Influence Of Oil Concentration Research Articles

Development of corn starch-sodium alginate emulsion gels as animal fat substitute: Effect of oil concentration

Emulsion gels were prepared utilizing corn starch (CS), sodium alginate (SA), and corn oil through calcium ion induction for animal-fat analogs. The influence of oil concentration on the rheological properties, microstructure and lipid oxidation of the emulsion gel was analyzed. Results revealed that the emulsion gel containing 30% (v/v) oil exhibited no surplus oil leakage and demonstrated the highest gel strength. The results of the small amplitude oscillatory shear (SAOS) and large amplitude oscillatory shear (LAOS) test proved that the emulsion gel exhibited the greatest elasticity and deformation resistance when the oil content was 30% (v/v), imparting suitable mouth feel and transport stability as an animal fat substitute. Microstructure analysis indicated that SA crosslinked with Ca2+ to generate a network structure accompanied by the reinforcing effect of starch granules, enabling the dense network to capture an optimal quantity of oil to form a uniform gel network structure. Furthermore, the emulsion gel exhibited markedly lower lipid oxidation compared to bulk oil after 14 days of storage. As a new fat analog system, the CS-SA emulsion gel holds promising potential for applications in the food industry.

The Influence of Oil Concentration on the Rheological Properties of Flaxseed Oil Emulsion Stabilized by Pregelatinized Waxy Rice Starch

The Influence of Oil Concentration on the Rheological Properties of Flaxseed Oil Emulsion Stabilized by Pregelatinized Waxy Rice Starch

Influence of oil concentration on wetting behavior during evaporation of refrigerant–oil mixture on copper surface

As wetting behavior is a key factor affecting boiling heat transfer performance of refrigerant–oil mixture, the influence of oil concentration on wetting behavior during evaporation of refrigerant–oil mixture on copper surface was experimentally investigated. The wetting behavior was analyzed by capillary rise method, and the test conditions covered oil concentrations of 1, 3, 5 and 10 wt%, and surface roughness of 0.028, 0.079, 0.144, 0.419 and 1.166 µm. The experimental results show that protuberant liquid film occurs in front of meniscus during evaporation of refrigerant–oil mixture; and contact line velocity, contact angle, liquid film length and rising liquid height increase as oil concentration increases. It is also found that the ratio of the rising liquid height of refrigerant–oil mixture to that of pure refrigerant is larger than 1, and ranges between 1.42 and 2.18 under present test conditions, indicating that the presence of oil significantly enhances the surface wettability of refrigerant.

Flammability of emulsions on hot surfaces

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to establish the influence of oil concentration in oil-in-water emulsions on their flammability on hot surfaces and on their viscosity. The interest in fire test systematization is obviously developing due to many grades and applications of fluids and new design solutions asking for higher parameters in exploitation, including pressure and temperature. Higher temperature and pressure have a synergic effect on fire risk; thus, a special attention has to be given to selecting fluids based on fire tests. Design/methodology/approach – This test simulates a hazardous event when a fluid drops on a hot surface: 10 ml of fluid is dropped during 40-60 seconds on a manifold kept at a constant temperature, from a distance of 300 ± 5 mm above the surface. Tests were done under the procedure of SR EN ISO 20823:2004, with an original equipment. The apparent viscosity of the tested fluids was determined using a rheometer Rheotest 2. The tests were done for the fully mineral oil (Prista MHE-40) and for emulsions with different oil volume in water: 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80 and 90 per cent, respectively. Findings – The mineral oil MHE 40 Prista does not burn repeatedly for manifold temperature lower than 440°C, but it burns at 450°C on the clean surface and at 425°C on dirty surface, as obtained after testing the same oil, but at a temperature for which the oil burns. The emulsions do not burn even at 90 per cent oil in water, but the apparent viscosity of the emulsion is too high and unstable, above 20-30 per cent (volume) oil in water. No evident relationship was found between the apparent viscosity of the emulsions and their behavior on hot surface. Research limitations/implications – The hydraulic fluids were ranked, taking into account the flammability characteristics determined with the help of this test. Practical implications – This paper aims to reduce the risk of fire in hazardous environments using fire-resistant fluids. Social implications – Testing hydraulic fluids under the procedure of SR EN ISO 20823:2004 is required by European and national regulations to avoid large-scale accidents produced by the ignition of hydraulic fluids. Originality/value – As far as the authors have known, the test procedure was only used for establishing whether a certain fluid passes or does not pass this test. The authors did not find any references for establishing the influence of oil concentration on the flammability characteristics. Also, the equipment has an original design, allowing for a good repeatability and a high protection of the operator.

