Influence Of Planting Date Research Articles

Agronomic Practices for Production of Ethanol from Sweet Sorghum

Sweet sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] is a potential alternative feedstock for ethanol production, but its viability will depend upon knowledge of cultural practices which optimize energy yield. Several field studies were conducted in 1987 and 1988 to evaluate the influence of planting date, harvest date, N fertilizers, and plant density on performance of sweet sorghum for ethanol production in the northern Corn Belt. Four sweet sorghum cultivars were planted in late April, early May, mid-May, and late May of 1987 and 1988 at Waseca, MN. Percent fermentable carbohydrate (°Brix or °B) and stalk moisture content were measured at two week intervals from August through October and stalk dry matter and ethanol yields were determined at harvest In mid-October. Dry matter yields ranged from 8 to 10 tons/acre and ethanol yields from 326 to 423 gal/acre with the best cultivar, ‘Keller’. Dry matter yield decreased as planting date was delayed, but °B and stalk moisture were only slightly affected by delayed planting. Fermentable carbohydrate and ethanol yields were about 13% higher at earlier planting dates than at later planting dates. Keller, a late-maturing cultivar, had greater °B and ethanol yields than three other cultivars, but was nearly 100% lodged at harvest. Maximum stalk °B was produced mid- to late September. Neither N fertilizers nor seeding rate significantly affected fermentable carbohydrate or ethanol yield. Early planting dates and late-maturing cultivars with high °B levels are recommended for sweet sorghum, when grown for ethanol in the upper Midwest.

Influence of Planting Date and Row Width on Abundance of Velvetbean Caterpillars (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and Southern Green Stink Bugs (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) in Soybean

The influence of soybean planting date and row width on seasonal abundance of velvetbean caterpillars, Anticarsia gemmatalts Hubner, and southern green stink bugs, Nezara viridula (L.), was examined in large field plots during 1987-1988. Late-season populations of velvet bean caterpillars were more abundant in ‘Braxton’ soybeans planted in early June than in early May. They also were more numerous in narrow rows (45 cm) than in wide rows (90 cm), regardless of velvet bean caterpillar population density or sampling date. Southern green stink bugs were more numerous from July to mid-August in soybeans planted in early May than in soybeans planted in mid-Mayor early June. In late September to mid-October, when peak numbers were observed, there were more stink bugs in the narrow-row plantings than in the wide-row plantings. Several planting date, row spacing, and sampling date interactions were noted and are discussed. The canopy closure index (space left open between rows) was higher in the later plantings and wide rows, whereas plant height was higher in the earlier plantings and about the same for both row widths. Plot yields varied among planting dates between years but were higher in narrow rows both years.

Influence of planting dates on the aggressiveness of common bunt races (Tilletia triticiandT. laevis) to Canadian spring wheat cultivars

Cultivars varying in nonspecific resistance to common bunt were evaluated for their reaction to different races of Tilletia tritici and T. laevis following four different planting dates during 1987 and 1988. Percent bunted tillers decreased with successive planting dates from early April to late May. Percent infection in the highly susceptible cultivar HY320 was negatively associated with air and soil temperatures averaged over a 35-day period following seeding in both years. Most western Canadian spring wheat cultivars were resistant when planted during May but only Columbus was consistently rated resistant for all planting dates. However, in 1987, there was an increase in bunt levels in most cultivars on the May 25 planting date, and the highly susceptible cultivars HY320, Owens, and Fielder exhibited a susceptible reaction. Variability in aggressiveness was observed among races: T-19 was the most aggressive and L-16 was the least. The aggressiveness of races interacted with planting dates, indicating t...

Influence of Planting Dates, Seeding Rates, and Cultivars on Grain Yield and Other Agronomic Traits of Proso Millet

(...) Six year × location sites were used to examine the influence of planting dates, seedling rates, and proso cultivars on dryland grain yields and other agronomic traits. The tests were conducted from 1973 to 1977 in the semiarid region of western Nebraska where the rainfall averages 17.5 in./yr. Planting dates ranged from 1 May to 1 July and the seeding rates ranged from 5 to 35 pure live seeds/ft of row in rows 12 in. apart. The three cultivars were « Cerise », « Dawn », and « Panhandle ». The soil types were mesic Aridic Argiustolls with fine sandy loam texture. (...)

