Influence Of Polyethylene Glycol Research Articles

Influence of polyethylene glycol, sodium nitroprusside, and carbon sources on in vitro callus induction and regeneration in drought-tolerant and drought-sensitive rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Influence of polyethylene glycol, sodium nitroprusside, and carbon sources on in vitro callus induction and regeneration in drought-tolerant and drought-sensitive rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Silica Aerogel in Microfluidic Channels: Synthesis, Chip Integration, Mechanical Reinforcement, and Characterization.

Silica aerogels are highly porous materials with unique properties such as high specific surface area, high thermal insulation, and high open porosity. These characteristics make them attractive for several applications in closed microfluidic channels such as BioMEMS, catalysis, and thermal insulation. However, aerogel-filled microchannels have not been reported in the literature yet because of the complexity of creating a process that controls the integration, shrinkage, and mechanical stability of these materials inside a closed channel. In this work, a process is presented to integrate aerogels in microchannels with reproducibility, mechanical stability, and no shrinkage. This protocol is based on the filling of channels during the gelation, which is crucial to avoid shrinkage, CO2 supercritical drying, and mechanical additives (polyethylene glycol and carbon nanotubes). Furthermore, the influence of polyethylene glycol and carbon nanotubes on the compressive strength, porosity, and specific surface area is investigated. Following the suggested process protocol, the integration of different aerogel compositions (with and without reinforcement) is successfully achieved in the microchannels without shrinkage and cracks. This research opens up new possibilities for the use of different aerogels in microfluidics with structural integrity and enhanced functionality.

Influence of Polyethylene Glycol and Methanol Additions on the Mechanical Alloying Behavior of Cu-4B4C Composite Powder

This study investigated the effect of different process control agent (PCA) usage on mechanical alloying behavior of boron carbide (B4C) reinforced copper (Cu) based composite powder. For this purpose, elemental Cu and B4C powders were weighed and powder specimens were prepared with respect to appropriate mass ratios (96% Cu and 4% B4C). Two different PCA additives, namely polyethylene glycol (PEG) and methanol, were also used to prepare powder samples. The amount of PCA was kept constant at 5wt.% for both specimen. These prepared powder samples were then milled using a planetary type ball-mill. After specified milling periods, milling runs were interrupted and powder samples were extracted from the milling vials for further powder characterization including powder morphology using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and average particle size (APS) via laser diffraction analysis (Mastersizer). Accordingly, after the completion of milling runs, namely 15 hours of ball-milling, methanol addition was found much more effective at reducing particle sizes than PEG. Final APS values for powder specimens having PEG and methanol as PCAs were determined to be 8.237 and 4.101 microns, respectively.

Influence of polyethylene glycol and various carboxylic acids on the physical and mechanical properties of beech wood (Fagus sylvatica) and Scots pine wood (Pinus sylvestris)

ABSTRACT The goal of this study was to investigate the influence on physical and mechanical properties of beech wood (Fagus sylvatica) and Scots pine wood (Pinus sylvestris) modified with polyethylene glycol (PEG) 400 as an alcohol and various carboxylic acids (citric acid, malic acid and 1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylic acid). PEG 400, chosen for its large and flexible structure, was expected to minimize the negative effects on mechanical properties. However, contrary to expectations, tensile and impact bending strength decreased – similar to other modifications. Tensile strength decreased (beech: 36.0% to 46.3%), while the modulus of rupture did not show a strong decrease (beech: 2.4% to 15.2%). The modulus of elasticity (beech: 1.6% to 14.7%), compression strength (beech: 11.7% to 40.6%) and hardness (beech: 6.0% to 17.1%) increased. Impact bending strength was reduced (beech: 43.0% to 69.3%). Modifying agents, fixed inside the wood, demonstrated high anti-swelling efficiency during leaching cycles (beech: 27.1% to 45.9%). Equilibrium moisture content was reduced between 20.8% and 39.1% for beech at a relative humidity of 65%.

