Influence Of Mood States Research Articles

Mood states effect retrieval not encoding in item-method directed forgetting

ABSTRACT Three experiments examined the influence of mood state on item-method directed forgetting. In Experiments 1 and 2, happy, sad or neutral mood states were induced before the study or in Experiment 3 before retrieval. There were no significant effects of mood on memory in Experiments 1 or directed forgetting costs and benefits in Experiment 2. In Experiment 3, mood states influenced costs and benefits of directed forgetting among happy and neutral participants and costs alone among sad participants. There were no changes in the overall recall of remember-cued items when mood states were induced before or after the study. Explanations for the effect of mood on the retrieval of remember- or forget-cued items are discussed. Moods dissipate when induced prior to encoding, but appear to influence memory when induced prior to retrieval.

Subjective Rank of the Competition as a Factor Differentiating Between the Affective States of Swimmers and Their Sport Performance.

PurposeThe aim of the study was to establish the differences in affective states of swimmers depending on the subjective rank of the competition and the relationship between affective states and performance in sports competitions of low, medium and high subjectively perceived rank.MethodsThe respondents (n = 31) aged from 15 to 23 years (18.1 ± 2.397) were studied using the psychological questionnaires Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10), Profile of Mood State (POMS), and Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) during sports events. 362 measurements using POMS and 232 measurements using PANAS before the starts were collected. The significance of intergroup differences was determined using the Kruskal-Wallis test. A stepwise regression analysis was used to determine the emotional predictors of sports results.ResultsSubjective rank of sports competition differentiated significantly anger (chi2 = 6.826; p = 0.033), confusion (chi2 = 11.345; p = 0.003), depression (chi2 = 10.2; p = 0.006), fatigue (chi2 = 49.394; p ≤ 0.001), vigour (chi2 = 11.345; p ≤ 0.001), positive emotions (chi2 = 51.233; p ≤ 0.001), and negative emotions (chi2 = 11.552; p = 0.003). Regression analysis showed the influence of mood states and positive emotions on the sports result.ConclusionThe swimmers’ affective state changed depending on the subjective rank of the competition. Depression and positive emotional state made it possible to predict the result in medium- and high-rank competition.

Modelling the impact of functionality, cognition, and mood state on awareness in people with Alzheimer's disease.

To investigate the nature of the relationship between cognitive function, mood state, and functionality in predicting awareness in a non-clinically depressed sample of participants with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease (AD) in Brazil. People with AD (PwAD) aged 60 years or older were recruited from an outpatient unit at the Center of AD of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Measures of awareness of condition (Assessment Scale of the Psychosocial Impact of the Diagnosis of Dementia), cognitive function (Mini-Mental State Examination), mood state (Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia), and functionality (Pfeffer Functional Activities Questionnaire) were applied to 264 people with mild to moderate AD and their caregivers. Hypotheses were tested statistically using SEM approach. Three competing models were compared. The first model, in which the influence of mood state and cognitive function on awareness was mediated by functionality, showed a very good fit to the data and a medium effect size. The competing models, in which the mediating variables were mood state and cognitive function, respectively, only showed poor model fit. Our model supports the notion that the relationship between different factors and awareness in AD is mediated by functionality and not by depressive mood state or cognitive level. The proposed direct and indirect effects on awareness are discussed, as well as the missing direct influence of mood state on awareness. The understanding of awareness in dementia is crucial and our model gives one possible explanation of its underlying structure in AD.

Mood state dissociates conflict adaptation within tasks and across tasks.

The present study investigated the influence of mood state (positive vs. negative) on the cognitive control process of conflict adaptation. A task-switching paradigm was applied, allowing to assess conflict adaptation both within tasks and across tasks. A success-failure manipulation was applied for mood induction. Within-task conflict adaptation tended to be larger in negative mood than in positive mood, in line with previous findings in the literature. Across-task conflict adaptation was also observed, but only in the positive mood group: Participants in positive mood showed larger conflict adaptation than participants in negative mood. We suggest that different cognitive mechanisms underlie this double dissociation: Within-task conflict adaptation is enhanced in negative mood because response conflict is aversive in nature, and is therefore congruent to negative mood states. Between-task conflict adaptation is only present in positive mood because of less distinct task representations under positive mood, leading conflict adaptation to transfer to the other task. The data show that influences of mood state on cognitive control are multifaceted, with some control processes being enhanced and others attenuated in negative relative to positive mood. (PsycINFO Database Record

Sad mood induction has an opposite effect on amygdala response to emotional stimuli in euthymic patients with bipolar disorder and healthy controls