Effects of planting date and planting density on a high yielding soybean cultivar grown at drained paddy field in Sanyo District.

Experiments were made in 1981, 1982 and 1984 to study the influence of planting date and planting density on vegetative growth and yield of a high yielding soybean cultivar 'Tamahomare' in Sanyo District, the westernmost part of the main inland. Maximum and ripened pod number per unit area and yield correlated with maximum LAI, stem dry weight per unit area and total node number per unit area, respectively. Yield increased linearly with maximum LAI increases until yield got to 596 gm-2 at 9.1 of maximum LAI. Increased vegetative growth brought about greater pod number resulting in higher yield. Grain/stem ratio was negatively correlative with vegetative growth size. Favorable weather condition of this district with high temperature and much sunshine, and well drained, fertile and less water stressing paddy field conditions, seem to have supported the growth of soybean to get high yield. Both early planting and high planting density increased vegetative growth, but yield was increased only by the former treatment. Elongated seed fillig period by early planting seems also to have contributed to the yield increase.

Sequential maize planting: A cropping strategy for the small farmer*

The influence of planting date and temperatures during growth on the yield and rate of phenologlcal development of maize was investigated. Maize (hybrid Pnr 6428) was planted at 14‐day intervals from mid‐August to early February with the object of developing a cropping strategy which could result in a sustained supply of table maize for the small farmer in central Ciskei. Sequential plantings provided a sustained supply of table maize for 171 days. One hectare of maize, yielding 1,5 tons in central Clskel, used for home consumption, has a current monetary value of R855,36 when costed in terms of saving on purchased maize products, as opposed to R62,02 when sold as grain. The results indicated that the Ontario system and a modification of the heat stress system of temperature summation predicted time to silking more accurately than the calendar day and standard methods. The composition of kernels with regard to protein, fat and total digestible nutrients on a dry mass basts was not materially affected by s...

Potato ( Solanum spp.) in an isohyperthermic environment II. Response to planting date

The potato has only recently been introduced into isohyperthermic environments, and is grown during the dry season. There is a need to determine the optimum planting time and the range of possible planting dates. Two contrasting cultivars, ‘Cosima’ and DTO-2, were studied to determine the influence of planting date on their growth and development. They were planted on five dates from early to late dry season (October-January) during two years, at 14° N lat. in The Philippines. Another objective, studied during the second year, was to compare seed produced under hot lowland conditions and stored for 8 months, with newly sprouted seed grown under cool highland temperatures. Potato plants grew faster and tuberized earlier for later planting dates. Physiologically young seed of Cosima and DTO-2 always produced plants with superior canopies. Tuber bulking was linear up to about 70 days after planting. Total dry-matter production was highest with young Cosima seed, exceeding 100 g plant −1 for all planting dates except the last. Old Cosima and DTO-2 seed generally produced between 80 and 100 g dry matter plant −1. Final tuber yields were highest with the mid dry-season planting (December) during both years with highland seed Cosima yielding 30 t ha −1. Lowland seed of Cosima yielded over 21 t ha −1 for the first 4 planting dates, significantly less than yields from highland seed. Yield differences increased with later planting. Although highland seed is recommended, lowland seed is an alternative for poor farmers. The final tuber yield of Cosima decreased by 12% with a minimum air temperature rise from 18.5 to 21° C, while DTO-2 was more adversely affected. Based on these results, minimum ait temperatures above 21 °C are unsuitable for potato production. Total intercepted solar radiation was positively correlated with final tuber yields and total dry-matter production. Efficiency of conversion into dry matter was about 70% of that in cool temperate climates.