The pivotal role of the polyethylene glycol amount as compatibilizing on the morphological features of silica-based blends

Silica-based hybrid blends at different molecular or nanometer scale have gained a lot of interests from the technological point of view. In particular, several inorganic-organic hybrids find application in the biomedical field. In this context, inorganic SiO2 and hybrids made up of SiO2 and polyethylene glycol (PEG) have been synthesised via the sol-gel route and characterised from the morphological (throught the Atomic Force Microscopy - AFM) and spectroscopic point of view to shed light on their features as possible hybrid biomaterials. AFM investigation allowed for an effective quantitative evaluation of surface roughness of bioactive sol-gel-based materials. The results revealed an increase in material porosity as a function of the PEG amount in the systems, thus highlighting the pivotal role of the PEG amount as compatibilizing on the morphological features of silica-based blends. The co-presence of both the inorganic and organic phases was confirmed by the Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Moreover, the influence of PEG was also investigated by analysing the deconvoluted FT-IR spectra in the range of 1600-750 cm−1.

Solid dispersions of bedaquiline fumarate to improve its pharmaceutical attributes: A comparative study between PEG and PVP

ObjectivesThe therapeutic delivery of hydrophobic drugs via solid dispersion is an appealing methodology to enhance the dissolution rate and ultimately the in vivo bioavailability. The objective of current investigation was to enhance the solubility of anti-tubercular drug bedaquiline fumarate (BQF) via solid dispersion strategy, where the influence of polyethylene glycol and polyvinylpyrrolidone on the performance of solid dispersions was determined. MethodsBQF-solid dispersions with polyethylene glycol and polyvinylpyrrolidone were fabricated via solvent evaporation technique and evaluated for solubility, in vitro dissolution studies, cytotoxicity, cellular uptake, intestinal permeability, and pharmacokinetics. ResultsSolubility of BQF was improved by 6.4-fold and 13.44-fold with polyethylene glycol and polyvinylpyrrolidone-based ternary solid dispersions, respectively. The in vitro dissolution studies revealed significant enhancement in dissolution rate of BQF. The in vivo pharmacokinetic results demonstrated that solid dispersions significantly improved the pharmacokinetic parameters of BQF. The relative bioavailability of BQF with polyvinylpyrrolidone-based ternary solid dispersion was found to be enhanced by 173% and 154%, under fasted and fed state, respectively, when compared to BQF suspension. ConclusionsOur study reaffirms the applicability of solid dispersions as an alternative formulation strategy to improve the biopharmaceutical attributes of BQF in tuberculosis therapy.

Approach to assessing the drought resistance of grapes on model intact leaves

On the one hand, water scarcity poses challenges to the growth, development, longevity and resistance of grapes to diseases and low temperatures, on the other hand, however, it is necessary to obtain a high-quality harvest. Under the conditions of increasing continentality of the climate, it is of great importance to breed the cultivars characterised by effective fruiting without damaging the grape plant under drought conditions. Identifying characteristics of drought resistance in grapes is a challenging task, given the size of the plants, the extended development period, the absence of a specific criterion for drought resistance and the labour-intensive and time-consuming nature of the exploratory analysis. This study proposes the use of intact leaves from a specific grape variety placed in controlled environmental conditions as a model system. The paper assesses the applicability of intact grape leaves as a reliable model for evaluating drought resistance in the cultivar. It compares variations in physiological parameters—electrolyte leakage, chlorophyll stability index, and malonyldialdehyde content—observed in intact leaves under the influence of sorbitol and in leaf discs under the influence of polyethylene glycol with different concentrations and exposure times. The variations of physiological parameters in grape leaves subjected to controlled soil drought were used as a reference standard. In two independent experiments in 2022-2023, exposure to simulated intense soil drought for three weeks revealed cultivar differences in the ratio of electrolyte leakage and chlorophyll stability index in the test and control cultivars. Similar results were obtained in an experiment on intact grape leaves placed in a 10 % sorbitol solution for 3 hours. It was established that the cultivars ‘Morozko’, ‘Kutuzovsky’ and ‘Dostoiny’ exhibit higher drought resistance compared to the V. vinifera varieties ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ and ‘Barkhatny’. This approach can be used as a preliminary method for determining the drought resistance of grape cultivars, independently or in combination with fi eld studies.