Influence of oil phase concentration on droplet size distribution and stability of oil‐in‐water emulsions

AbstractThe objective of this study was to investigate the effect of oil phase concentration, at different emulsification conditions concerning homogenization time and emulsifier content, on droplet size distribution and stability of corn oil‐in‐water emulsions. Emulsions were prepared with 3, 5, 10, and 20% w/w triethanolamine oleate (calculated on oil amount), 0.53% w/w carboxymethylcellulose (calculated on water amount), and 5, 10, 20, 30, or 40% w/w oil, and homogenized 5, 10, 20, and 60 min. It was found that increase in oil phase concentration led to decrease in specific surface area and increase in polydispersity of emulsion at lower emulsifier concentration and less intense homogenization. At emulsifier concentrations ≤10% and homogenization time ranges of 20–60 min the non‐monotonous variation in droplet size parameters with oil concentration was observed, as a result of the interaction between triethanolamine oleate and carboxymethylcellulose, which were confirmed by viscosity measurements. However, at emulsifier concentration of 20% an increase in specific surface area and decrease in polydispersity with the increase in oil concentration occurred due to an increase in equilibrium concentration of emulsifier in the continuous phase. Further, influence of oil concentration on emulsion creaming stability was found to be independent on emulsifier concentration and homogenization time. Therefore, a decrease in creaming with increase in oil concentration was observed in all the examined triethanolamine oleate (TEAO) concentration and homogenization time ranges.Practical applications: Emulsions are colloidal systems which can be encountered in different industrial sectors, such as food, pharmaceutical, cosmetics, oil industry, etc. Determination of the droplet size of emulsion is probably the most important way of their characterization, since it influences the properties of emulsion such as rheology, texture, shelf life stability, appearance, taste, etc. The size of the droplets depends on a wide range of parameters. One of them is certainly the concentration of the oil phase. However, since the impact of one parameter is often influenced with the intensity of the other variable involved in the emulsion generation, the aim of the present work was to examine the effect of corn oil concentration on droplet size parameters and stability of oil‐in‐water emulsions at different emulsification conditions. Therefore a step toward creation of emulsions with desired final properties was made.

ИЗУЧЕНИЕ ЗАВИСИМОСТИ АНТИОКСИДАНТНОЙ АКТИВНОСТИ ЭФИРНЫХ МАСЕЛ ЛИМОНА, МАЦИСА, ФЕНХЕЛЯ И ЧЕРНОГО ПЕРЦА ОТ КОНЦЕНТРАЦИИ МАСЛА В СИСТЕМЕ МЕТОДОМ КАПИЛЛЯРНОЙ ГАЗОВОЙ ХРОМАТОГРАФИИ

In recent time the biological activity of essential oils from spicy-aromatic herbs, including the antioxidant one, have been evaluated in numerous studies. Earlier we have demonstrated the high antioxidant activity of the oils contained monoterpenes, such as γ-terpinene and α-terpinolene, or sesquiterpenes (zingeberene and β-caryofillene). However the concentration value of oils in the «aldehyde – essential oil» system was too high and the investigation of various concentrations was not carried out by us. The goal of this work was studying of the influence of oil concentration on antioxidant activity value for selected essential oils. The antioxidant properties of the essential oils from lemon ( Citrus limon ), mace ( Myristicia fragans L.), fennel ( Foeniculum officinale ) and black pepper ( Capsicum nigrum L.) have been studied in a wide interval of oil concentrations by capillary gas-liquid chromatography, using an aldehyde/carboxylic acid assay. Trans -2-hexenal was selected to serve as the test substance. The dependence of oil antioxidant activity on its concentration was found to be closely connected with a rate of content change of main antioxidants in the composition of the essential oils under study at prolonged exposure to light. It was observed the strongest dependence «antioxidant activity – oil concentration» for lemon oil, while fennel oil possessed the weakest one. The low concentrations of oil from black pepper did not inhibit the aldehyde oxidation.