Seasonal Emergence and Growth ofSorghum almum

Field studies on time of emergence, influence of planting date on growth and reproduction, and winter survival of rhizomes were conducted on sorghum-almum grown in corn and crop-free environments. In 1985, peak emergence of sorghum-almum occurred during early May in crop-free plots and mid-May in corn. In 1986, two peaks of emergence, one in early June and one in late June, were noted in both crop-free and corn plots. Emergence after mid-July was 4% or less of the total emerged in 1985, and no sorghum-almum emerged after mid-July in 1986. In planting date studies, sorghum-almum was seeded alone or in corn at 2-week intervals. Corn competition reduced sorghum-almum shoot, rhizome, and root growth at all planting dates. Maximum sorghum-almum seed production was 43 110 seed/plant when grown without competition but only 1050 seed/plant when grown with corn competition. When grown with corn competition, no seed developed on sorghum-almum seeded 6 or more weeks (mid-June or later) after corn planting. Shoot dry weight of sorghum-almum grown with corn competition was 3 g/plant or less for plants seeded 4 or more weeks (early June or later) after corn planting. Therefore, controlling sorghum-almum in corn through mid-June should prevent seed production and corn yield losses due to sorghum-almum competition. Rhizomes produced by sorghum-almum grown alone or with corn competition did not survive the winter; therefore, in Minnesota, sorghum-almum survival from one growing season to the next depends on seed production.

Accumulated Heat Units and Phenology Relationships in Wheat as Influenced by Planting Dates under Late Sown Conditions

AbstractThe field experiments were carried out at College of Agriculture Farm Rewa and Regional Agricultural Research Station, Kuthulia on Vertic haplurtalfs Soils, during rabi 1981–82, to study the influence of planting dates on Phenology and heat unit relationships under late sown conditions. The wheat cultivar sonalika was planted on 15 Dec., 23 Dec., 31 Dec. 1981 and 7th Jan. 82 at R.A.R.S., Kuthulia and on 16 Dec., 23 Dec., 30 Dec. 1981 and 6 Jan. 82 at College of Agriculture Farm. The results indicated that the requirement of accumulated heat units decreased with delayed planting. Besides growing degree days a unit incorporated the bright sunshine hours is also utilized (H.T.U.). A phenothermal index was also introduced (the AHU per growth day). It was nearly constant irrespective of planting dates and sites. The heat use efficiency decreased from 16.29 to 12.56 × 10−3 q/ha/GDD in case of D1 to D4 respectively. A regression for predicting the maturity date for wheat crop using heat units accumulated upto flowering initiation for the Vindhyan region of Central India is developed.

The Effects of Shifting Planting Dates and Mulching on Late Blight (Phytophthora infestans) and Drought Stress of Potato Crops Grown under Tropical Highland Conditions

SUMMARYPotatoes (Solanum tuberosumL.) in central Africa are often grown between two rainy seasons to avoid late blight infection. The influence of planting date and setaria mulch treatment on soil temperature, soil humidity, late blight development, ground cover with green leaves, intercepted radiation and tuber yield of potato was studied in crops grown at 1850 m above sea level in Rwanda.The planting dates towards the end of the rainy season resulted in the best yields and these were considerably increased by mulching which retained soil moisture and reduced soil temperature so resulting in a better ground cover. Increased yields in the mulched plots seemed to be due to increased radiation interception rather than to better radiation use efficiency.

Planting Date and Tillage Effects on Corn Following Corn1

AbstractCrop residue remaining on the soil surface for erosion control under no‐tillage (NT) corn (Zea mays L.) production depresses early season soil temperatures compared to conventional tillage (CT). This has resulted in questions concerning planting date recommendations for NT in the northern United States. The objective of this study was to determine the influence of planting date on crop development and grain yield when corn produced under CT and NT follows corn. Conventional and no‐till systems were compared during 1983 to 1985 at Arlington, WI, on a Plano silt loam (fine‐silty, mixed, mesic Typic Argiudoll). Planting dates were 26 April to 6 May (early), 14 to 19 May (medium), and 27 May to 6 June (late). Plots were overplanted and stands were thinned to constant densities following complete emergence. Daily seed‐zone soil temperature and seedling emergence were measured. Colder soil temperatures under NT were associated with reduced corn emergence, delayed emergence and silking, and increased harvest grain moisture compared to CT, for early planting. With medium and late planting dates, differences between tillage systems for emergence and silk date were less pronounced or inconsistent between years, or both. For both tillage systems, highest grain yields were generally obtained when planting was completed by early May, with yield declining as planting was delayed. Decreased grain yields with NT or delayed planting, or both, were related to reduced cumulative air growing degree days between silk and the first 0°C frost. These results suggest that for corn following corn in northern U.S. regions, current recommendations for early planting under CT are applicable to NT. However, increased seeding rates may be required to overcome reduced emergence with NT systems.