Effect of polyethylene glycol additives on the polymorph and crystal habit of carbamazepine

The effect of polyethylene glycol (PEG) with different molecular weights on carbamazepine (CBZ) crystallization was investigated by experiments and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The influence of PEG on the crystal morphology and solvent-mediated phase transition of CBZ was studied. It was found that PEG inhibited the CBZ III nucleation and CBZ II transition. The crystal morphology changes significantly from needle to rod when adding PEG with a molecular weight greater than 1500. MD simulations show that the binding energy sequence between the additive and the crystal surface is: Eb(1 –1 –1) > Eb(2 –2 1) > Eb(2 –1 0), which explains the suppression of axial crystal growth. The results provide a possible method to stabilize the metastable crystal form of CBZ and improve crystal morphology.

Response of Wheat Genotypes to Drought Stress Stimulated by PEG

Wheat is a cereal grain crop that is commonly cultivated and is a good source of nutrients that are beneficial to human health. In recent years, the productivity of wheat has been steadily declining, with abiotic pressures accounting for almost half of all yield losses. Drought stress is a significant limiting factor for plant development and production around the planet. The influence of polyethylene glycol (PEG) (at concentrations of 5, 10, and 15%)-induced drought stress on the morphological, physiological, and biochemical characteristics of fifteen wheat genotypes was investigated in this work. Overall, it was discovered that morphological and physiological indicators such as germination % and shoot-root lengths during the seedling stage had reduced significantly. The proline content, on the other hand, was shown to be positively correlated with the concentration of PEG treatments. There was a significant difference between the genotypes HD2733, HD2888, and RAJ3765 regarding tolerance to abiotic stress caused by drought. A further finding was that under stressful settings, the first three main components explained 56.65 percent, 65.06 percent, and 72.47 percent of the total variability in PEG treatment levels of five, ten, and fifteen percent, respectively. These collective morphological and physiological parameters, and analyses of their diverse responses, could be used for screening of drought tolerance among the 15 wheat genotypes to select for significant drought tolerance and diverse molecular responses during breeding of stress resistant forms.

Preliminary test: Evaluation and selection of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) varieties resistant to drought and powdery mildew

Powdery mildew (Leveillula taurica) and (Oidium neolycopersici) are two harmful fungi that invade the tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) plant and grow in dry conditions. Under the influence of polyethylene glycol 6000 at a concentration of 12%, the total seedlings fresh weight, total seedlings dry weight, seedling growth rate of one seedling, seedling length, and tissue water content percentage for three tomato varieties were assessed. Despite the superiority of the (Mobil) tomato variety in terms of numerical values, the results revealed no significant differences between varieties. As a result, (Mobil) has greater vigor under environmental drought stress of lower osmotic stress than other tomato varieties. More work is required to evaluate the research selection of varieties resistant to biotic stresses in dry areas, such as powdery mildew disease.

Advancements in Sustainable PVDF Copolymer Membrane Preparation Using Rhodiasolv® PolarClean As an Alternative Eco-Friendly Solvent

In this work, Rhodiasolv® PolarClean was employed as a more sustainable solvent for the preparation of poly(vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-HFP) flat sheet membranes via phase inversion technique by coupling vapour induced phase separation (VIPS) and non-solvent induced phase separation (NIPS) processes. Preliminary calculations based on Hansen solubility parameters well predicted the solubilization of the polymer in the selected solvent. The effect of exposure time on humidity and the influence of polyethylene glycol (PEG), polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) and sulfonated polyether sulfone (S-PES) on membrane properties and performance, were evaluated. Three different coagulation bath compositions were also explored. The obtained membranes, prepared using a more sustainable approach, were compared with those produced with the traditional toxic solvent N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) and characterised in terms of morphology, porosity, wettability, pore size, surface roughness and mechanical resistance. The potential influence of the new solvent on the crystallinity of PVDF-HFP-based membranes was also evaluated by infrared spectroscopy. The adjustment of the parameters investigated allowed tuning of the membrane pore size in the microfiltration (MF) and ultrafiltration (UF) range resulting in membranes with various morphologies. From the water permeability and rejection tests, performed with methylene blue dye, the prepared membranes showed their potentiality to be used in MF and UF applications.

