 (p = 0.80). Our results strongly suggest that smoking habits do not affect performance characteristics of urinary markers in the diagnostics of BC.

Influence of smoking habits on acute outcome of revascularization of chronic total occlusion.

Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for chronic total occlusion (CTO) remains a major challenge in interventional cardiology. The exact toxic components of cigarette smoke and the mechanisms involved in smoking-related cardiovascular dysfunction are largely unknown, but it increases inflammation, thrombosis, and oxidation of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. There is only insignificant knowledge reported in the literature about the influence of smoking habits on acute outcome in CTO PCI. Between 2012 and 2017, a total of 559 patients were included in the study. The patients all underwent PCI for at least 1 CTO. Antegrade and retrograde CTO techniques were applied. The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to test for normality of distribution. Continuous variables were tested for differences with the Kruskal-Wallis test or the Mann-Whitney U test, as appropriate. Categorical variables were tested using Fisher's exact test. Non-smokers were older than smoking patients (65.3±10.3 years vs. 58.3±9.2 years; p<0.001). The mean age of the cohort was 62.1 years (±10.5). Smokers were more often male (85.7% vs. 79.7%; p=0.074), suffered from longer lesion length (36.1±17.5 mm vs. 39.1±17.2 mm; p=0.023) and therefore needed longer stents (64.2±26.5 mm vs. 69.0±28.0 mm; p=0.084). The success rate was comparable for smokers and non-smokers. In-hospital procedural complications were rare and demonstrated no statistically significant difference. The results of this retrospective study revealed no significant association between smoking and acute outcome in CTO PCI. Smokers did, however, have longer lesions and needed longer stents.

Prognostic value of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes differs depending on histological type and smoking habit in completely resected non-small-cell lung cancer

T-cell infiltration in tumors has been used as a prognostic tool in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, the influence of smoking habit and histological type on tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in NSCLC remains unclear. We evaluated the prognostic significance of TILs (CD4+, CD8+, CD20+, and FOXP3+) according to histological type and smoking habit using automatic immunohistochemical staining and cell counting in 218 patients with NSCLC. In multivariate survival analyses of clinical, pathological, and immunological factors, a high ratio of FOXP3+ to CD4+ T cells (FOXP3/CD4) [hazard ratio (HR): 4.46, P < 0.01 for overall survival (OS); HR: 1.96, P < 0.05 for recurrence-free survival (RFS)] and a low accumulation of CD20+ B cells (HR: 2.45, P = 0.09 for OS; HR: 2.86, P < 0.01 for RFS) were identified as worse prognostic factors in patients with adenocarcinoma (AD). In non-AD, a low number of CD8+ T cells were correlated with an unfavorable outcome (HR: 7.69, P < 0.01 for OS; HR: 3.57, P < 0.02 for RFS). Regarding smoking habit in AD, a high FOXP3/CD4 ratio was poorly prognostic with a smoking history (HR: 5.21, P < 0.01 for OS; HR: 2.38, P < 0.03 for RFS), whereas a low accumulation of CD20+ B cells (HR: 4.54, P = 0.03 for OS; HR: 2.94, P < 0.01 for RFS) was confirmed as an unfavorable factor in non-smokers with AD. A low number of CD8+ T cells in non-AD, a high FOXP3/CD4 ratio in smokers with AD, and a low number of CD20+ B cells in non-smokers with AD were identified as independent unfavorable prognostic factors in resected NSCLC. Evaluating the influence of histological type and smoking habit on the immunological environment may lead to the establishment of immunological diagnosis and appropriate individualized immunotherapy for NSCLC.

Dental Erosion by Beverages and Determination of Trace Elements in Teeth by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry

The analysis of trace elements in human tooth for use as biomarkers continues to generate considerable interest in environmental and bioanalytical studies, medical diagnostic and forensic science. This study investigated concentrations of essential and toxic elements (Zn, Cu, Pb, Ni, Co and Cd) using flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (FAAS) and (Na and K) flame atomic emission spectroscopy (FAES) in human tooth obtained from Misan province, Iraq. The influence of smoking habits and born children on the levels of trace elements in additional to dental erosion by some beverages in the tooth samples were investigated. The overall of mean concentrations of (Zn 185.2 ppm, Cu 36.11 ppm, Pb 18.63 ppm, Ni 13.44 ppm, Co 3.45 ppm, and Cd 0.58 ppm, Na 11.683 ppm and K 115.27 ppm), (Zn 178.243 ppm, Cu 35.877 ppm, Pb 15.64 ppm, Ni 12.89 ppm, Co 3.421 ppm, Cd 0.455 ppm, Na 11,558.04 ppm and K 114.04 ppm) in smokers and non-smokers tooth groups respectively, (Zn 81.12 ppm, Cu 24.37 ppm, Pb 11.18 ppm, Ni 13.68 ppm, Co 3.32 ppm, Cd 0.44 ppm, Na 8227 ppm and K 76.42 ppm), (Zn 80.58 ppm, Cu 24.30 ppm, Pb 10.86 ppm, Ni 12.74 ppm, Co 2.71 ppm, Cd 0.23 ppm, Na 8165 ppm and K 72.80 ppm) in mothers and wives tooth groups respectively. However the w/w% loss of tooth immersed in following order of beverages (green tea, black tea, cinnamon, hibiscus, vinegar and citrus aurantifolia (9.09, 9.68, 12.36, 15.01, 16.77 and 17.38), (8.19, 8.25, 9.76, 13.37, 14.02 and 15.33) in smokers and non-smokers groups respectively, (11.25, 11.47, 13.30, 15.75, 19.58, and 20.91), (8.31, 7.96, 11.39, 13.49, 17.40, and 17.67) in mothers and wives groups respectively. However, there is a statistically significant variance found Zn (tcal 5.029, ttab 2.131), Pb (tcal 4.8538, ttab 2.131), Ni (tcal 5.243, ttab 2.131), Cd (tcal 3.9062, ttab 2.131) and Na (tcal 3.0832, ttab 2.131) between smokers and non-smokers tooth groups. However, the Co (tcal 2.7403, ttab 2.131) also shows statistically significant variance between mothers and wives groups. There is no statistically significant variance in w/w% loss after immersed the tooth in some beverages but in general it was higher in smokers than non-smokers and in mothers higher than wives.