Growth and Development of the Florunner Peanut Cultivar as Influenced by Population, Planting Date and Water Availability1

Abstract The influence of planting date, plant population, and row pattern on peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) growth and development was studied at two locations in Georgia. Twin rows were found to give faster canopy closure at high populations (212,000 plants ha-1) but not at low populations (26,500 plants ha-1). No yield differences due to row pattern were found. Increasing population increased competition for light which increased plant height and the percent of total dry matter partitioned to the stem. Population effect on yield was dependent on planting date and environmental conditions. When an optimum planting date (28 April 1983) was combined with adequate moisture (65 cm of water during season), increasing population from 30,000 to 240,000 plants ha-1 increased yield from 5290 to 6840 kg ha-1. A combination of an optimum planting date and moisture-limiting conditions (33 cm) resulted in a positive yield response of 20% as population was increased from 26,000 to 208,000 plants ha-1. Combining a late planting date (3 June 1983) with either adequate moisture (66 cm) or moisture-limiting conditions (35 cm) resulted in no yield response due to population. Late planting dates significantly reduced grade.

The influence of planting date, sucker selection and density on yield and crop-timing of bananas (cultivar ‘Williams’) in the Eastern Transvaal

In the subtropical banana-growing areas of South Africa, there is a pronounced and consistent tendency for fruit to be oversupplied in the spring (September–November) and undersupplied in the autumn (March–May). Under identical soil, planting material and general management conditions, a crop-timing trial with ‘Williams’ banana was established at Burgershall Research Station, Eastern Transvaal, to compare the effects of planting date (September, December, March), time of first sucker selection (5 and 10 months after planting) and density (1666 and 1250 plants ha −1) on yield and harvest season over 3 crop cycles. Cumulating the yield/ha/annum for the plant crop and first ratoon cycles, there was a small but significant decrease (4%) as planting date was delayed from September to December, and a larger significant reduction in yield (18%) with delay from December to March planting. While cumulative yield/ha/annum for plant crop plus first ratoon increased significantly (19%) at the higher density of 1666 plants ha −1, no differences occurred as a result of sucker selection treatment. March-planted bananas were harvested during the undesirable spring period, and this effect was largely carried over into the first ratoon and second ratoon cycles. December planting was optimal and September planting intermediate from a crop-timing viewpoint. Cumulating all 3 crop cycles, 50% of the total bunch harvest could be timed during the autumn from December planting at a density of 1666 plants ha −1. From September planting, the proportion of autumn-harvested fruit could also be increased by delaying the selection of the first ratoon sucker until at least 10 months after planting. Results demonstrated the in-field potential for overcoming the natural banana shortage in South Africa during autumn.

Effects of Planting Date on Two Soybean Cultivars: Seasonal Dry Matter Accumulation and Seed Yield1

Delayed planting consistently reduced grain yields of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] in central Illinois. A field study was conducted during two growing seasons at Urbana, IL, to determine the influence of planting date on grain yield, yield components and dry matter partitioning of ‘Williams 79’ and ‘Corsoy 79’ soybeans in order to gain a better understanding of their yield physiology. Soybeans were planted in mid‐May and mid‐June in 1982 and 1983 on a Flanagan silt loam (fine, montmorillonitic, mesic Aquic Argiudoll). Tissue samples, including abscised material, were collected at R1, R5, and R7 stages and separated into individual plant parts for analysis. Grain yields of Corsoy 79 were consistently higher than those of Williams 79 under less than favorable growing conditions, i.e. with delayed planting and water stress conditions experienced in 1983. Delayed planting decreased grain yields primarily by decreasing the number of seed. Williams 79 had a higher rate of vegetative abscission and generally a lower harvest index than Corsoy 79, indicating perhaps a greater efficiency of dry matter use in the latter. Delayed planting increased the rate of dry matter accumulation between VE and R1 but decreased rates of vegetative production from R1 to R5. Net vegetative dry matter production during seedfill was influenced by the year, cultivar, and planting date indicating differences in total dry matter production and remobilization to the developing seed. Planting date affected the stem:leaflet:petiole ratio at R5 and R7.

