Influence Of Legislation Research Articles

Legislative influence on the decline of public toilet provision in the UK: a case study of Leeds city

ABSTRACT The provision of public toilets has declined in the UK, limiting citizens' ability to use public spaces and fully participate in society. This article investigates the legislative context of this decline by analysing the Public Health 1936, Section 87, which remains the principal legislation influencing public toilet provision. We use the Institutional Grammar Tool and a narrative case study of the history of public toilets in Leeds City Centre to unpack the weakening influence of the norm-driven policy on the provision of public toilets. We argue that changing notions of infrastructural citizenship in broader society have contributed to the abandonment of public toilets and an increasing reliance on private provision and individual independence, which are inherently more exclusionary. This article raises important questions about how fit-for-purpose the current UK public toilet policy is, and ends with a call for more robust legislation to promote greater infrastructural citizenship and ensure inclusive public spaces for all.

Accessibility engineering in the mhealth industry - A multi-case study

Abstract Medical apps, i.e. apps that fall under the EU Medical Device Regulation (MDR), are increasingly becoming a relevant part of healthcare in European countries. This is particularly evident in the numerous partnerships between app vendors and insurers as well as in the launches of national reimbursement programs. However, when it comes to enabling as many patients as possible to benefit from the medical advantages associated with the use of these apps, funding is only one part of the equation. It is up to the app vendors to develop barrier-free user interfaces so that people - regardless of individual characteristics such as cognitive abilities, physical limitations or language skills - can interact successfully with the app. Little is known about how these companies approach the topic of accessibility, what challenges they face and how big the impact of medical device legislation and other regulations on accessibility is. Against this background, we are undertaking a case study in several companies offering apps on the German market that are certified as medical devices and targeted at patients. Through interviews with employees with various roles (e.g. business, engineering, design) we are aiming at reconstructing the development processes of the apps with a focus on accessibility. We plan to expand the results by interviews with experts, e.g., in the area of MDR conformity assessment. 20 interviews in four companies have revealed that accessibility only plays a minor role during development. As a result, the topic is not systematically addressed, but only a few features are implemented. The app’s compatibility with screen reader or voice control was not explicitly addressed in any of the companies. There was also no deliberate involvement of people with disabilities in user studies. The preliminary results also indicate that the influence of medical device legislation on the implementation of accessibility is negligible. Key messages • User interface accessibility has a very low priority in the mhealth companies we have examined so far. • The current regulations are not sufficient in enforcing the basic implementation of accessibility features requiring more guidance and detailed regulations, given our sample of companies.

ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATION IN CORPORATE CSR PRACTICES IN INDONESIA

This article explores the influence of environmental legislation on corporate social responsibility in Indonesia. It aims to clarify the regulatory framework surrounding corporate social responsibility, assess how failure to adhere to environmental laws affects corporate reputation and performance, and identify the difficulties companies encounter while implementing corporate social responsibility. The research adopts a normative legal perspective, involving a thorough examination of pertinent laws and regulations, including the 1945 Constitution, Law Number 40 of 2007 concerning Limited Liability Companies, and Government Regulation Number 47 of 2012. Data gathered through desk research and descriptive legal analysis provides a detailed understanding of the relationship between legal frameworks and corporate social responsibility practices in Indonesia. The findings indicate that the corporate social responsibility regulatory framework encourages companies to meet environmental legal requirements, positively impacting corporate reputation. Conversely, non-compliance can damage reputation and public perception, consequently affecting financial outcomes. Companies also face various obstacles in implementing corporate social responsibility, such as insufficient regulatory support and limited resources. Recommendations for companies include enhancing education on corporate social responsibility and fostering collaboration with stakeholders to develop sustainable business practices. These insights are valuable not only for Indonesia but also for other nations examining the link between environmental legislation and corporate social responsibility.

