Influence Of Nanoparticle Shape Research Articles

Influence of Nanoparticle Shape, Size, and Surface Functionalization on Cellular Uptake

With the rapid development of biotechnology and nanomedicine, extensive research has focused on the investigations of delivering large-cargo molecules using nanoparticles through the cell membrane for disease diagnosis and treatment. Various inorganic and polymeric nanoparticles with optimized surface properties have been developed to carry these active cargo molecules such as organic molecules, oligonucleotides and proteins. Phagocytosis and pinocytosis have been suggested as the two major uptake mechanisms for nanoparticles to enter into cellular interior, but such mechanisms are still under debate. In order to enhance the efficiency of cellular uptake of nanoparticles and further understand the physiological process, it is important to investigate detailed interaction mechanisms between nanoparticles and cell membranes. Here, we will review the recent advances of the effect of nanoparticle properties (e.g., nanoparticle shape, size, charge, surface modification, etc.) on cellular uptake mechanisms. These will aid in the future design and development of nanoparticles with improved surface properties for drug and biomolecule delivery. Up to now, novel analytical techniques have been used to examine nanoparticle-cell membrane interactions, but their detailed uptake mechanisms and pathways still need more in-depth research. It is suggested that developing appropriate analytical techniques to study cellular uptake mechanisms of nanoparticles in real time is urgently desired.

The influence of nanoparticle shape on the drying of colloidal suspensions

Dried deposits of spherical Ludox silica and disk-like laponite clay nanoparticles have been examined by dark-field optical microscopy and atomic force microscopy (AFM) to investigate the effects of nanoparticle shape on the deposit structure. Dark-field optical images indicated that a higher concentration of Ludox nanoparticles was required, compared to laponite, for an optically visible deposit to be formed. Compared with the relatively simple ring-like features observed at the edges of Ludox deposits, the laponite deposits were more complex, with dendritic features appearing below 10ppm that disappeared at higher laponite concentrations. AFM images revealed that whilst the Ludox rim deposit structure gradually increased in height and width with increasing nanoparticle concentration, the laponite rim deposits increased steadily in height up to 1ppm, above which the rim height suddenly decreased and the deposit structure became smoother. The widths of the rim deposits were observed to increase in a similar manner for both nanoparticle types. Nanoparticle shape is suggested as the main reason for differences in the structural features of the rim for each nanoparticle type. The disk-like laponite forms tall thin rim profiles at low concentrations, before creating a more uniform rim profile at higher concentrations. We suggest that a critical laponite rim height is reached before partial collapse of the nanoparticle stack at the rim takes place as the particle concentration is further increased. This produces much thinner and smoother films of laponite at high particle concentrations than is found for similar concentrations of Ludox. Our work suggests that both the shape and the concentration of the nanoparticles themselves are crucial in determining the structure of the final dried nanoparticle deposit.