Influence Of Landscape Research Articles

Geochemical anomaly definition using stream sediments landscape modeling

Geochemical anomaly mapping is a crucial part of environmental and mineral exploration projects. Stream sediments are the most frequently sampling medium for geochemical mapping in regional scales, resulting from various geological processes. To enhance geochemical anomaly in stream sediments, the geochemical landscape, including topographic factors and drainage catchment basin extracted from a digital elevation model (DEM), and average precipitations, were applied. These factors were taken into consideration in this research to investigate the influence of the geochemical landscape constraints on the Mo polymetallic mineralization anomaly of stream sediments in a typical hilly area of Jining, Inner Mongolia, China, using Bayesian Maximum Entropy (BME) approach. Geographically weighted regression was applied to construct probability density function of soft data based on slope, aspect, drainage catchment basin and precipitation. Stream sediment data, at a scale of 1:200,000 (hard data), was integrated with the soft data to map stream sediment anomalies associated with molybdenum-polymetallic mineralization. Considering the influences of geochemical landscape during stream sediment anomaly identification can make up the shortage of missing and incomplete observations in regional geochemical data. By integrating the geochemical landscape factors during the stream sediment anomaly identification process, the impacts of the geochemical landscape on sediment dispersion halos were addressed, and the anomaly identification accuracy was improved. The anomaly areas defined by the BME model demonstrated that 31.41% of the study area contained 75% of the known mineral deposits and consequently the uncertainty of geochemical anomalies was reduced.

Species‐specific responses to landscape features shaped genomic structure within Alaska galliformes

AbstractAimConnectivity is vital to the resiliency of populations to environmental change and stochastic events, especially for cold‐adapted species as Arctic and alpine tundra habitats retract as the climate warms. We examined the influence of past and current landscapes on genomic connectivity in cold‐adapted galliformes as a critical first step to assess the vulnerability of Alaska ptarmigan and grouse to environmental change. We hypothesize that the mosaic of physical features and habitat within Alaska promoted the formation of genetic structure across species.LocationAlaska, United States of America.TaxaPtarmigan and Grouse (Galliformes: Tetraoninae).MethodsWe collected double digest restriction‐site‐associated DNA sequence data from six ptarmigan and grouse species (N = 13–145/species) sampled across multiple ecosystems up to ~10 degrees of latitude. Spatial genomic structure was analysed using methods that reflect different temporal scales: (1) principal components analysis to identify major trends in the distribution of genomic variation; (2) maximum likelihood clustering analyses to test for the presence of multiple genomic groupings; (3) shared co‐ancestry analyses to assess contemporary relationships and (4) effective migration surfaces to identify regions that deviate from a null model of isolation by distance.ResultsLevels of genomic structure varied across species (ΦST =0.009–0.042). Three general patterns of structure emerged: (1) east‐west partition located near the Yukon‐Tanana uplands; (2) north‐south split coinciding with the Alaska Range and (3) northern group near the Brooks Range. Species‐specific patterns were observed; not all landscape features were barriers to gene flow for all ptarmigan and grouse and temporal contrasts were detected at the Brooks Range.Main conclusionsWithin Alaska galliformes, patterns of genomic structure coincide with physiographic features and highlight the importance of physical and ecological barriers in shaping how genomic diversity is arrayed across the landscape. Lack of concordance in spatial patterns indicates that species behaviour and habitat affinities play key roles in driving the contrasting patterns of genomic structure.

