Influence Of Personal Factors Research Articles

Dysfunctional Attitudes, Roles Stress Evaluations, and Psychological Well-Being

Recent work suggests that role evaluation variables, such as ratings of role stress, may be better predictors of psychological well-being than the number of roles an individual occupies. Little is yet known, however, about the possible influence of personality factors on these role judgments. Accordingly, the present research examined this issue by assessing the relationship between dysfunctional attitudes (i.e., extremely rigid and negative self-evaluative standards) and ratings of role stress. Initial findings indicated that those individuals endorsing a larger number of dysfunctional attitudes also rated their personal role experiences as more stressful. As a further major goal, the present studies also assessed the relative contributions of both dysfunctional attitudes and role stress ratings to predictions of various outcome measures of well-being. Study 1 found that higher levels of dysfunctional attitude endorsement and greater role stress ratings were both associated with increased depression and lower self-esteem. The second study, however, indicated that only dysfunctional attitudes were able to predict depression, self-esteem, and positive and negative affect in a longitudinal manner. This pattern for dysfunctional attitudes was especially robust, as these longitudinal predictions remained significant even after accounting for initial levels of well-being. Discussion then focused on the importance of including relevant personality variables in research that attempts to elucidate the relationship between various role assessments and psychological well-being.

Effects of Treatment of Hearing Loss in Middle‐Aged Persons with Down Syndrome: A Pilot Study

The extent to which therapeutic intervention of hearing loss may yield better communication and social interaction was investigated in a pilot study during seven months after treatment in twelve hearing impaired subjects with Down syndrome with a mean age of 50.6 years. Although according to spontaneous observations of staff subtle positive reactions to treatment occurred in five subjects, no significant improvement could be measured by means of objective methods. The influence of personal factors like degree of retardation and language development, severity and duration of hearing impairment, age, period of habituation and training, and environmental factors, is to be studied further.

居住者のモラールと心理的苦痛に及ぼす建築条件の影響 : 高齢者居住施設の建築条件と居住者の環境適応に関する研究(2)

The purpose of this article is: 1) to clarify and to determine the extent of influence architectural conditions have upon the morale and the environmental distress of the residents of old age homes. 2) To clarify and to determine, the kind and the extent of influence, architectural conditions have upon the residents of old age homes, through a model operational analysis of the relationship between environmental system of old age homes, and the environmental adaptability of the residents. Method I selected 377 residents (Average age 76.3 years old) from eight facilities, (6 Homes for the Aged, 1 Type A & B Homes with Moderate Fee) in Tokyo, for this research. The subjects and the places of research has been the same as it had been in my previous report (Kodama, 1988). I used The Architectural Features Checklist (Kodama, 1986) to evaluate the architectural conditions of these eight facilities. Then obtained the architectural scores on each of the following eight categories: 1) physical amenity, 2) socio-recreational aids, 3) prosthetic aids, 4) informational aids within the building, 5) safety features, 6) architectural individuality, 7) space and equipment, 8) community accessibility. The Architectural Complaints Checklist was used to evaluate the amount of the residents' architectural complaints. Then the architectural complaint scores on the same eight categories listed on the Architectural Features Checklist were obtained. Residents' environmental distress was measured by the Environmental Distress Checklist (ED) and the scores in the following five categories were obtained: aggression, deactivation, depression, nervousness, and loneliness. Philadelphia Geriatric Center Morale Scale was used to evaluate the life satisfaction of the residents. Conclusion 1) The effect of architectural scores upon the scores of each ED categories and upon the Morale scores. I classified the architectural scores for each category into five groups, as it has been done in my previous re-port I 1) 0. 0-39. 9, 2) 40. 0-59. 9, 3) 60. 0-79. 9, 4) 80. 0-99. 9, 5) 100. 0. ED Scores and Morale Scores for above five score groups of each category of The Architectural Features Checklist were obtained. The effect, the scores on the eight categories of The Architectural Features Checklist had upon aggression, deactivation, depression, nervousness, loneliness, and morale, were minimal. 2) The influence of architectural complaint scores upon ED and Morale scores. The architectural complaint scores on each category were classified into the following four score groups '. 1) 0. 0, 2) 1. 0-19. 9, 3) 20. 0-39. 9, 4) 40. 0 and above. ED scores and Morale scores for four score groups of each category of the Architectural Complaints were obtained. This research has revealed that many categories on the Architectural Complaints Checklist greatly affect the amount of the residents' aggression, deactivation, depression, nervousness, and loneliness. The scores for these ED categories increase as the architectural complaint scores move up from score group 1 to 4. Morale scores have been mainly affected by physical amenity, space and equipment, architectural individuality, etc., on the six categories of Architectural Complaints. Morale scores decreased as the architectural complains scores on each of these categories increased from score group 1 to 4. We can expect to induce better environmental adaptability by decreasing the architectural complaint scores on each category. It is especially very important that special consideration be given to the improvement of space and equipment, architectural individuality, and prosthetic aids. 3) The influence of personal factors upon ED and Morale scores. The sex, health, physical functional capability to lead a normal daily life, and daily activities, all greatly affected the ED and Morale scores. The scores for aggression, deactivation, depression,

Type A behavior and survival after acute myocardial infarction.

