Influence Of Positivism Research Articles

The Influence of Positivism and Empirism in The Enforcement of Islamic Inheritance Law in Indonesia

Positivism and empiricism are modern paradigms become the basic guidelines for the schools of legal philosophy, namely legal positivism and legal realism. However, the current condition in Indonesia is dominated by the paradigm of legal positivism so that everything must be by written law. The practice of inheritance division that is always based on the concept of 2:1 as in the Compilation of Islamic Law is felt to be incompatible with community justice. The purpose of this research is to enrich the study of the positivism and empiricism paradigms as a renewal of Islamic inheritance law in Indonesia. The benefit of this research is to inform that the integration of positivism and empiricism in law will produce competent law enforcement. This research is a normative research with a conceptual approach and data sources in the form of literature and data analysis techniques, namely evaluation. The results of this research are; (1) The factor that causes judges in Indonesia to use the judicial restraint approach excessively as a characteristic of legal positivism is the legal culture of the application of the civil law legal system. (2) The solution to the problem offered is to borrow Fazlur Rahman's double movement theory, namely historical contextualisation by taking universal values from the norm. Therefore, it is time for judges to be free to move to realize moral justice within the limits set by the Constitution and the Law on Judicial Power.

Traces of Transhumanism in Michel Houellebecq’s Novel Elementary Particles

Transhumanism sees the next step of the evolution of humanity in technology, together with the developments in the twentieth century and the influence of positivism. As a modern repetition of the golem myth, it desires to use technology as o tool for a stronger, smarter, non-sick, even immortal humanity. Transhumanists developed in an environment where the influence of humanism was reduced due to materialism and they aim to create a super human through technologies such as biotechnology, nanotechnology, artificial intelligence and cloning, and tries to bring humans to a higher position. In literature, which is a close follower mirror of social developments, transhumanist works are frequently encountered as they create a suitable environment for the development and discussion of transhumanist ideas. Therefor Transhumanism has become an important subject in world literature and has attracted the attention of French authors, especially with the twenty-first century. Michel Houellebecq, one of the leading figures of contemporary French literature, is famous for deeply processing existential themes and bringing striking subjects such as religion, nudity and the human condition into his novels by refence. His novel Elementary Particles, published in 1998, problematizes the potential return of transhumanist ideas, human desires and technological advances, while depicting a modern society where life has lost its meaning with the advancement of scientific developments. This article aims to reveal the author’s ideas for the future of humanity in a world driven by the increasing use of technology while critically investigating the traces of transhumanism in Houellebecq’s Elementary Particles. After providing an overview of the foundations of the theory by creating a framework for understanding the concept of transhumanism, the study tries to reveal the author’s transhumanist ideas and the potential consequences of transcending human boundaries by making use of important themes and passages in the novel.

Pengaruh Filsafat Positivisme Dalam Pengembangan Kurikulum Pendidikan Agama Islam

The Islamic religious education curriculum is an important component of the education system in countries with a majority Muslim population. It should reflect Islamic principles, but also incorporate modern elements to meet the broader demands of education. In this regard, the philosophy of positivism has played an important role in the development of the Islamic religious education curriculum. This research aims to outline the influence of positivism in the development of Islamic religious education curriculum, and discuss the implications and challenges that may arise. This research uses a qualitative method with a literature study taken from various sources, both print and electronic media, books and electronic journals. There are primary and secondary sources in the form of published scientific works with a high credibility index. data analysis is taken from a literature review by means of researchers collecting data, and complete information from various data collection procedures and with a specified time. The data collected is analyzed using descriptive methods to reveal the facts of the incident written in statements derived from the data sources studied. All data obtained related to the philosophy of positivism and science, the Islamic education curriculum is collected and analyzed which is then associated with its role in the development of the Islamic education curriculum so as to produce a description in accordance with the purpose of writing this article. In conclusion, the influence of positivism philosophy in the development of Islamic education curriculum has brought benefits in pursuing a more rational and evidence-based education. However, it should be kept in mind that religious values and spiritual aspects should also remain a focus in the development of this curriculum. A balance between the positivistic approach and religious values is the key to achieving a comprehensive and relevant Islamic religious education.