Yield Stability of Sorghum Hybrids and Random‐Mating Populations in Early and Late Planting Dates1

Yield stability is an important characteristic for commercial hybrids with a wide range of adaptation. Measurement of stability may be confounded by the diversity of genotypes included or the planting conditions in which the tests are conducted. The effect of early and late planting time on yield stability was studied for 16 grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] hybrids and four random mating populations in eight diverse environments in Nebraska. One stability analysis was performed for all genotypes in each planting time and another over planting times. Genotype yields showed less interaction with environments when planted late than when planted early, perhaps due to more rapid development and less exposure to stress conditions. When genotype means were regressed on environment means, the magnitudes of genotype × environment interactions were found largely due to nonlinear responses of genotypes to environments. Stability of individual genotypes varied between planting times. There were few hybrids that seemed equally stable and desirable in early and late planting. Some hybrids that were not stable in early planting were identified as stable in late planting and vice versa. Hybrids and populations were relatively more stable in late planting than in early planting. The stable populations in late planting did not produce yields higher than the average yield of all genotypes. Hybrids were more stable than populations in early planting, but the reverse was true in late planting. The influence of planting date cannot be ignored in evaluating yield stability in grain sorghum, and a useful guideline would be to plant all nurseries at the same time as commercial plantings in each area.

Herbicide and Planting Date Influence Establishment of Sod‐Seeded Alfalfa1

AbstractYield and quality of perennial grass pastures can be improved through sod‐seeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). Herbicides have been widely used for grass suppression in sod‐seeding; however, the influence of the time of application on herbicide effectiveness requires study. Our objective was to determine the effects of planting dates and rates and types of herbicides on alfalfa establishment and yield when interseeded into perennial grass sod. A field study was conducted for 2 years on a Typic Halaquol, fine loamy, over sand, mixed, mesic soil. Alfalfa was sod‐seeded into a mixed smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.), Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.), and quackgrass (Agropyron repens L.) sod on 21 April, 10 May, 19 May, and 2 June in 1978; and 19 April, 4 May, 21 May, and 2 June in 1979. On each planting date, paraquat (1,1′‐dimethyl‐4,4′‐bipyridinium ion) and glyphosate [N‐(phosphonomethyl) glycine] were each broadcast sprayed at 0.6, 0.8, and 1.1 kg ha−1. Dalapon [2,2‐dichloropropionic acid] was broadcast sprayed at 3.4, 5.6, and 9.0 kg ha−1. Greatest seeding year legume yields were obtained with the medium or high dalapon rates for the April seeding dates or with the medium or high glyphosate rates for the late May seeding date. The lowest average legume yields across all herbicides occurred for the June seeding date each year. Dalapon was the most effective herbicide across all rates for suppressing grass and increasing alfalfa yields for the April planting dates each year when grass regrowth was limited. For the early May planting date, dalapon treatments had the lowest grass yields. Alfalfa yields for dalapon and glyphosate treatments were not consistently different. For the late May planting date, glyphosate provided the greatest grass suppression and alfalfa yields. Herbicides and herbicide rates can be selected for grass suppression and legume establishment based on extent of grass vegetative development. Under low rainfall conditions, grass suppression may not insure successful legume establishment.

