Influence Of Relative Age Effect Research Articles

Setting Kinematic Parameters That Explain Youth Basketball Behavior: Influence of Relative Age Effect According to Playing Position

Pino-Ortega, J, Gómez-Carmona, CD, Nakamura, FY, Rojas-Valverde, D, and Effect, RA. Setting kinematic parameters that explain youth basketball behavior: Influence of relative age effect according to playing position. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2020-The aims of the present study were to: (a) set kinematic behavior parameters during official matches by principal component analysis (PCA), (b) examine the distribution of birth dates in competitive basketball, differentiating by playing position and, (c) analyze the relative age effect (RAE) on kinematic performance according to playing position. A total of 94 young elite athletes participated in an official U18 Euroleague tournament (8 clubs, 4 days, 3 games). Kinematic motion variables were measured using an inertial device worn by all players during matches. A total of 252 variables were measured, a PCA was performed to select them for final analysis and 3 principal components and 6 variables were extracted (maximum acceleration [MAcc], average acceleration [PAcc], landing 8-100 G [Ldg 8-100 g·min], relative distance [RD], jump average take off [MJumpsTO], and jump average landing [MJumpsLdg]). These variables explained 66.3% of total variance. Differences were found in RD (p = 0.04; ωp = 0.02), PAcc (p = 0.04; ωp = 0.02), MAcc (p < 0.01; ωp = 0.03), and Ldg 8-100 g·min (p = 0.02; ωp = 0.02) because of RAE. There were differences by playing position in Ldg 8-100 g·min (guards, p = 0.04; ωp = 0.03), MAcc (forwards, p < 0.01; ωp = 0.07; centers, p < 0.01; ωp = 0.44), PAcc (centers, p < 0.01; ωp = 0.34) and in MJumpsLdg (centers, p = 0.03; ωp = 0.13). Results suggested that RAE does have an impact on kinematic variables, and is affected by playing position in variables such as MAcc, PAcc, MJumpsLdg, and Ldg 8-100 g·min. The extracted variables are well-known intensity indicators and fundamental performance variables. This evidence should be taken into account by sport scientists and coaches to develop individualized training programs and match tactics.

Reviewing and reframing the influence of relative age on ADHD diagnosis: beyond individual psycho(patho)logy

ABSTRACT Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a debated phenomenon and the link between schooling and the occurrence of ADHD diagnoses is worth critical scrutiny. This paper contributes to the academic debate by providing a literature review of the evidence on the influence of relative age effect (RAE) on being diagnosed with ADHD. Firstly, the review presents a general cross-national trend of a positive association between relative age and the probability of being diagnosed with ADHD compared with peers, thus showing that the younger-in-class children are more likely to be diagnosed with ADHD. Secondly, this paper outlines and presents discussion on the suggested explanations of the phenomenon as depicted in the literature reviewed. Finally, the paper proceeds to provide alternative frameworks for the explanation of the RAE on ADHD diagnosis that consider the broader social, cultural and political contexts in which the phenomenon takes place.

Moderating factors influence the relative age effect in Australian cricket.

BackgroundThe relative age effect is a commonly occurring phenomenon whereby there is a tendency for relatively older players to be over-represented during high level competitions. This effect is often seen to diminish as player’s age, however, there has been far less investigation on other potential moderating factors.MethodThis study investigated the impact of the relative age effect, and potential moderating factors, within the talent selection process of Australian cricket. Relative age distribution of 2,415 male and female junior and senior state level cricket players, who played in the Junior National Championships or State competition (senior level) between 2011 and 2015, were analysed.ResultsPlayers born in the first quartile of the cricket season were significantly over-represented in both male Under-15, Under-17, Under-19 and female Under-15 and Under-18 levels. However, there was no significant difference at the senior state level for either male or female cricketers. Further investigation of the relative age effect in the junior talent pathway revealed that male all-rounders, batters and pace bowlers, and female all-rounders and batters, born in first quartile were over-represented. Right-handed batters and bowlers were also influenced by the relative age effect at all Junior National levels, while left-handed batters and bowlers were only influenced at the Under-15 and Under-17 levels. These results highlight the impact relative age has on junior cricket talent pathways, including sex, age, handedness and primary skills. Only state level, and left-handedness at the Under-19 level, were unaffected by relative age.DiscussionThe findings of this study highlight the influence of relative age effects for both male and female junior cricket players. Interestingly, there may be an advantage to being left-handed that is more prevalent at the older (male Under-19; female Under-18) age levels.

The influence of relative age effect in judo

The influence of relative age effect in judo

REVISITING GLADWELL'S HOCKEY PLAYERS: INFLUENCE OF RELATIVE AGE EFFECTS UPON EARNING THE PHD

We examine the influence of relative age effects (RAE) upon specific factors related to earning a Doctor of Philosophy (PhD): age at degree, time to degree, and salary upon completion. Drawing on the 2010 Survey of Earned Doctorates, we find no significant influence of RAE. Specifically, when controlling for discipline-specific variation, we find no influence of RAE on the age of people earning the PhD and no influence on post-graduate salary. However, we estimate a relative salary loss due to redshirting of over $138,000 in lifetime earnings for individuals who earn the PhD. To the extent that earning the PhD is considered an outstanding achievement, our findings support the view that redshirting is unnecessary and costly. (JEL D01, D12, I20, I28, J24, J44)

The Relative Age Effect (RAE) in Youth and Professional Soccer Players in Turkey

The purpose of this study was to assess the influence of Relative Age Effect (RAE) on the top league of professional soccer teams and their all competitor categories of youth teams in Turkey. Relative age effects refer to age differences in the same selection year.We compared categories in the birth-month distributions of professional and young soccer players (N=2939) in the teams (18 clubs) of the Turkish Super League (TSL). The Chi-square statistic test showed an over-representation of players born in the first month (January) and first quarter (January to March) in all categories. The RAE was a major factor in the selection of elite soccer players in Turkey. As a result, the selection is not suitable, and talented youth soccer players loss their chances. By aid of similar pre-studies focused on RAE, a current study suggested that competitor player age grades should revive for youths inthe maturation phases.