Kyrgyz Republic Tax Legislation Influence on the Local Automotive Industry Efficiency

The issue of tax regulation of the automotive industry is relevant, as in the context of a dynamically developing global economy and rapid changes in the automotive industry, the issues of tax regulation become key to the effective functioning of the industry in any country, including the Kyrgyz Republic. The study aims to identify the relationship between tax legislation and the efficiency of the automotive industry in Kyrgyzstan, considering the current challenges and trends in the industry. The study employed various methods, including analytical, statistical, functional, system analysis, deduction, synthesis and comparison. The study analysed the impact of tax legislation on the efficiency of the automotive industry in the Kyrgyz Republic. The focus was on identifying the key aspects of tax regulation that have a direct impact on various areas of industry, including the investment climate, innovation activity and overall competitiveness of enterprises. A systematic analysis of existing tax mechanisms was conducted, the current state of the automotive industry in the country was analysed, and the impact of external factors such as dependence on imports, economic stability and changes in global trends, especially in the context of the development of electric vehicles, was identified. Tax mechanisms in the automotive industry, including customs duties, excise duties, and value-added taxes (VAT) are studied. Particular attention is devoted to the changes in tax legislation introduced in 2023 aimed at exempting parts supplies from VAT. The results of the study indicate the positive impact of such measures on the efficiency of car production.

The influence of legislation on state control (supervision) on the practice of applying legislation on administrative offenses

Subject. The article analyzes the current practice of applying legislation in the field of administrative responsibility, which is the result of changes in legislation in the field of state control (supervision).The choice of the research object is due to the need for systematic application of legislation in the areas of legal regulation under consideration, as well as the need to ensure uniformity in the practice of applying the Code of Administrative Offenses, which is due to the principle of equality before the law.The purpose of the study. The article presents an analysis of current problems faced by courts. The results of the analysis of judicial practice and scientific approaches to solving the problems discussed in the article are presented.Methodology. In the course of the work, the researcher was guided by a systematic way of interpreting current legal norms, as well as existing Russian scientific research in this area.Conclusions. Based on the results of the study, norms were identified in the application of which uniformity was not ensured. In order to harmonize the legislation on state control (supervision) and the legislation on administrative offenses, it is proposed to take into account the scientific approaches that have emerged in the science of administrative law.

Роль держави та громадських організацій у підтримці соціально відповідального бізнесу

The article examines the importance of social responsibility and clarifies the role of the state and public organizations in supporting socially responsible businesses. Today, many Ukrainian enterprises and organizations realize the importance of socially responsible business and increasingly create and implement socially responsible business projects. Such social projects may be related to charity, creating new jobs for IDPs or people with certain special needs, introducing new ecological technologies in energy or food, and other social initiatives. Modernity has faced a whole chain of quite complex problems, for example, the rapid growth of social inequality, global environmental crises, and protracted armed conflicts. The article focuses on the fact that overcoming the mentioned problems requires significant general efforts not only of power structures but also of business and scientific circles and the public. The author analyzes publications devoted to the formation and improvement of socially oriented behavior of business entities and analyzes the experience of using public-private practices and approaches to creating and implementing projects regarding the social responsibility of representatives of state authorities, business structures, public organizations, and other stakeholders. The social responsibility of the state is one of the main levers of ensuring the quality and effectiveness of state administration. The author emphasizes that the state has an essential task in shaping the socially responsible behavior of citizens. Legislative influence, educational policy, support for socially responsible businesses, and public campaigns are all tools the state can use to support and develop socially responsible behavior that contributes to creating an ethical and sustainable society. Public organizations also play an essential role in implementing these principles and forming an ethical business environment. The most crucial function of NGOs is to change people. In our fragmented society, non-governmental organizations promote social inclusion and integration. Public organizations are active initiators of social projects and social initiatives aimed at creating comfortable living conditions for communities, improving the quality of education, etc. The author emphasizes that the state is vital in regulating and stimulating socially responsible business behavior. Legislation, financial incentives, and other instruments of government intervention can contribute to the formation of an effective system of social responsibility. It was also found that public organizations monitor and promote the principles of social responsibility. They can influence business by demanding compliance with high standards of ethics and integrity. Keywords: social responsibility of business, state, public organizations, social state, social projects.