Reflecting on the Distinction between Philosophical Daoism and Religious Daoism Based on the Transmission and Transformation of the Concept of “Philosophy”

The distinction between philosophical Daoism and religious Daoism is widely influential yet highly controversial. The current popular empirical methods often overlook the vicissitude of the concepts underlying the reception history of this distinction. Therefore, this article adopts the method of intellectual history, based on the transmission and transformation of the concept of philosophy, to examine the rationales of the establishment and reception of this Daoist distinction. Here, we present that, though the Confucian tradition of ranking Daoist figures provided soil for this Daoist distinction, the establishment of the dichotomy with terminological awareness should be attributed to the cooperation between Victorian Protestant intellectuals and their late Qing Confucian collaborators. The concept of philosophy that pursues eternal wisdom and truth and traces the origin of all things has played an essential role in the establishment of this distinction. The thought of Laozi and Zhuangzi was valued and preferred in mainland China because of its deemed congruence with this Western concept of philosophy, while other more religious branches of Daoism were belittled. However, the philosophies of anti-metaphysics engender a new paradigm of thinking. On the one hand, under the influence of logical positivism and its successors, natural science has become an excellent model for other studies. In light of empirical methods, the distinction between philosophical Daoism and religious Daoism becomes an erroneous and inefficient metaphysical distinction. On the other hand, inspired by continental philosophers such as Nietzsche, Heidegger, and Derrida, scholars gained a new perspective on understanding the thought of Laozi and Zhuangzi. Thus, a new consensus emerges: eternal truth based on concepts and logic distorts the real world of life. According to this, the distinction between philosophical Daoism and religious Daoism is only an imaginary and conceptual distinction, which does not apply to the understanding of living Daoism.

Проектирование «ответственного за прошлое» немца в ФРГ в 1950‒1980-е годы: этические и правовые аспекты

The efforts to foster a sense of responsibility for the past in the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) from the 1950s to the 1980s were influenced by the tension between the legal and ethical evaluations of the outcomes of World War II. The article describes the legal foundations underpinning this process and the challenges faced by the legal system of the FRG during the trials of war criminals. The article also explores the ethical founda-tions and key debates in German society regarding the creation of a new kind of German citizen ‒ one who con-demns National Socialism and is willing to take responsibility for Nazi crimes. The analysis shows that estab-lishing a new post-conflict culture, based on the supremacy of civil rights and freedoms, and a critical reexami-nation of the past, has been a complicated process. German intellectuals actively debated the need for an ethical foundation for society. However, these new foundations were rejected in legal practices due to the continued influence of legal positivism, which emphasized adhering to the “letter of the law” rather than universal moral norms in the administration of justice. The law offered a different view of the German people: independent of historic changes, they could not be blamed simply for living under National Socialism. The process of fostering responsibility for the past was over only by the late 1980s, after the aforementioned conflict had been resolved and a more liberal approach in law had become dominant.

Political Theory as Philosophy, as Positive Science, and as Critique

Author develops a critical review of the three dominant perspectives in Political Theory: Behaviorist, Empirical-Analitical, Classic and Contemporary Normative Theories, and Dialectical-Critical perspectives. Under the influence of scientific positivism and its critique of metaphysics, especially in the Anglophone world, the Behaviorist political theory has been developed. Its origin lies in the idea of ‘pure political science’ which, as author argues, becomes gradually, a metaphysical perspective of its own kind. Based on criticism of Behaviorist political theory, especially under the influence of Leo Strauss a new, contemporary political theory has been developed by rehabilitation of the classical perspective. For Strauss, as well as for example, for Aristotle, poltical knowledge is tightly connected to ethical action, and the political discourse is always at the same time the ‘ethical-political’. This theoretical perspective is, author suggests, an attempt to reflect upon the very foundations of political community, so in this way it is at the same time a particular ontology, which is the main point of criticism coming from a positivist block. The dialectical – critical political theories have their source, above all, in Hegel’s philosophy, and, especially after Marx and Engels, the task of political theory is understood in a rather ‘activist’ sense as investigation of political systems, institutions and revealing of relations that establish the rule of the privileged. With Critical School of 1930’s this political-theoretical approach attempts to maintain historical perspectives of understanding the society and state and their complex processes. Second important characteristics of this approach is the conception of totality, also coming from Hegel, for who the truth is always a matter of the whole, and not in some particular part. Another important feature is dialectical attitude, in fact, identification of contradictions and their conflict as mover of social and political processes. In the conclusion part, author refers to the idea of a ‘democratic political philosophy’ developed by John Rawls, as possible synthesis of dominant perspectives in political theory.