Influence of Relative Age Effects upon Earning the PhD

We examine the influence of relative age effects (RAE) upon whether someone earns the PhD. Drawing on the 2010 Survey of Earned Doctorates, we find no significant influence of RAE. When controlling for discipline-specific variation, we also find no influence of RAE on the age of people earning the PhD and no influence on post-graduate salary. To the extent that earning the PhD is considered an outstanding achievement, our findings support the view that redshirting is unnecessary and costly. We estimate a relative salary loss due to redshirting of over $138,000 in lifetime earnings for individuals who earn the PhD.

Relative age effect and selection of young basketball players

Purpose of the present study was to examine whether influence of relative age effect (RAE) exists or not in the selected 13 year old basketball players. Subjects were 20 basketball players (HT=177.35cm±6.73, BW=61.42kg±8.98, average age 13 years and 7 months ±.28, average experience in basketball training 4 years and 6 months ±1.15). Sample was divided in two groups: 11 players born in first half of the year and 9 players born in the second half of the year. One-way ANOVA was used in order to analyze the differences between the two groups of players in set of anthropometric variables (body height, arm span, standing reach height, body weight and percentage of body fat), motor variables (velocity of neuromuscular reaction time, vertical jump, 5 meters sprint, 10 meters sprint, 20 meters sprint, T-test, Zig-zag test, ball throw from sitting position, Sit-ups for 30 seconds and standing forward bend) and one functional variable (20-M shuttle run test). Subjects do not differ in applied set of parameters, except in on variable (sit-ups for 30 seconds, p=.040). It was concluded that RAE does not exist in this sample of examinees.

The Influence of Relative Age Effects on the Cardiorespiratory Fitness Levels of Children Age 9 to 10 and 11 to 12 Years of Age

The aims of this study were firstly to examine whether there was an observed relative age effect in the cardiorespiratory fitness scores of 9-10 and 11-12 year old children, and secondly whether any observed effect was maintained after controlling for somatic maturity. Cardiorespiratory fitness data from 11,404 children aged 9-10 years and 3,911 children aged 11-12 years were obtained from a large cross-sectional field-based fitness testing program. A one-way ANOVA revealed a statistically significant relative age effect (p < .01) existed in the 20mSRT scores across all the age groups. Furthermore, ANCOVA analyses identified a statistically significant relative age effect was maintained after controlling for somatic maturation (p < .05). From a public health perspective these results confirm the existence of relative age effects for the first time and consequently may hold implications for relatively younger children in the accurate assessment of their cardiorespiratory fitness scores.

The Influence of Relative Age Effect in the Assessment of High School Students in Physical Education in the United Kingdom

The common practice of annually age grouping children in education, likely done under the assumption of similarly aged children sharing similar abilities and learner characteristics, may actually undermine equity and fairness in student assessments. This strategy has received criticism for (dis) advantaging those older children born closer to the “cut off” date for entry into an academic year and for promoting the existence of relative age effects (RAEs). This paper explores the possibility that RAEs may be prevalent in the end-of-year attainment levels of junior high school physical education (PE) students. The PE end-of-year attainment scores were collected from 582 students in grades 7, 8 and 9 (aged 11–14 years) in the United Kingdom (UK). The results from a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicated a significant main effect for month of birth (p = .001) and gender (p = .001). Follow up interviews with heads of PE (HoPE) revealed a lack of awareness of RAEs and inconsiderate assessment strategies, which deviated from the requirements of the formal curriculum. The implications of RAEs in school PE assessment and possible recommendations are discussed.

Influence of Relative Age Effects and Quality of Tactical Behaviour in the Performance of Youth Soccer Players

The present study examines the associations between tactical performance indexes with quality of tactical behaviours and birth-date quarters of youth Soccer players. The sample comprised a total of 534 youth players classified into four seasons of 3 months (January-March; April-June; July-September; October-December). A system of tactical assessment in Soccer (FUT-SAT) was used to collect data. Descriptive statistics and multinomial logistic regression were applied. The tactical performance indexes were divided into tercis (low, moderate and high) in order to evaluate the influences of relative age effects and quality of tactical behaviours. The quality in the “penetration” and “offensive coverage” principles were positively related to moderate performance indexes. Players with the highest quality in the “depth mobility” and “unity defensive” principles were more likely to present higher performance indexes. Regarding the defensive phase, those with better qualities in the “delay”, “concentration” and “defensive unity” principles were more likely to have moderate performance index. Additionally, better quality in the “defensive coverage” and “balance” principles corresponded to a higher likelihood of having a superior performance index. Relative age effects were observed only in high defensive performance index. The present results revealed a positive correlation between tactical performance indexes and quality of tactical behaviours.