To ascertain the influence of personality factors on the course of coronary artery disease, we measured Type A behavior in 516 patients within two weeks after an acute myocardial infarction, using the Jenkins Activity Survey questionnaire. Over a follow-up period of one to three years, there was no relation between the Type A score and total mortality, cardiac mortality, time to death for nonsurvivors, left ventricular ejection fraction, or duration of the stay in the coronary care unit. These negative findings were not changed by restricting the analyses to men below 61 years of age or by comparing extreme score categories. The contributions of behavioral, demographic, and cardiac physiologic factors to postinfarction mortality were also evaluated by multivariate survivorship analyses. The physiologic factors were the only ones that contributed a significant and independent mortality risk; the Type A score did not enter the survivorship model (relative risk, 0.8; 95 per cent confidence interval, 0.5 to 1.5). Thus, we found no relation between Type A behavior and the long-term outcome of acute myocardial infarction.

Extension education and farmers' performance in improved crop farming in Kakamega District, Kenya

Studies on the adoption of farm innovations have, especially in Kenya, focused on a single innovation, or a few innovations, but not for specific crops. This paper compares the extent to which the adoption of practices in selected crop enterprises approximated the level recommended by extension workers. Data were collected from the Lugari and Ikolomani divisions of Kakamega District, which is a smallholder area. The former is a settlement area in the previously European settled areas, the latter an area of traditional African farming. We found nearly all farmers in the former area to be knowledgeable about improved farming: they observed recommended practices. This was so largely because of their having been exposed to an earlier intensive extension education and assistance programme which led to saturation of knowledge in the area. The influence of personal factors, such as formal education and economic status, on farmers' observation of recommended practices was significant only within each study area; it could not explain the marked difference in observation of the practices between study areas. Thus, the initial intensive extension programme which was part of the settlement policy has proved to have a positive, long-lasting effect which is very desirable for agricultural development.

The Influence of Personal Factors and Perceived Work Experiences on Employee Turnover and Absenteeism

The article presents a study which examined the relative influence of personal factors and work experiences of employees on employee turnover and absenteeism. According to the results of the study,...

THE INFLUENCE OF PERSONAL FACTORS AND PERCEIVED WORK EXPERIENCES ON EMPLOYEE TURNOVER AND ABSENTEEISM.

The article presents a study which examined the relative influence of personal factors and work experiences of employees on employee turnover and absenteeism. According to the results of the study,...

Individual Preference versus Role-Constraint in Policy-Making: Senatorial Response to Secretaries Acheson and Dulles

Frequently debated, infrequently resolved, but crucial to the study of international relations is the issue of the relative influence of personal factors and role factors in decision-making. Are national decision-makers so constrained by their roles that they have little individual freedom? Or, conversely, are their policies shaped in major ways by their own individual preferences

Causes of Lacking Sense of Well‐being in School

Abstract Sandven, J. (1971). Causes of Lacking Sense of Well‐being in School. A comparative study in the youth school and gymnasium. Scand. J. educ. Res. 15, 21‐60. The major aim of the study was to explore causes of a lack of sense of well‐being in school through systematic comparisons among students indicating different degrees of sense of well‐being, the comparisons being made with respect to various personality and environmental factors. Data collected for about 3,500 students in the ninth grade of the youth school in 1966 as well as data secured by later follow‐up study in the gymnasium offered the possibility for comparative analysis with regard both to environmental conditions and personality traits. The investigations made evident a clear connection between sense of well‐being in the youth school and in the gymnasium, thus indicating the influence of personality factors and possibly of environmental factors outside school. A marked difference in sense of well‐being was found between students on th...

The hospitalization proneness scale as a predictor of response to phenothiazine treatment.

To further explore the influence of personality factors on response to phenothiazine treatment, we examined the relationship between the hospitalization proneness scale (HPS) and the effectiveness of phenothiazine treatment in delaying hospitalization for those patients hospitalized during the course of their clinic treatment. The 129 hospitalized patients were part of a larger cohort of 446 chronic schizophrenic outpatients randomly assigned to placebo, promazine, and chlorpromazine and treated under double blind conditions. The patients in this sample were hospitalized after from 1 to 114 months of continuous outpatient treatment. The patients were divided into hospitalization prone and nonprone groups on the basis of the HPS. The HPS consists of measures of the patients effectiveness in social interactions, cognitive performance, and social attainment assessed at intake. The findings indicate that the number of months the patient was able to remain in outpatient treatment prior to hospitalization is the result of an interaction between the specific drug received and level of HPS score (p < .01). A multiple range test indicated that among prone patients, those treated with either chlorpromazine or promazine remained in treatment for a significantly longer period of time than comparable placebo-treated patients (p < .05). On the other hand, nonprone patients treated with chlorpromazine were hospitalized after a significantly shorter period of time than nonprone patients treated with either placebo or promazine (p < .05). In addition, chlorpromazine-treated nonprone patients were hospitalized significantly earlier than chlorpromazine-treated prone patients (p < .01). The results were discussed in terms of the relationship between the personality attributes measured and the sedative characteristics of the drugs employed. The implications of the findings to drug treatment and future research were also discussed.

Rorschach test correlates of dreaming and dream recall.

Abstract Measures of frequency of dream recall for 47 Ss and of amount of dreaming for 18 Ss, as determined by the Dement-Kleitman method, were available as part of a larger investigation of the influence of personality factors on dream recall. Rorschach Test indices obtained from these Ss were intercorrelated among themselves and correlated with the appropriate dream variable in order to assess the presumed affinity of dream phenomena and Rorschach response processes. The results were: (1) indices of fantasy predominance correlated positively with both amount of dreaming and frequency of dream recall; (2) indices of associative productivity correlated positively with frequency of dream recall; (3) an index of introspective constriction correlated negatively with frequency of dream recall. Further exploration of this area seems promising.