The Widening of the Logic and the Care of the State

The main problem of Plato᾿s Republic and of contemporary Russia is the fusion of the state power and philosophy in order to improve both the state and the individual. The article deals with the problem of widening the logic causing the defacement of sciences and endangering the existence of the state. There is a hidden agenda, a hidden problem: The prepositive widened attribute destroying the “philosophical (logical) syntax” of the Vienna Circle. The article raises the problem of the metaphysics as the spiritual foundation of the European civilization and considers its repudiation by the logical positivists as a knotty problem. The great problem is the evil influence of the logical positivism on the American politics wich is applying the syncretic method of the Vienna Circle. At present, philosophy is not even mentioned among the related disciplines of politics in the sense of state theory (history, state law, international law, sociology, political economy, psychology, ethics). Today there is a necessity that makes philosophers anxious about the state, and the state will have to obey them if it does not want to perish. Philosophy is the valiant guardian of the state, a guarantee of its preservation. It was the absence of this guard that led to the death of the Soviet Union.

The Epistemology of Rasa as a Basic Foundation of the Javanese Psychology

This paper is an attempt to comprehend the epistemology of the Javanese worldview when it is used as the primary argument for indigenous psychology. The aim is to explore epistemology in Javanese psychology as a cultural understanding framework for the concept of knowledge and human experience. Javanese psychology is rooted in the rich Javanese tradition and philosophy, which have a unique way of understanding the universe and human existence in it. The method in this paper is literature research using the Wilhelm Dilthey hermeneutic method. The first step is describing the influence of positivism. The next steps are to discuss the concepts of metaphysics and epistemology in Rasa, and the reasons why indigenous psychology should be built upon the foundation of congruent philosophical thoughts. The conclusion that can be drawn is that the concept of Rasa will become the basis of the epistemological foundation of a new branch of indigenous psychology called Javanese psychology.

The Influence of Positivism on E. V. D e Roberti’s Socio-Philosophical Views Formation

The Influence of Positivism on E. V. D e Roberti’s Socio-Philosophical Views Formation

The contested status of theory/theorizing and humanism/posthumanism in Olga Petrovskaya's Nursing theory, postmodernism, poststructualism, and Foucault.

The contested status of theory/theorizing and humanism/posthumanism in Olga Petrovskaya's Nursing theory, postmodernism, poststructualism, and Foucault.

Approaches to Indonesia's Foreign Policy: Area Studies, FPA Theory, and Global IR

This article traces the evolution of Indonesia's foreign policy studies, highlighting the major theoretical and methodological trends that have shaped their current form. As a starting point, we introduce a discourse on non-Western Foreign Policy Analysis (FPA), having developed beyond the dominance of the Western-rooted International Relations (IR) discipline. The authors encounter that Indonesia's foreign policy studies evolve through two stages. The first stage occurred during the Cold War until the early 2000s. It demonstrated a scholarship development characterized by an attempt to promote a national-focused or area studies perspective, despite the influence of realism and positivism. The second stage, visible since the mid-2000s, shows the advancement of diverse theory-driven inquiries, having been moved by the younger generation of scholars more exposed to various theories and research methods in IR. Dealing with these two phases of the studies will likely build Indonesia's foreign policy studies' inclusive, critical, and unique identity. It can be realized by adopting and contextualizing approaches offered by state transformation theory, critical realism, and reflexive theorizing in IR to unpack the relatively overlooked aspects of Indonesia's foreign policy.

ГЕГЕЛЬ КРИТИКУЕТ КАНТА (И ПРЕОДОЛЕВАЕТ ЕГО?)

The article considers the alleged – or actual – philosophical victory of Hegel’s absolute idealism over the subjective idealism and agnosticism of Kant. These great philosophers, who were at the same time great scientists, have three essential features in com-mon: they are idealists, rationalists, and dialecticians. However, they have many differences: in particular, Kant’s philosophy is closer to science, Hegel’s system is closer to religion; at the same time, Hegelian dialectics wins in consistency and completeness; Hegel portrayed the picture of the world historical and philosophical process much better, etc. In our time, Kantianism is more popular, which can be explained, first, by the influence of positivism and postmodernism as its cultural background, both based on Kant, and secondly, by the collapse of Marxism which was essentially founded by Hegelianism. Hegel’s philosophy is therefore in need of a new reappraisal and, in a certain sense, rehabilitation. The article touches upon the comparative evaluation of the laws of nature, the two-stage division of thinking and the consideration of the functions of experience by both classics.