From Patrilineal Tradition to Gender Equity: The Evolution of Inheritance Law in Indonesia’s Batak Toba Community

The Batak Toba community in Indonesia, traditionally governed by a patrilineal kinship system, has historically excluded women from inheritance rights. This deeply ingrained custom has perpetuated gender inequality within the community. However, the landscape of inheritance law has undergone significant transformation due to the influence of national legislation and landmark court rulings. This study explores the dynamic evolution of inheritance practices among the Batak Toba, tracing the shift from a patriarchal tradition to a more equitable system that recognizes the rights of women. This research employs a qualitative approach, combining legal analysis with empirical data gathered through interviews and case studies within the Batak Toba community. The study examines customary laws, national legislation, and judicial decisions to understand the legal framework governing inheritance. Additionally, it delves into the lived experiences of individuals within the community to capture the social and cultural dimensions of inheritance practices. The findings reveal a gradual but significant shift in inheritance practices among the Batak Toba. While the patrilineal tradition remains influential, there is growing recognition of women's inheritance rights. This change is attributed to several factors, including increased education, economic empowerment of women, and greater awareness of gender equality principles. The study also highlights the role of legal reforms and judicial activism in challenging discriminatory customary laws and promoting a more inclusive approach to inheritance. The evolution of inheritance law in the Batak Toba community reflects a broader societal transformation towards gender equity. While challenges persist, the study underscores the importance of continued legal reforms, community engagement, and education to ensure the full realization of women's inheritance rights. The findings offer valuable insights for policymakers, legal practitioners, and community leaders working towards a more just and equitable society.

Post-Brexit council: winners and losers after the UK’s withdrawal from the EU

ABSTRACT This paper examines the impact of Brexit on the voting system in the Council. For this purpose, the study is developing a new voting model which abandons the assumption that each coalition of players is equally likely. The analysis focuses on the structure of blocking for the voting game. I find that for seven most populous Member States, Brexit has had profound effects on their ability to build minimal blocking coalitions in the Council when QMV is used. The Germany’s ability to build the smallest blocking coalitions has increased dramatically. The position of Italy and Spain, and consequently that of the Mediterranean states, has also been strengthening. Moreover, France has become a pivotal player in the disputes between the North and the South. These findings have important implications for institutional design, negotiations between Member States in the Council and the European Commission’s legislative influence as an agenda-setter.

Examining the Relationship Between Ecological Commitment, Environmental Knowledge, and Farmers’ Nature-Friendly Behavior: Investigating the Moderating Influence of Environmental Legislation

Examining the Relationship Between Ecological Commitment, Environmental Knowledge, and Farmers’ Nature-Friendly Behavior: Investigating the Moderating Influence of Environmental Legislation

Ethno-National Policy of Ukraine in the Context of National Security: Problems and Prospects [Polityka etniczno-narodowa Ukrainy w kontekście bezpieczeństwa narodowego: problemy i perspektywy

The process of national consolidation is closely related to the implementation of a consistent ethno-national policy in accordance with modern conditions. The integration of Ukraine into the European Union is impossible without the regulation of ethno-national development processes in accordance with the standards of the European Union. The effectiveness of the state’s ethno-national policy depends on the extent to which its principles and tasks reflect the ethno-national situation in the country, ensure the participation of civil society in the processes of regulating ethno-national relations. The legislation of Ukraine in the field of ethno-national policy was formed under the influence of internal international relations and international legislation. The analysis of the content of the national legislation shows that it enshrines fundamental international norms regarding the protection of national minorities, at the same time, it also has certain shortcomings: blurred provisions, lack of specification of basic terms, obsolescence of the legislative acts themselves, etc. New political realities require revision of most of the adopted legislative acts. Neglecting issues of ethno-national development carries the danger of turning the ethno-national factor from a cultural asset into a source of conflicts and contradictions, leading to the loss of the тational security and country’s territorial integrity. Unregulated relations between ethno-cultural groups aggravate the problems of inter-ethnic communication, create conflict situations, etc. The adoption of the Concept of the State target national and cultural program “Unity in Diversity” for the period until 2034, which was developed in close consultation with national minorities (communities) with the involvement of representatives of the European Commission, the Council of Europe, and embassies of ethnically related national minorities (communities) of Ukraine.

