Abstract
PurposeThe aim of the study was to establish the differences in affective states of swimmers depending on the subjective rank of the competition and the relationship between affective states and performance in sports competitions of low, medium and high subjectively perceived rank.MethodsThe respondents (n = 31) aged from 15 to 23 years (18.1 ± 2.397) were studied using the psychological questionnaires Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10), Profile of Mood State (POMS), and Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) during sports events. 362 measurements using POMS and 232 measurements using PANAS before the starts were collected. The significance of intergroup differences was determined using the Kruskal-Wallis test. A stepwise regression analysis was used to determine the emotional predictors of sports results.ResultsSubjective rank of sports competition differentiated significantly anger (chi2 = 6.826; p = 0.033), confusion (chi2 = 11.345; p = 0.003), depression (chi2 = 10.2; p = 0.006), fatigue (chi2 = 49.394; p ≤ 0.001), vigour (chi2 = 11.345; p ≤ 0.001), positive emotions (chi2 = 51.233; p ≤ 0.001), and negative emotions (chi2 = 11.552; p = 0.003). Regression analysis showed the influence of mood states and positive emotions on the sports result.ConclusionThe swimmers’ affective state changed depending on the subjective rank of the competition. Depression and positive emotional state made it possible to predict the result in medium- and high-rank competition.
Highlights
In the search for predictors of efficiency and effectiveness of sport performance, mental aspects are more and more often noticed since in combination with motor skills, they determine sports success (Cogan, 2019)
The personal record of an athlete was divided by the score obtained in the race and expressed as a percentage according to the formula: × 100
The level of stress did not vary significantly depending on the subjective rank of the race (Table 1)
Summary
In the search for predictors of efficiency and effectiveness of sport performance, mental aspects are more and more often noticed since in combination with motor skills, they determine sports success (Cogan, 2019). In terms of mental preparation in swimming it is important to strive for an appropriate and reproducible mental state that will ensure the effective performance of a familiar task. Affective states are understood as bipolar constructs currently experienced by an individual in response to a direct or indirect interpretation or appraisal of events and stimuli. It is the combination of emotions and moods (Kontaris et al, 2020). Emotion is a more intense mental state than mood, related to physiological responses. It has a shorter duration and is usually triggered by a specific stimulus (Domínguez-Jiménez et al, 2020). There are many models that attempt to explain the occurrence of pre-competitive emotions (Lane et al, 2012)
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