Influence of polyethylene glycol on the physical properties of Co0.2Fe2.8O4 nanoparticles used as MRI contrast agent; synchrotron radiation Fe K-edge XAFS

We have synthesized and characterized the surface-modified nanoparticles (NPs) of Co0.2Fe2.8O4/x polyethylene glycol (PEG) (x = 0, 10, 20, 30, and 40%). The magnetic behavior was correlated with the electronic and structural properties by combining different techniques such as X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscope (HRTEM), X-ray Absorption Fine structure (XAFS) (X-ray Absorption Near Edge Structure (XANES) & Extended X-ray Absorption Fine structure (EXAFS)), and Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM). We have studied the effect of PEG capping with different percent on the structural, electronic, magnetic properties, and relaxivity r2 of the Co0.2Fe2.8O4 NPs. The value of r2 indicates the efficacy of the system as a Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) contrast agent in vitro. XRD showed that the Co0.2Fe2.8O4 is a monophasic spinel structure. XAFS at Fe K-edge gave information about the oxidation state of Fe cations, their fractions, and site distribution, as well as the first and second neighbors' bond lengths. No pronounced changes appeared in XANES and EXAFS results as the main type, ratio, valence, and occupancy of metal ions were similar for all samples. The relationship between the chemical environment of Fe and Co cations and their influence on the physicochemical features of the target NPs, including magnetic performance and surface morphology, was investigated towards selecting the optimum samples for MRI contrast agent application. Although no significant changes in the magnetic properties or the average, morphological, and local/electronic structures, the compositions of 30% and 40% of PEG show promising results for MRI purposes reflecting the role of PEG as a capping agent.

CO2-selective poly (ether-block-amide)/polyethylene glycol composite blend membrane for CO2 separation from gas mixtures

This work focuses on the preparation of composite blend membranes based on poly (ether-block-amide) (Pebax-1657) by incorporating polyethylene glycol (PEG) for gas separation applications. The influence of PEG with different molecular weights (PEG600, PEG1500, and PEG4000) at loading content in the range of 10%wt. to 40%wt. was investigated on the microstructure and gas separation performance of the prepared blend membranes. The fabricated membranes were characterized using SEM, XRD, and water contact angle analyses. Based on the experimental results, the blending of low molecular weight PEG (PEG600) into the Pebax-1657 matrix increased the chain mobility of the membrane, led to a smooth microstructure, and improved the hydrophilicity of the blend membranes, as well as enhanced the gas permeability of N2, O2, CH4, and CO2, but only slightly affected the ideal selectivity of O2/N2, CH4/N2, CO2/N2, and CO2/CH4. In contrast, the incorporation of PEG1500 and PEG4000 meaningfully increased the membrane crystallinity, decreased chain mobility, resulted in a rough microstructure, and reduced the blend membranes' hydrophilicity. For CO2/N2 mixture, the Pebax/40%PEG600 membrane had CO2 permeability of 62.9 Barrer and selectivity of 83.8, while the Pebax/20%PEG600 showed the CO2 permeability of 63.12 Barrer and selectivity of 23.6 for CO2/CH4 separation.

Theoretical and experimental study of the influence of PEG and PEI on copper electrodeposition

Through theoretical calculation and experimental research, the electrodeposition process of preparing copper catalyst in an acid electrolyte with polyethylene glycol (PEG) and polyethylene imine (PEI) as mixed additives is determined.