THE PROCESS OF THE ONE-TIER CORPORATE GOVERNANCE STRUCTURE ESTABLISHING IN UKRAINE AND THE HISTORICAL TENDENCIES OF ITS DEVELOPMENT

The article explores the tendencies of the one-tier corporate governance structure emergence in corporations operating within the territory of Ukraine through the study and analysis of legislative acts and relevant academic research. The purpose of the article is to investigate the continuity of the historical process of establishing the one-tier corporate governance structure within the territory of Ukraine. The conclusion formulated in the article is that the emergence of the one-tier corporate governance structure occurred at the moment when two circumstances converged for the first time in the corporation’s management structure: 1) separation of ownership (shareholding) from control; 2) Combining management and control functions in one collegial body (mostly named the «Board of Directors»). The author suggests that the formation of a collegial management body in corporations within the territory of Ukraine is a long-standing tradition, whereas the formation of a collegial management and control body never occurred until the adoption on February 27, 2022, the Law of Ukraine № 2465-IX “On Joint Stock Companies”. There is an analysis of the historical development and revaluation of corporate relations influenced by French law, which was hindered by the reluctance of the Russian Empire government to allow incorporation outside state control, and later by the inconsistent Soviet authorities’ policies in corporate law. The author investigates the historical development of corporate governance norms influenced by German law, which operated in the Austro-Hungarian Empire and later in Poland, extending its legislative influence for a certain period onto the territory of Ukraine. After regaining the independence of Ukraine on August 24, 1991, national corporate law both used to ensure the rights of shareholders to incorporate and to define the boundaries of corporate legal personality. All this formed the basis for accepting the one-tier corporate governance structure in 2022. The author considers the unquestionable acceptance of the one-tier corporate governance structure, which is not inherent to Ukrainian law, in the form it was formalized in several Western European countries, as the key characteristic of national legal norms.

Parents’ attitudes towards the No Jab No Play legislation in Western Australia: a mixed methods study

BackgroundMandates provide a relatively cost-effective strategy to increase vaccinate rates. Since 2014, five Australian states have implemented No Jab No Play (NJPlay) policies that require children to be fully immunised to attend early childhood education and childcare services. In Western Australia, where this study was conducted, NJNPlay legislation was enacted in 2019. While most Australian families support vaccine mandates, there are a range of complexities and unintended consequences for some families. This research explores the impact on families of the NJNPlay legislation in Western Australia (WA).MethodsThis mixed-methods study used an online parent/carer survey (n = 261) representing 427 children and in-depth interviews (n = 18) to investigate: (1) the influence of the NJNPlay legislation on decision to vaccinate; and (2) the financial and emotional impacts of NJNPlay legislation. Descriptive and bivariate tests were used to analyse the survey data and open-ended questions and interviews were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis to capture the experience and the reality of participants.ResultsApproximately 60% of parents intended to vaccinate their child. Parents who had decided not to vaccinate their child/ren were significantly more likely to experience financial [p < 0.001] and emotional impacts [p < 0.001], compared to those who chose to vaccinate because of the mandate. Qualitative data were divided with around half of participants supporting childhood immunisation and NJNPlay with others discussing concerns. The themes (a) belief in the importance of vaccination and ease of access, (b) individual and community protection, and (c) vaccine effectiveness, safety and alternatives help understand how parents’ beliefs and access may influence vaccination uptake. Unintended impacts of NJNPlay included: (a) lack of choice, pressure and coercion to vaccinate; (b) policy and community level stigma and discrimination; (c) financial and career impacts; and (d) loss of education opportunities.ConclusionsParents appreciation of funded immunisation programs and mandates which enhance individual and community protection was evident. However for others unintended consequences of the mandate resulted in significant social, emotional, financial and educational impacts. Long-term evidence highlights the positive impact of immunisation programs. Opinions of impacted families should be considered to alleviate mental health stressors.

УПРАВЛЕНИЕ АРХИТЕКТУРНО-СТРОИТЕЛЬНЫМИ ПРОЦЕССАМИ В ВОРОНЕЖСКОЙ ГУБЕРНИИ В КОНЦЕ XVIII – 60-х гг. XIX в.

The influence of all-Russian legislation and local administration on the formation and activities of the architectural and construction service in the Voronezh province during the period under study is analyzed. Based on archival data, changes in its structure and personnel composition, the activities of provincial and city architects in implementing installations coming from the capital were studied. Using the example of a province, the process of gradual decentralization of construction management on a state scale was studied, which led to the creation of an extensive structure of architectural and construction services built into local authorities. It is shown that in a number of cases the Voronezh experience had priority over the all-Russian one. The history of the creation of the first regular plan of Voronezh in 1774, which became an example of the interaction of provincial administrations with the “Commission on the stone structure of St. Petersburg and Moscow,” is studied. It has been proven that the position of provincial architect in Voronezh has existed since 1773, which is a unique phenomenon for the province. It has been established that Voronezh became one of the first provincial cities where the position of city architect was introduced. In 1805 it was occupied by T.S. Kondratiev. Previously unpublished materials from the collections of the Russian State Historical Archive and the State Archive of the Voronezh Region were analyzed and introduced into scientific circulation.