冷間圧延用Ｏ／Ｗエマルションの短時間プレートアウト特性

O/W emulsions are widely used in tandem cold rolling mills as coolants, in order to reduce friction forces and prevent heat scratches. The lubricating properties may be determined by various factors, and the amount of plated out oil on strip surface is one of the important ones, as well as dynamic concentration mechanics of emulsions at inlet of roll bite, on which much interest has been paid since 1970s. However, plate-out oil film formation has been recognized as a quite important factor in production mill operation, and the understandings of more details are necessary for higher speed and more efficient cold rolling mills. Therefore, the paper is concerned with the plate-out properties, especially the oil film formation in a quite short time. Because the plate-out oil formation is caused through phase transformation of O/W emulsion to oil film, the process may be time dependent, even if the time is quite limited in production high-speed rolling mills. In this paper, firstly a new method to evaluate the amount of plate-out oil is proposed, which makes it possible that the evaluation in quite a short time less than 0.1 s. Then, the time dependency of the oil film formation is clarified, and the amount of plated-out oil increases with time from emulsion supply to strip surface. Also, the influence of oil concentration, oil droplet size of O/W emulsions and other factors are examined by the method, which are compared with the results by conventional test methods.

The Influence of Oil Concentration, Nitrogen and Phosphorus Composition on Crude Oil Biodegradation by Epyzim and Mixed Cultures of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Arthrobacter simplex

Biological methods have gained attention as an alternative treatment for oil degradation in pollution remediation. External and internal factors have a great influence on crude oil biodegradation. This experiment studied the effect of oil concentrations and ratios of Ammonium and Phosphate on oil degradation in mixed cultures of local strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Arthrobacter simplex. The oil degradation ability of this mixed culture was compared to the dormant culture of Epyzim. The increase of oil concentration, from 1, 3, 5 and 10% (w/v), significantly lowered the ability of both cultures to degrade the oil i.e from 83 % for 1% oil concentration to 64% for 10% oil concentration using local strains. The local strains showed better capability compare to the dormant culture. Medium composition was designed by three levels of ammonium concentration (7.6, 37.9 and 75.8 mg l-1) and two levels of phosphate concentration (2.0 and 9.9 mg l-1). The ratio of ammonium to phosphate of 3.8:1.0 in the growth media has resulted the maximum level of oil degradation, i.e 83% and 88%, for dormant and local cultures respectively. The results suggest a potential usage of local microorganisms in degrading crude oil-polluted water.

The Influence of Oil Concentration, Nitrogen and Phosphorus Composition on Crude Oil Biodegradation by Epyzim and Mixed

Biological methods have gained attention as an alternative treatment for oil degradation in pollution remediation. External and internal factors have a great influence on crude oil biodegradation. This experiment studied the effect of oil concentrations and ratios of Ammonium and Phosphate on oil degradation in mixed cultures of local strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Arthrobacter simplex. The oil degradation ability of this mixed culture was compared to the dormant culture of Epyzim. The increase of oil concentration, from 1, 3, 5 and 10% (w/v), significantly lowered the ability of both cultures to degrade the oil i.e from 83 % for 1% oil concentration to 64% for 10% oil concentration using local strains. The local strains showed better capability compare to the dormant culture. Medium composition was designed by three levels of ammonium concentration (7.6, 37.9 and 75.8 mg l-1) and two levels of phosphate concentration (2.0 and 9.9 mg l-1). The ratio of ammonium to phosphate of 3.8:1.0 in the growth media has resulted the maximum level of oil degradation, i.e 83% and 88%, for dormant and local cultures respectively. The results suggest a potential usage of local microorganisms in degrading crude oil-polluted water.

Properties of Low-Moisture Viscoplastic Materials Consisting of Oil Droplets Dispersed in a Protein–Carbohydrate–Glycerol Matrix: Effect of Oil Concentration

The influence of oil concentration and baking on the properties of low-moisture composites consisting of oil droplets dispersed in a protein-carbohydrate-glycerol matrix was investigated. These composites were produced by blending canola oil, whey protein concentrate (WPC), corn syrup, and glycerol together using a high-speed mixer. The resulting system consisted of oil droplets dispersed in a polar matrix. Some composites were analyzed directly after preparation, while others were analyzed after being heated at 176 degrees C for 10 min to simulate baking. The "lightness" of the composites was greater before baking (higher L value), but the color was more intense after baking (higher a and b values). The lightness and color intensity of the composites decreased as the oil concentration increased, with the effects being more pronounced in the baked samples. The zeta potential of the oil droplets (measured after dilution at pH 6) was highly negative (approximately -40 mV), indicating that whey protein was adsorbed to the droplet surfaces. The mean particle diameter (measured after dilution at pH 6) increased appreciably after baking, which was attributed to droplet flocculation. The rheological properties of the unbaked and baked materials were characterized by squeezing flow viscometry, which showed that the measurements associated with consistency and yield stress increased with increasing oil concentration and with baking.