The interplay of dissolution, solution crystallization and solid-state transformation of amorphous indomethacin in aqueous solution

Supersaturation profiles of amorphous indomethacin in aqueous solution containing 0.4 wt% and 4 wt% of isopropanol were predicted by combining separately-determined kinetics for dissolution, solution crystallization, and solid-state transformation. The kinetics of solid-state transformation were measured and compared to various data from the literature. The proposed kinetic model accounts for dissolution, solution crystallization and amorphous-to-crystalline solid-state transformation. It was validated for different initial amounts of amorphous and crystalline material and systems with different isopropanol contents. Furthermore, the influence of polyethylene glycol on the supersaturation behavior was investigated. The results clearly show the robustness of the model and give insight into the interplay of dissolution, solution crystallization, and solid-state transformation of. In particular, the influence of solid-state transformation on the overall supersaturation profile was elucidated in a quantitative manner. An amorphicity function φ(t) is proposed to account for the kinetics of the solid-state transformation. Its general form could be derived consistently from different sets of experimental data and seems to be independent of the particle size of the amorphous material and hydrodynamic conditions. This work is among the first of its kind to successfully integrate dissolution, crystallization from solution and solid-state transformation in a model that shows good predictability.

Influence of polyethylene glycol (PEG) chain on the performance of epoxy asphalt binder and mixture

At low temperature, epoxy asphalt is a brittle material and presents insufficient resistance to deformation. In this research, a new approach was proposed by introducing PEG with number-average molecular weight (Mn) of 200,400, and 800 g/mol to improve the toughness of epoxy asphalt. The influence of PEG chain on the dynamic properties and hydrophilicity of epoxy asphalt binder, the mechanical properties and viscoelastic characteristics of epoxy asphalt mixture were investigated by experiments. The thermal stress of epoxy asphalt mixture containing PEG chains was analyzed by TSRST simulation. The results show that the performance of epoxy asphalt containing PEG with Mn of 200 g/mol is equivalent to that of commercial epoxy asphalt. With the Mn of PEG increasing, the low-temperature resistance, toughness, and hydrophilicity of binder enhance. Besides, the introduction of PEG chain has a slightly negative effect on the strength, high-temperature stability, and moisture resistance of epoxy asphalt mixture, while it has a significant improvement on low-temperature performance and toughness and a lower chance of thermal cracking damage. When PEG with Mn of 400–800 g/mol is introduced, epoxy asphalt mixture can be recommended for road and bridge deck pavement in severe cold regions.

Influence of Polyethylene Glycol on Leaf Anatomy, Stomatal Behavior, Water Loss, and Some Physiological Traits of Date Palm Plantlets Grown In Vitro and Ex Vitro.

Few reports explain the mechanism of PEG action on stomatal behavior and anatomical structure and analyze the photosynthetic pigments of in vitro date palm plantlets for better tolerance to ex vitro exposure. The main challenge for in vitro micropropagation of date palm techniques remains restricted to high survival rates and vigorous growth after ex vitro transplantation. In vitro hardening is induced by Polyethylene glycol PEG (0.0, 10, 20, 30 g L−1) for 4 weeks. Leaf anatomy, stomatal behavior, water loss %, photosynthetic pigments, and reducing sugars were examined in date palm plantlets (Phoenix dactylifera L.) cv. (Sewi) after 4 weeks from in vitro PEG treatment and after 4 weeks from ex vitro transplanting to the greenhouse. Leaf anatomy and the surface ultrastructure of in vitro untreated leaves showed a thin cuticle layer, wide opened malfunctioning stomata, and abnormal leaf anatomy. Furthermore, addition of PEG resulted in increasing cuticle thickness, epicuticular wax depositions, and plastids density, improving the stomatal ability to close and decreasing the stomatal aperture length while reducing the substomatal chambers and intercellular spaces in the mesophyll. As a result, a significant reduction in water loss % was observed in both in vitro and ex vitro PEG treated leaves as compared to untreated ones, which exhibited rapid wilting when exposed to low humidity for 4 h. PEG application significantly increased Chlorophylls a, b and carotenoids concentrations, especially 10, 20 g L−1 treatments, which were sequentially reflected in increasing the reducing sugar concentration. However, leaves of plantlets treated with PEG at 30 g L−1 became yellow and had necrosis ends with death. In vitro hardening by 20 g L−1 PEG increased the survival rate of plantlets to 90% after ex vitro transfer compared to 63% recorded for the untreated plantlets. Therefore, this application provides normal date palm plantlets developed faster and enhances survival after ex vitro transfer.