A statistical analysis of the Effectiveness of groundwater related policies in mitigating over-extraction in arid regions: Challenges and impacts

Groundwater, crucial in arid regions, faces persistent over-exploitation despite regulatory policies, particularly in Jordan's Northeast, heavily reliant on agriculture. This study assesses Jordan's groundwater policies across two periods: 1985–1998 (pre-policy) and 1998–2015 (post-policy). Contrary to expectations, the 1998 legislation showed no significant impact, with agricultural extraction rising by 18% post-policy. Groundwater levels consistently declined post-1998, averaging an annual 2-m drop and a cumulative 20-m drawdown over 25 years. This research provides a timely evaluation of water legislation's influence on groundwater, offering a unique resource for researchers. Recommendations stress policy enhancements for sustainable management, including advanced monitoring and water-efficient crops. Urgent legislative reforms, such as tariff increases, are crucial for groundwater sustainability. Despite existing laws, successful management demands stakeholder collaboration to ensure legislative objectives align with implementation, preserving this vital resource.

Identifying Features of a System of Practice to Inform a Contemporary Competency Framework for Paramedics in Canada.

Paramedic practice is highly variable, occurs in diverse contexts, and involves the assessment and management of a range of presentations of varying acuity across the lifespan. As a result, attempts to define paramedic practice have been challenging and incomplete. This has led to inaccurate or under-representations of practice that can ultimately affect education, assessment, and the delivery of care. In this study, we outline our efforts to better identify, explore, and represent professional practice when developing a national competency framework for paramedics in Canada. We used a systems-thinking approach to identify the settings, contexts, features, and influences on paramedic practice in Canada. This approach makes use of the role and influence of system features at the microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, supra-macrosystem, and chronosystem levels in ways that can provide new insights. We used methods such as rich pictures, diagramming, and systems mapping to explore relationships between these contexts and features. When we examine the system of practice in paramedicine, multiple layers become evident and within them we start to see details of features that ought to be considered in any future competency development work. Our exploration of the system highlights that paramedic practice considers the person receiving care, caregivers, and paramedics. It involves collaboration within co-located and dispersed teams that are composed of other health and social care professionals, public safety personnel, and others. Practice is enacted across varying geographical, cultural, social, and technical contexts and is subject to multiple levels of policy, regulatory, and legislative influence. Using a systems-thinking approach, we developed a detailed systems map of paramedic practice in Canada. This map can be used to inform the initial stages of a more representative, comprehensive, and contemporary national competency framework for paramedics in Canada.

Migration Policy of the Russian Federation: Concept, Formation and Development under the Influence of Administrative and Administrative Procedural Legislation

The article discusses the features of the migration policy of the Russian Federation. It has been established that migration policy in the administrative aspect represents an integral system of political, legal, social, economic and ideological measures to regulate migration processes, which are regulated by the norms of administrative and administrative procedural legislation. Attention is paid to the problems of the mechanism for regulating migration processes in the realities of the modern Russian Federation. The need to implement state migration and legal policy has been established, taking into account modern trends characteristic of the main directions of Russia’s activities in the migration sphere. Emphasis is placed on the need to develop the Migration Code of the Russian Federation, systematize migration legislation and its codification.

From the History of the Publication of the Opera The Woman with the Dagger: Vladimir Rebikov — Boris Jurgenson — Arthur Schnitzler