Aberrant amygdala reactivity to affective stimuli represents a candidate factor predisposing patients with bipolar disorder (BD) to relapse, but it is unclear to what extent amygdala reactivity is state-dependent. We evaluated the modulatory influence of mood on amygdala reactivity and functional connectivity in patients with remitted BD and healthy controls. Amygdala response to sad versus neutral faces was investigated using fMRI during periods of normal and sad mood induced by autobiographical scripts. We assessed the functional connectivity of the amygdala to characterize the influence of mood state on the network responsible for the amygdala response. We included 20 patients with remitted BD and 20 controls in our study. The sad and normal mood exerted opposite effects on the amygdala response to emotional faces in patients compared with controls (F1,38 = 5.85, p = 0.020). Sad mood amplified the amygdala response to sad facial stimuli in controls but attenuated the amygdala response in patients. The groups differed in functional connectivity between the amygdala and the inferior prefrontal gyrus (p ≤ 0.05, family-wise error-corrected) of ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (vlPFC) corresponding to Brodmann area 47. The sad mood challenge increased connectivity during the period of processing sad faces in patients but decreased connectivity in controls. Limitations to our study included long-term medication use in the patient group and the fact that we mapped only depressive (not manic) reactivity. Our results support the role of the amygdala-vlPFC as the system of dysfunctional contextual affective processing in patients with BD. Opposite amygdala reactivity unmasked by the mood challenge paradigm could represent a trait marker of altered mood regulation in patients with BD.

Influence of mood states on information processing during decision making using fuzzy reasoning tool and neuro-fuzzy system based on Mamdani approach

This study provides a comparison between traditional fuzzy reasoning tools and a neuro-fuzzy system, both developed based on Mamdani approach in order to determine the influence of mood states on information processing during decision making. To begin, participants responded to questions on positive and negative prospects involving gains and losses on a health risk problem and explained the reasons for their decisions in writing. Three independent input variables, namely flexibility, originality and fluency were then derived from the participants' reasons for their choices. Four linguistic terms, such as low, medium, high and very high were used to represent each of the input variables. Using Mamdani's approach, both traditional fuzzy reasoning tool and a neuro-fuzzy system were designed for a three-input, one-output process. The neuro-fuzzy system was trained using a back-propagation algorithm. Compared to the traditional fuzzy reasoning tool, the neuro-fuzzy system could provide better results.

Colour fluctuations in grapheme-colour synaesthesia: The effect of clinical and non-clinical mood changes.

Synaesthesia is a condition that gives rise to unusual secondary sensations (e.g., colours are perceived when listening to music). These unusual sensations tend to be reported as being stable throughout adulthood (e.g., Simner & Logie, 2007, Neurocase, 13, 358) and the consistency of these experiences over time is taken as the behavioural hallmark of genuineness. Our study looked at the influence of mood states on synaesthetic colours. In Experiment 1, we recruited grapheme-colour synaesthetes (who experience colours from letters/digits) and elicited their synaesthetic colours, as well as their mood and depression states, in two different testing sessions. In each session, participants completed the PANAS-X (Watson & Clark, 1999) and the BDI-II (Beck, Steer, & Brown, 1996, Manual for Beck Depression Inventory-II), and chose their synaesthetic colours for letters A-Z from an interactive colour palette. We found that negative mood significantly decreased the luminance of synaesthetic colours. In Experiment 2, we showed that synaesthetic colours were also less luminant for synaesthetes with anxiety disorder, versus those without. Additional evidence suggests that colour saturation, too, may inversely correlate with depressive symptoms. These results show that fluctuations in mood within both a normal and clinical range influence synaesthetic colours over time. This has implications for our understanding about the longitudinal stability of synaesthetic experiences, and of how mood may interact with the visual (imagery) systems.

Different impulsivity profiles in borderline personality disorder and bipolar II disorder

IntroductionBorderline personality disorder (BPD) and bipolar II disorder (BP II) share clinical characteristics including impulsivity. Their relationship is disputed. In this study, we investigated self-reported impulsivity in these patient groups and in a healthy control group. Effects of current mood state and of traumatic childhood experiences were explored. MethodsTwenty-five patients with BPD without comorbid bipolar disorder; 20 patients with BP II without comorbid BPD; and 44 healthy control subjects completed the UPPS questionnaire which yields assessments of four components of impulsivity: Urgency, Lack of Premeditation, Lack of Perseverance, and Sensation Seeking. Current mood state was rated using the Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS), and the Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS). Traumatic childhood experiences were assessed using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ). Group differences in UPPS levels; and effects of mood state and CTQ score on UPPS scores in patients were investigated. ResultsBPD patients showed significantly higher levels of Urgency and Lack of Perseverance than BP II patients and controls, and a significantly higher level of Lack of Premeditation than controls. BP II patients showed higher levels of Urgency and Lack of Perseverance than controls. In BP II, higher MADRS scores were associated with higher impulsivity scores. Also, higher CTQ scores were associated with higher Urgency scores in BP II. LimitationsRelatively small sample size; cross-sectional assessment of influence of mood state. ConclusionsBPD patients exhibited markedly elevated UPPS impulsivity scores compared with healthy controls and BP II patients, and the elevations were not related to current mood state. BP II patients showed moderately elevated impulsivity scores which were associated with a depressed mood state and to some extent with a history of childhood trauma. The findings suggest that BPD and BP II have different impulsivity profiles.