Enkele teoretiese en metodologiese implikasies van die sisteembenadering in die Kommunikasiekunde

A SYSTEMS approach to the phenomenon of communication implies in many important respects a break with the traditional assumptions and principles of communication theories and research methodologies. There is increasing dissatisfaction among communicologists with the influence of positivism (and respectively reductionism) in Communication Science as in the case of the covering law model. Some of the most important theoretical implications such as holism, selfregulation, hierargical organization, adaptation and organized complexity are briefly discussed. Attention is also given to methodological implications of concepts such as information, message. group, rules and meaning.

La loi naturelle et la loi civile une problematique à redecouvrir

Dilemmas related to the relation of natural law to statutory law the (civil) state finds expression in controversy over the union laws with morality. Discussions around this problem, although they have been going on for centuries, have drastically worsened in the last century under the influence of legal positivism. The discussion concerns, inter alia, ethical behavior of Christians in a democratic system that is guided by civil law which is not exactly - especially now - morally acceptable, taking the faithful seriously faith and natural law.

On the origins of the methodology of social knowledge in Russia: A.S. Lappo-Danilevsky and contemporary discussions

The article considers those aspects of the development of sociological knowledge in Russia that were determined by the scientific and organizational activities of A.S. Lappo-Danilevsky (1863-1919). His contribution to the development of the Russian social and humanitarian thought is associated mainly with the development of the foundations of history, historiography and source studies, which is widely admitted in scientific works. However, Lappo-Danilevskys contribution to the development of sociology, to the identification of the specifics of its subject and to the creation of a model of systemic courses on the historical reconstruction of sociological knowledge are still widely discussed. The authors consider the creative component of Lappo-Danilevskys legacy and the strategy he developed for creating an interdisciplinary methodology for social sciences. The article aims at describing his contribution to the institutionalization of Russian sociology, which allows not only to clarify the origins of social knowledge in Russia, but also to actualize Lappo-Danilevskys legacy. The authors pose new questions and problematize the research potential of the works of Russian scientists at the turn of the 20th century, which has prospects for supplementing the history and methodology of sociology. The description of the activities of Lappo-Danilevsky - from the development of the institutional foundations of Russian sociology to the clarification of the methodological principles of social knowledge - raises the question of the influence of positivism and neo-Kantianism on the scientific community. On the other hand, the study of the scientific and organizational activities of Lappo-Danilevsky allow to expand the field of history and methodology of sociology by supplementing it with a description of the institutionalization of sociology in Russia. The study of the foundations of sociological knowledge emphasizes three points: creation of methodology, separation from related disciplines, and acceptance of the historical component in the development of academic sociology. The article also mentions contemporary discussions which consider the sociological legacy of Lappo-Danilevsky not only as a historical reconstruction of the development of social knowledge, but also in the interdisciplinary perspective of contemporary sociology.

Influence of Positivism on Social Science: A Literature Review

The influence of positivism on social science, is increasing. For more than half a century, there has been a continuous philosophical debate on which philosophical perspective is the right one for social science. This paper examines two contradicting philosophical perspectives of positivism and interpretivism and how they fit into social science. Thus, the research question here is how positivism and interpretivism fit into social science. The paper discusses the influence of positivism on social sciences, and the most cited contributors in literature, that play an important role in the existing philosophical debate. The paper suggests that interpretivism is more suitable for social science. Keywords: Positivism, Interpretivism, Social Science, Philosophical Debate DOI: 10.7176/RHSS/11-23-02 Publication date: December 31 st 2021

Formation of russian legal argumentation based on the principles of legal tradition

The article examines the formation of domestic legal argumentation based on the legal tradition. The emphasis is placed on the problem of moving away from the Soviet legal heritage. The main factors that influenced the postponement of the process of formation of legal argumentation in Ukraine are identified. The influence of legal positivism on the formation of its features,

Heteronormativity and Gender Issues in Education: Representing Silent Voices through Radical Re-Imagination in Empirical Research