The article elucidates the history of the publication of Vladimir Ivanovich Rebikov’s opera The Woman with the Dagger in the Moscow-based publishing house P. Jurgenson, spanning the years 1910–1912. The context is disclosed of the creation of the work occurring at the beginning of the late period of the composer’s creativity, and a short characterization is given of the opera’s dramatic source — a play with the same title by outstanding Austrian dramaturgist and writer of the modern period of the early 20th century. The vicissitudes of the signing of the contract between the composer and the dramaturgist for the right of making use of the play leading to the two men’s resulting agreement with the publishing house are set forth in detail. Special attention is drawn to the new Russian copyright law of that time, created in 1911 with the influence of European legislation, and the rules are described that had to be followed by composers who set their music to already published texts when their works were performed outside of the Russian Empire. Light is shed on the circumstances of the creation of a new Russian libretto for the opera that simultaneously met the requirements of the law, Schnitzler’s wishes and Rebikov’s already written text (an adaptation of Lina Esbeer), the picture for the cover of the cover of the piano-vocal score (drawn by Czech artist Rudolf Adamek), as well as the details of the publication of the piano-vocal score and the brochure with the libretto by Jurgenson’s publishing house. The materials of the article are based on the correspondence of Vladimir Ivanovich Rebikov, the publisher at that time, Boris Petrovich Jurgenson and Arthur Schnitzler, the manuscripts of the opera The Woman with the Dagger (the piano-vocal score and the full orchestral score), as well as Rebikov’s biography, all of which are preserved in the archives of the Russian National Museum of Music. The epistolary is brought into scholarly use for the first time in that capacity; Schnitzler’s letters are published for the first time.

Organizational schemes for the state expertise process of design documentation depending on the level of implementation of information modeling technologies

The implementation of building information modeling (BIM) technologies is actively developing in Russia due to legislative influence. The authors of the article examined the process of the design documentation's examination depending on the level of building information modeling technologies' implementation. A gradation of BIM implementation levels in the examination process was applied: low, medium, high, on the basis of which three schemes of the organizational examination process were described. For each scheme, positive and negative aspects were analyzed. Questions that may arise when trying to implement each organizational scheme were formulated. For the practical implementation of each scheme by all participants in the process the necessary measures were described. The conclusions about the further vector of development in the realities of current legislation and the development of building information modeling technologies were drawn.

CONSTITUTIONALITY OF THE INSTITUTION OF CRIMINAL PROCEDURAL PREJUDICE

The authors considered the institution of criminal procedural prejudice and its compliance with the Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan, as it has a multidimensional holistic nature, arising in order to establish the circumstances to be proved in criminal proceedings. The study reveals the role, place and content of prejudice in criminal proceedings in Kazakhstan based on the study of law enforcement practice and analysis of legislation of foreign countries. Some problematic situations arising from the application of prejudice in criminal proceedings, as well as issues of implementation of new regulations on prejudice in criminal proceedings, are considered. The authors recognize prejudice as an established means of solving problems arising in the judicial and investigative practice in the legal field. It is noted that despite the noticeable influence of Russian criminal procedure science and legislation on the formation of this institution in Kazakhstan, the domestic legislator and the scientific community maintain a conservative attitude to the institution of prejudice. During the period of active formation of national legislation, the problem of harmoniously designed procedural institutions should not remain unresolved, especially if they contribute to the most effective administration of justice. Recognizing prejudice as a large and in many respects complex theoretical and applied problem of the science of Kazakhstan criminal procedure law, which still remains poorly developed and therefore in need of thorough and comprehensive research. Interestingly, the topic of prejudice is still not included in university law curricula, but in textbooks on criminal procedure (criminal procedure law) it is rarely affected. In the criminal procedure norm itself, which enshrines prejudice, the legislator has not established clear mechanisms for its implementation, and therefore, the authors propose options for harmonizing criminal procedure law, as well as adjusting the provisions of criminal procedure legislation on prejudice, as part of the institute of evidence, taking into account advanced foreign experience.

Hold your fire! Influence of female legislators on gun legislation in the United States

AbstractObjectiveThis article considers the influence of female legislators on gun legislation across U.S. states. Females have behavioral differences with males and likely different exposure to gun‐related violence.MethodUsing data from 1991 to 2020, we estimate the drivers of gun legislation across U.S. states. The dependent variables are alternately the total number of gun laws enacted and 5‐year differences in gun laws.ResultsWe find that female legislators in state houses significantly increase the supply of gun laws. Female senators, on the other hand, were no different from their male counterparts. In other results, states with greater population density had more gun laws, while economic prosperity, race, and the elderly population did not generally have significant effects. Finally, when special interest aspects, involving gun ownership, mass shooting episodes, and states with single‐party control of the legislative and executive branches are considered, mass shootings and single‐party control increase laws, while gun owners have the opposite effect. These findings show significance when 5‐year differences in gun laws are used.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that when it comes to gun legislation and female legislator representation, it matters which chamber of the legislature females are elected to. Furthermore, different interest groups can significantly bear upon gun legislation.