The influence of polyethylene glycol on characteristic of Fe-N-TiO2 photocatalyst and its activity for water splitting

Fe-N-TiO2 photocatalyst has been used in water splitting to produce hydrogen. Templating agent and dopant modification intends to determine the optimum composition with the best characterization and the highest production rate in visible light. Fe-N-TiO2 is synthesized using a sol-gel method with a various PEG and N weight percent. The variation of PEG is 2, 3, and 4% while N is 20, 25, and 30%w/w. Photocatalyst is characterized using DR-UV to find the band gap, XRD to see the crystallinity, and FTIR to know the functional group. Hydrogen gas from water splitting is analyzed using GC-TCD. Fe-N-TiO2 with 20wt% N can decrease up band gap to 2.56 eV. Photocatalyst with 4% PEG accelerates gelation time to 164.33 hours. The calculation of PEG anatase phase is 86.86% while the crystallite size is 44.26 nm. Synthesized Fe-N-TiO2 has major absorbtion at 520 cm-1 which is a region of Ti-O. From the activity test, Fe-N-TiO2 with 2% PEG and 20wt% N produces 0.076 μmol/hour hydrogen.

Central composite designed solid dispersion for dissolution enhancement of fluvastatin sodium by kneading technique.

Aim: This research is focused on enhancing aqueous solubility and dissolution of fluvastatin sodium (FSS) through solid dispersion (FSS-SD) production using polyethylene glycol 6000 and polyvinyl pyrollidone K-30 by kneading technique. Methodology & results: Central composite design explored the influence of polyethylene glycol 6000 and polyvinyl pyrollidone K-30 on T50% and Q90. The aqueous saturation solubility of FSS (8.7±1.12μg/ml) was amplified 20-fold in FSS-SD (179±4.16μg/ml). Cumulative drug release from FSS and optimized FSS-SD were 27.49 and 87.4% within 90min, respectively. Conclusion: FSS-SD production using kneading technique offers great prospective in maximizing FSS's solubility and dissolution.

Reactive oxygen species scavenging mechanisms associated with polyethylene glycol mediated osmotic stress tolerance in Chinese potato

Influence of polyethylene glycol (PEG) mediated osmotic stress on reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging machinery of Chinese potato (Solenostemon rotundifolius (Poir.) J. K. Morton) was investigated. Five genotypes of Chinese potato were raised in Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal medium containing 6–benzylaminopurine (BAP, 1 mg L–1) along with various concentrations of PEG–6000 mediated stress conditions (0, –0.2 and –0.5 MPa) and evaluated for osmotic stress tolerance in vitro. The medium containing PEG–6000 had a detrimental effect on plantlet growth and development while compared with the control. Accumulation of H2O2 was lower in Sreedhara and Subala and higher in Nidhi under PEG stress, which was evident by in situ detection in leaves. Lipid peroxidation product such as malondialdehyde (MDA) content was increased due to PEG stress which was more in susceptible genotype than that in tolerant ones. An enhanced ROS–scavenging antioxidant enzyme was observed under stress with respect to the control. The enzymes of ascorbate–glutathione cycle showed an important role in scavenging ROS. The imposition of PEG stress also increased the non–enzymatic antioxidants viz., the ascorbate and reduced glutathione content which was prominent in tolerant genotypes in comparison to susceptible. The present study indicated that, Sreedhara and Subala showed more tolerance to osmotic stress with better ROS scavenging machineries which would be the lines of interest for augmenting future breeding strategies in this climate resilient minor tuber crop.