Drawing from gender and queer studies, this article argues for reimagining empirical research as inclusive of the experiences of transgender and gender-minoritized communities hitherto silenced in prevailing dominant discourses of heteronormativity and the construction of gender in education. Specifically, I interrogate the influence of positivism in reinforcing a heteronormative belief system in educational research, which exacerbates challenges with data collection, analysis, and reporting for gender nonbinary populations. I also explore alternative practices within empirically based studies and offer possibilities for inclusive methodological practice with implications for how we produce knowledge about and understand gender issues in education. The following implications for practice are discussed: (a) using mixed-methodological approaches in gender identity research; (b) capturing experiences of gender using non-normative indicators; (c) exploring nonparametric statistical techniques; (d) repositioning trustworthiness in scope and generalizability through study limitations and transparency; and (e) advocating empirical research, including narrative-inquiry supported by quantitative measures.

ПРИРОДНИЧІ Й ТОЧНІ НАУКИ У ЛЬВІВСЬКОМУ УНІВЕРСИТЕТІ В ДРУГІЙ ПОЛОВИНІ ХІХ – НА ПОЧАТКУ ХХ СТОЛІТТЯ: СТРУКТУРНІ ТА КАДРОВІ ТРАНСФОРМАЦІЇ

The purpose of the research – to reconstruct the network of scientific departments of natural and technical area at Emperor Franz I Imperial Royal University in Lviv during the second half of the XIXth – beginning of the XXth centuries; to describe the structural and personnel transformations which took place in scientific departments. The research methodology is based on the principle of historicism, application of general scientific and special scientific methods, in particular, a comparative historical method, a scrupulous analysis of contemporary statistical and information publications of Lviv University. The scientific novelty of the study consists in the fact that for the first time in Ukrainian and foreign historiography there has been generalized the information on the scientific units of natural and technical direction of Lviv University during the Austrian period (in the previous publications on this issue the emphasis is focused on the departments); a clear scheme (in accordance with scientific areas) of their reorganizations has been made, which is reflected in structural changes, name changes, management, etc. The factual material and concluding statements presented in the publication will be important for the study of the history of science in Galicia. The factual material will become a kind of matrix for further studies in this area of historical local studies. The Conclusions. After the revolution of 1848–1849, the Austrian monarchy, which also influenced the activities of Lviv University, began its reform. It also affected the scientific sphere, taking place in the context of the development of science at that time (from the end of the 1850s – under the influence of positivism). From the middle of the XIXth century the university began to develop a network of units known under the term “scientific institutes” (these included structural units of various fields – technical, natural, humanitarian, as well as the Library). Within the natural sphere, these units included offices, collections, museums, laboratories, institutions, institutes, clinics and dispensaries, seminars, etc., as well as the Botanical Garden. In the majority of publications (since the end of the XIXth century) these units have either not been mentioned at all, or researchers identify them with the departments, consider these units as a part of departments. This approach led to the fact that we often see a lack of interest and attention to the official names of these units, which reflect both their specifics and features of reorganization during the second half of the ХІХth – beginning of the ХХth century. Special attention should be paid to seminars, which from the 1850s till the reform of the 1920s should be interpreted not only as a form of educational process, but also as a scientific institute. During the middle of the XIXth – beginning of the XXth century, on the example of the development of physical and natural sciences, we trace changes in the forms of scientific institutes (for example, office – museum – institution / institute) and observe the formation of scientific schools of famous scientists (heads of scientific units) on the basis of their assistant support staff (assistants, demonstrators, scholarship holders). The development of the network of scientific institutes reflects the development of science in general, the tendency to single out narrower areas (Physics, Meteorology, Astronomy, Chemistry, Geology, Biology, Botany, etc.) from previously integrated fields of scientific knowledge (eg, Physics or Natural History). Medicine, which received a new stage of development from the last third of the XIXth century, had its own specifics in terms of structure at Lviv University and it was intensified with the resumption of the medical faculty activity in 1894. Key words: Lviv University, scientific institutes, physical sciences, natural sciences, museum, seminar, the second half of the XIXth – beginning of the XXth century.

Implications of Legal Positivism of the Promotion of Children's Rights on National Law

This article discusses the influence of positivism in the development of legal science, especially in the development of Indonesian law. Through the positivism which was introduced by August Comte, the study aims to analyze the legal positivism as a strategic-political form that is needed in terms of promoting children's rights. As a result, positivism can not only be used as a medium used to help the modern process: the law there can also be used as a means to provide legal protection for the people’s, especially for the protection of children's rights.