Influence of Mood State on the ImPACT

Influence of Mood State on the ImPACT

Influence of mood states, group discussion, and interpersonal comparison on change in decision-making and information processing

This study examines the joint effects of moods and group processes on decision-making and information processing; 462 students participated from the Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur. They reported their choices to economic gain, loss and health-risk situations, reasons for their choices, and the response times to complete the questionnaire. Then, positive and negative moods were induced, followed by a group discussion and an interpersonal comparison of the choices in four conditions. Comparison of post- and pre-test responses revealed choice polarisation and improvement in decision quality following positive-mood and negative-mood group discussion conditions. The information attributes of fluency, originality, and flexibility, and the response time are higher following a negative-mood discussion and negative-mood comparison conditions than following their counterpart conditions. Negative moods slow down thinking. When active cognitive processes are triggered through group discussion, choices polarise with information certification in interpersonal communication, and the effect of a mood degenerates gradually.

Impaired episodic memory for events encoded during mania in patients with bipolar disorder

To date, very few studies have focused on autobiographical memory in patients with bipolar disorder. We examined whether mood state at the time of event encoding (i.e., manic, depressed, euthymic) influences subsequent recollection in these patients. We administered the Autobiographical Interview, a method that allowed us to dissociate episodic and semantic aspects of autobiographical memory. We also compared the memory perspective from which patients recollected these events. Patients were selectively impaired in recollecting episodic details of events encoded during mania but not depression or euthymia. No significant differences emerged between patients and controls for recollection of non-episodic details, regardless of mood state. Patients with bipolar disorder were also more likely than matched controls to recall memories from an observer perspective. These preliminary findings indicate a moderating influence of mood state at the time of event encoding on the subsequent recollection of autobiographical events in patients with bipolar disorder.

Effects of Mood States on Variety Seeking: The Moderating Roles of Personality

ABSTRACTBuilding upon previous research and in an attempt to better understand the influence of mood states on variety‐seeking (VS) tendency, two specific emotional states (sadness and happiness) are discussed. Furthermore, this article proposes that the effects of mood states on VS are moderated by individuals’ differences. In this article, optimum stimulation level, self‐monitoring, and need for cognition are used to examine the moderating effects of this relationship. Consistent with the proposed hypotheses, the results indicate that sad individuals tend to incorporate more VS than happy ones. In addition, the three personality types tested in this article moderate the effects of mood on VS. Finally, suggestions for future research are discussed.

Effects of Depressed Mood on Drinking Refusal Self-Efficacy: Examining the Specificity of Drinking Contexts

College students with elevated depressive symptoms are more likely to engage in risky drinking and experience alcohol-related negative consequences. Efforts to understand the association between depressed mood and alcohol use have begun to identify the role of cognitive-motivational processes. Drinking refusal self-efficacy is one such process that influences the decision to drink, but its relationship with depressed mood remains unclear. The current study sought to clarify the role of these processes using a depressed mood induction procedure in a sample of college student drinkers. Eighty-six students were randomized to a depressed or neutral mood induction and completed assessments of drinking refusal self-efficacy. Depressed mood significantly decreased self-efficacy in high-risk drinking contexts related to depression, whereas ratings of other high-risk contexts were unaffected. These findings suggest that the association between hazardous drinking and depressed mood may be due in part to the direct influence of mood state on one's self-efficacy to resist drinking in relevant contexts.

Influence of mood states caused by risk relevant information on risk estimates:

Influence of mood states caused by risk relevant information on risk estimates:

How health information affects college students’ inclination toward variety-seeking tendency

College students often consume too much snacks (e.g. potato chips) and such high-fat snacks are found to be related to obesity. This paper seeks to explore the effect of health-related information on the relationship of mood states and variety seeking (VS) behavior among enjoyable snacks. Health warnings and nutritional labeling are used to examine the moderating effects on this relationship. Consistent with our hypotheses, the results indicate that the presence of health warnings attenuates the influence of mood states on VS, so that happy and sad students tend to converge to similar levels of VS. However, in the absence of health warnings, sad students tend to incorporate significantly more VS than happy students. Similarly, the presence of nutritional labeling attenuates the influence of mood states on VS, so that happy and sad students tend to converge to similar levels of VS. However, in the absence of nutritional labeling, sad students tend to incorporate significantly more VS than happy students. The results provide evidence that making health warnings and nutritional labeling more salient might be a good way to decrease students' VS tendency for high-fat snacks.