P16.04: The influence of smoking habits and food/drink consumption on first trimester growth

P16.04: The influence of smoking habits and food/drink consumption on first trimester growth

Lymphocyte Subsets in a Population of Nonfrail Elderly Individuals

Age-related frailty is characterized by increased vulnerability to stress due to decline in homeostatic reserve, which results in increased risk of adverse health outcomes including disability, hospitalization, and death. The relationship between frailty and immunological system alterations is well established. Thus, analysis of immunological changes, such as alterations in lymphocyte subsets, during senescence may provide useful markers for frailty and associated pathologies. Since reference ranges currently used for lymphocyte subsets do not specifically differentiate the elderly group, the aim of this study was to (1) establish reference ranges in nonfrail elderly individuals and (2) assess the evolution of these parameters with age. Further, the influence of other physiological and lifestyle factors was also evaluated. The study was performed on 144 elderly individuals (aged 65–95) from Galicia (in northwestern Spain). Percentages of lymphocyte subpopulations (CD3+ T lymphocytes, CD4+ T-helper lymphocytes, CD8+ T-cytotoxic lymphocytes, CD19+ B lymphocytes, and CD56+16+ natural killer cells) were analyzed in peripheral blood by flow cytometry, and reference ranges were calculated. The individual status as nonfrail or prefrail did not markedly affect the immunological parameters, but an apparent influence of age was obtained for %CD3+, %CD4+, and %CD19+ cells, all of which fell with increasing age. Women showed higher levels of %CD19+ lymphocytes. No significant influence of smoking habits, physical activity, or drinking alcohol or caffeine beverages was observed. The results obtained may serve as a basis to establish comparisons between frail and nonfrail elderly individuals, in order to determine the usefulness of lymphocyte subsets as immunological biomarkers of frailty.

The effect of cigarette smoking habits on the outcome of dental implant treatment.

The aim of this study was to analyze the influence of smoking habits and other possibly relevant factors on dental implant survival. The study population included all patients who underwent dental implants between the years 1999 and 2008 at a large military dental clinic and were examined in the periodic medical examination center.Correlation between implant characteristics and patients’ smoking habits, as mentioned in the questionnaire answered by patients in the periodic examination, was performed.Besides standard statistical methods, multiple linear regression models were constructed for estimation of the relative influence of some factors on implant survival rate. The long-term results of the implant treatment were good. The study refers to 7,680 implants. 7,359 (95.8%) survived and 321 (4.2%) did not survive. Concerning smoking habits, in a uni-variable analysis, factors found to have an association with implant survival were the smoking status of the patients (smoking/no smoking), the amount of smoking, passive smoking, and the time elapsed in ex-smokers from the time they ceased smoking to the time of implantation. In a multi-variable analysis, factors found to have an association with implant survival were smoking status (smoking/no smoking) and amounts of smoking as expressed in pack years.

Smoking and risk of treatment-induced neutralizing antibodies to interferon β-1a

Background: Neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) to interferon β (IFNβ) products that develop during treatment are associated with a loss of clinical efficacy. Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of smoking habits on the risk of developing NAbs to IFNβ, in the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS). Methods: This report is based on 695 MS patients treated with IFNβ-1a, included in two Swedish case-control studies that collected information on smoking habits. Using logistic regression, the development of NAbs to IFNβ-1a among current smokers was compared with that of non-smokers, by calculating the odds ratio (OR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI). Results: Current smokers showed an increased risk of developing NAbs to IFNβ-1a, compared with non-smokers (OR 1.9; 95% CI 1.3–2.8; p = 0.002). There were no gender differences. We observed no association between past smoking and the risk of developing NAbs to IFNβ-1a. Conclusions: The finding that current smokers have an increased risk of developing NAbs to IFNβ-1a has implications, both for the practical care and the treatment of MS; it also provides an interesting perspective of the lungs as an immune-reactive organ, reacting upon irritation.