Two-phase frictional pressure drop of R-134a and R-410A refrigerant–oil mixtures in straight tubes and U-type wavy tubes

This study presents single-phase and two-phase pressure drop data for R-134a/oil mixture flowing in a wavy tube with inner diameter of D = 5.07 mm and curvature ratio 2 R/ D = 5.18 and R-410A/oil mixture flowing in a wavy tube of D = 3.25 mm and 2 R/ D = 3.91. Both mixtures have oil concentration C = 0%, 1%, 3% and 5% for the tests. The ratio of frictional factor between U-bend in wavy tube and straight tube ( f C/ f S) is about 3.5 for Re < 2500 and is approximate 2.5 for Re = 3500–25,000 for oil and liquid R-134a mixture flowing in the 5.07 mm diameter wavy tube. The influence of oil concentration on single-phase friction factor is negligible, provided that the properties are based on the mixture of lubricant and refrigerant. The ratio between two-phase pressure gradients of U-bend and straight tube is about 2.5–3.5. This ratio is increased with oil concentration and vapor quality. The influence of oil is augmented at a higher mass flux for liquid spreading around the periphery at an annular flow pattern. Moreover, the influence of lubricant becomes more evident of a U-bend configuration. This is associated the induced swirled flow motion and an early change of flow pattern from stratified to annular flow pattern. The frictional two-phase multiplier for straight tube can be fairly correlated by using the Chisholm correlation for the data having Martinelli parameter X between 0.05 and 1.0. Fridel correlation also shows a good agreement with a mean deviation of 17.6% to all the straight tube data. For the two-phase pressure drop in U-bend, the revised Geary correlation agrees very well with the R-134a and R-410A oil–refrigerant data with a mean deviation of 16.4%.

Influence of oil contamination levels on hydrocarbon biodegradation in sandy sediment

The influence of oil concentration on hydrocarbon biodegradation in a sandy sediment was studied in polyvinyl chloride reactors (0.45×0.28×0.31 m) containing 76.8 kg of beach sand in natura, where the upper layer was artificially contaminated with petroleum. The oil-degrading microorganisms used consisted of a mixed culture named N D, obtained from landfarming and associated with indigenous microorganisms. On the 28th day of the process, the degradation in reactors containing sandy sediment contaminated with light Arabian oil and presenting an initial oil content of 14, 21 or 28 g kg −1 reached the following levels (%): 33.7, 32.9 and 28.9 for oil and grease; up to 88.3, 35.3 and 13.0 for C 14–C 26 n-alkanes; and 100, 61.3 and 59.4 for pristane, respectively. Phytane removal (37.1%) was only detected in the reactor contaminated with the lowest oil concentration studied. These results, together with the expressive bacterial growth observed (from 10 6 to 10 11 cfu g −1) give strong support to the argument that biodegradation was the dominant component of the remediation process. Susceptibility to biodegradation was inversely proportional to increasing oil contamination. The degradation of branched alkane: pristane was not repressed by the presence of n-alkanes.

Effects of oil concentration and particle size on the cleaning of Spanish high-rank coals by agglomeration with n-heptane

The response of three high-ash Spanish anthracites to agglomeration with n-heptane was evaluated by measuring the organic matter recovery, ash rejection and pyritic sulfur rejection. The influence of oil concentration and coal particle size on the agglomeration results was investigated. The combustible recoveries of these coals increased to a maximum as the n-heptane concentration is raised, and then decreased. Ash rejection fell as the coal recovery increased. The effect of oil concentration on pyritic sulfur rejection was comparable with that on ash rejection. Regarding ash, pyritic sulfur was removed from one coal with noticeable selectivity. Ash rejection and organic matter recovery were improved by grinding one coal to <45 μm. Coal particle size had a more pronounced effect than n-heptane concentration on selectivity of oil agglomeration for cleaning this coal.