Adult Seedcorn Maggots in Soybeans Relay Intercropped into Winter Wheat

Adult seedcorn maggot, Delia platura Meigen, populations were determined in 1980 and 1981 in relay intercropped soybeans, in soybeans for which a wheat cover crop had been disked into the soil, and in soybeans planted without wheat. Influence of planting date on seedcorn maggot populations also was evaluated for early-, mid-, and late-May plantings. Seedcorn maggot populations were not increased in relay intercropped soybeans in either year, but were 8.5 times greater in wheat disked areas compared with soybeans planted without wheat. Fewer seedcorn maggots were collected in late May compared with early and mid-May in both years. Reductions in soybean stands, caused by seedcorn maggot, occurred only in 1981.

Planting Date Effects on Sunflower Head and Seed Development1

AbstractThe effects of environmental conditions during sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) seed development and maturation on the final oil percent of seed and composition of the oil have been studied extensively but little is known about the sequential changes that occur in seed and oil during seed development and maturation. A better understanding of these changes could lead to improved management of sunflower for seed and oil production. The objective of this study was to determine the influence of planting date on development and maturation of sunflower head and seed. Sunflower was planted in about 2‐week intervals from 23 Mar. to 1 Aug. 1977 in field plots on Pullman clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Torrertic Paleustolls). The experiment had a randomized block design with three replications. Plants that were at the same stage of development were marked at the ray flower stage. After anthesis, head samples were collected two or three tunes each week for about 30 days to determine head weight and diameter; seed dry matter percent, weight, and oil percent; and oleic and linoleic acid concentration of the oil. Separate seed samples were obtained from the outer, middle, and inner sections of the heads. Planting date, sampling date, and head position, as well as the interactions of these variables, significantly affected all dependent variables. Head diameter and fresh weight initially increased as the sunflower developed, then decreased due to head shrinkage and drying as the sunflower matured. Seed dry matter percent increased from the first to last sampling, but not at the same rate for all planting dates. Trendsfor seed weight were similar to those for dry matter. Total oil percent of seed increased from the first to the seventh sampling after which the differences were not significant. Seed from late plantings generally had a low oil percent, but seed from the ninth planting had an unexplained high oil percent. Oleic and linoleic acid concentrations of the oil decreased and increased, respectively, for later plantings. These trends also occurred with later samplings of sunflower planted on a given date. Based on multiple regressions, air temperature significantly influenced changes per day in seed oil percent, but not the oleic and linoleic acid concentration of the oil, during the intervals between samplings. During these intervals, changes in oleic and linoleic acid concentration of the oil were significantly influenced by total solar radiation and day length.

Effect of Population Density, Planting Date, and Genotype on Plant Growth and Development of Cotton1

AbstractPrevious work has suggested that a very dense cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) population may be superior to the conventional one, especially in marginal regions for cotton production, like Greece. Three population densities (100, 50, and 25 cm between rows with 10 cm within row spacing), three planting dates in 1974 and two in 1975, and three varieties were used in an experiment carried out at Sindos, Greece, to investigate the effect of the above factors on growth and development of cotton.Planting date and density differentiated growth and development greatly. The influence of planting date was strongest on earliness, while density affected most morphological characteristics and yield components. Early sowing overcame the effect of reduced and prolonged seedling emergence, produced earliness and increased yield, particularly in the shorter growing season of 1974. Late planting dates were inferior in flowering rate, maturation rate index, flower and boll number, boll weight, yield, lint percentage, and Micronaire index.Increasing density reduced individual plant growth and productivity. However, in per unit land area, there was higher total dry matter production, earlier and more abundant foliage and fruiting, but not a proportional increase of economic yield and earliness. The very dense plants showed lower efficiency of leaves, higher fruit shedding, and smaller boll size. Medium density compared to high density was more consistent in earliness and high yield.No significant interaction between density and planting date was found for yield. Considering earliness, the superiority of high densities was reduced under late planting. The relative performance of the three cultivars was not substantially affected by population density and planting date.

32. 根室地方におけるサイレージ用とうもろこしの生育におよぼす播種時期の影響(昭和52年度 談話会年次講演会講演要旨)

32. 根室地方におけるサイレージ用とうもろこしの生育におよぼす播種時期の影響(昭和52年度 談話会年次講演会講演要旨)