Temperament and character traits in major depressive disorder: influence of mood state and recurrence of episodes

The objective of this study was to compare personality traits between major depressive disorder (MDD) patients and healthy comparison subjects (HC) and examine if personality traits in patients are associated with specific clinical characteristics of the disorder. Sixty MDD patients (45 depressed, 15 remitted) were compared to 60 HC using the Temperament and Character Inventory. Analysis of covariance, with age and gender as covariates, was used to compare the mean Temperament and Character Inventory scores among the subject groups. Depressed MDD patients scored significantly higher than HC on novelty seeking, harm avoidance, and self-transcendence and lower on reward dependence, self-directedness, and cooperativeness. Remitted MDD patients scored significantly lower than HC only on self-directedness. Comorbidity with anxiety disorder had a main effect only on harm avoidance. Harm avoidance was positively correlated with depression intensity and with number of episodes. Self-directedness had an inverse correlation with depression intensity. MDD patients present a different personality profile from HC, and these differences are influenced by mood state and comorbid anxiety disorders. When considering patients who have been in remission for some time, the differences pertain to few personality dimensions. Cumulated number of depressive episodes may result in increased harm avoidance.

Stability and change in retrospective reports of childhood experiences over a 5-year period: Findings from the Davis Longitudinal Study.

The paths via which childhood experiences influence well-being in adulthood are not well defined because most research relies on retrospective reports. This study examined the influence of demographic characteristics and current mood states on the reliability of reports of childhood experiences. The Child Experiences Scale (CES) was administered in 1996 and 2001 to participants in the Davis Longitudinal Study (N = 571; age range 22-61 years). Responses showed moderate to high cross-time reliability. Males were slightly more likely to change their responses. The influence of mood states was weak and more evident for global ratings of childhood than for specific experiences. These findings support the use of retrospective reports of childhood.

Influence of mood state on capacity to consent to research in patients with bipolar disorder

Experts have debated the ability of patients with bipolar illness to consent to research participation when manic. We compared 25 euthymic bipolar and 26 manic bipolar patients in their understanding of three hypothetical studies of varying complexity. Hypothetical studies were presented as written informed consent forms, which were reread up to three times. Questions included assessment of hypothetical study purposes, procedures, risks and benefits, and voluntariness of participation. After adjusting for educational level, subjects with mania had lower mean understanding scores for all three hypothetical studies compared to euthymic subjects on initial assessment. By the end of Trial 3 of each hypothetical study, there were no significant differences between groups. The proportion of subjects with mania who met predetermined pass criteria for sufficient understanding was lower than the proportion of euthymic subjects on initial assessment of the first hypothetical study, but not the other hypothetical studies (odds ratio = 0.24; 95% confidence interval = 0.07-0.8; p = 0.02). Both groups exhibited an increase in the pass proportion by the end of the third trial for each hypothetical study with no significant differences between groups. We conclude that subjects with mania exhibited significantly poorer levels of understanding of relevant information in hypothetical research consent forms compared to euthymic subjects when initially presented with research information. The improvement in manic patients' understanding scores with the iterative review of consent forms suggests that many manic patients may be able to consent to research protocols containing an educational intervention as a part of the informed consent process.

Do children with autism acknowledge the influence of mood on behaviour?

We tested whether children with and without high-functioning autism spectrum disorders (HFASD) differ in their understanding of the influence of mood states on behaviour. A total of 122 children with HFASD or typical development were asked to predict and explain the behaviour of story characters during hypothetical social interactions. HFASD and typically developing children predicted at equal rates that mood states likely result in similar valenced behaviour. ;Explicit' descriptions were used to explain predictions more often by children with HFASD than by typically developing children. However, ;implicit' and ;irrelevant' descriptions elicited fewer mood references among HFASD children. Furthermore, they less often referred to the uncertainty of the influence of mood on behaviour, and less often used mood-related explanations, in particular when they had to rely on implicit information. This may indicate a rote- rather than self-generated understanding of emotions in children with HFASD.

What's the use of being happy? Mood states, useful objects, and repetition priming effects.

Two experiments involving 99 undergraduate participants sought to examine the influence of mood states on encoding speed within lexical decision and pronunciation tasks. Mood states were measured naturalistically in Experiment 1 and manipulated in Experiment 2. Stimuli consisted of nouns representing useful (e.g., food) and nonuseful (e.g., lint) objects. Mood states had no implications for initial encoding speed. However, when the same words were presented a 2nd time (i.e., repeated), happy individuals displayed a tendency to encode useful words faster than nonuseful ones. Thus, mood states influenced repetition priming on the basis of stimulus valence. The authors propose that happiness sensitizes individuals to useful or rewarding objects, which in turn creates a stronger memory trace for such stimuli in the future.