Benchmarking a decade of holistic agro-environmental studies within the Agricultural Catchments Programme

Meeting sustainable food production challenges requires efficient ways to manage nutrients and mitigate the losses of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) to water. Future nutrient management therefore requires a clearer understanding of the relative influence of soils, geology, farm practice, landscape and weather on the propensity for nutrients to be lost to water. Within the Agricultural Catchments Programme (ACP), environmental, agronomic and socioeconomic data have been gathered since 2009, using the same experimental methodology in five meso-scale river catchments, and one karst spring zone, covering a range of soils, landscapes and farming systems. The ACP has contributed to a better understanding of nutrient mobilisation and transfer pathways and highlighted the influence of the physical and chemical environment as well as agricultural and meteorological drivers on diffuse nutrient loss to ground and surface waters. The environmental quality standards were breached for N and/or P in some of the catchments, but for different reasons and not always clearly linked to the source pressures within the catchment. There are clearly no one-size-fits-all solutions for mitigation of nutrient losses to water. A better understanding of the underlying processes is required to identify critical source areas, to select mitigation strategies, when to implement them and to build realistic expectations of their impact. Sustainability in an agricultural setting is not confined to environmental issues, but also includes social, economic and innovative aspects. To maximise farmers’ uptake of environmental measures, the actions should encompass all these aspects of sustainability. Integrated knowledge transfer is key.

William Turner: the sources of the rainbow theme in the art of Konstantin Somov

The article examines the influence of William Turner's landscapes with a rainbow on the landscapes of Konstantin Somov also depicting a rainbow of the late 1890s - mid 1920s. It is revealed that direct impressions from his paintings received in London played a large role in his passion for Turner's art. Thanks to them, Somov was carried away by the task of conveying a rainbow in a landscape as an atmospheric phenomenon. Essays on art history, i.e. written sources, are also found - the works of John Ruskin and Richard Muter prepared his interest in this master back in St Petersburg.

СТРУКТУРА СІЛЬСЬКОГОСПОДАРСЬКИХ ЛАНДШАФТІВ ЯК ОСНОВА ФОРМУВАННЯ ЗООЦЕНОЗІВ СЕРЕДНЬОГО ПРИДНІСТЕР'Я

Agricultural landscapes are the most common class of anthropogenic landscapes. In the structure of agricultural landscapes, there are subclasses of field, garden and meadow-pasture landscapes, which collectively make up to 80% of the area of the study area. To establish the influence of agricultural landscapes on the territorial distribution of zoocenoses of terrestrial vertebrates within Middle Transnistria. In the research process, landscape science, ecological and biogeocenotic approaches and principles of complexity and systematicity, natural-anthropogenic coexistence, constructivism, etc. were applied. The study of zoocenoses of anthropogenic landscapes was based on a system of general scientific and specific scientific methods: observation, analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, comparison and analogy, abstraction and generalization, and the bibliographic method were also used. Records of terrestrial vertebrates, and capture of amphibians, reptiles and small mammals were carried out by faunal methods, taking into account the specifics of individual groups of animals. The share of field landscapes corresponds to an average of 65%, of which the main part is located on watersheds and floodplain terraces. It was found that the zoocenotic composition of field landscapes is relatively impoverished, but the growth of zoodiversity is provided by “migrant animals” and animals that use fields to find food. Garden landscapes of Middle Transnistria occupy up to 5 %. The timeliness of certain groups of terrestrial vertebrates to garden landscapes was studied, a significant part of which belongs to dendrophilous species of birds and mammals. The reduction of anthropogenic load (compared to field landscapes) affected the growth of the species composition of all settled animal species, as well as nesting birds in garden landscapes. It was determined that meadow-pasture landscapes of Middle Transnistria occupy an average of about 9.5 % and are localized, as a rule, on the slopes of river valleys. In separate areas, they enter the plakors and river floodplains. A wider range of terrain types (increasing the number of ecological niches) influenced the growth of the overall species diversity of animals of this subclass of agricultural landscapes. We consider the need for systematic monitoring of zoocenoses in different classes of anthropogenic landscapes to be a generalization of our research. This will make it possible to trace their dynamics and form scientifically based recommendations regarding the protection and rational use of local areas of animal concentration.

Landscape and Management Influences on Smallholder Agroforestry Yields Show Shifts During a Climate Shock

Landscape and Management Influences on Smallholder Agroforestry Yields Show Shifts During a Climate Shock

Relating Knowledge and Perception of Sustainable Landscape Practices to the Adoption Intention of Environmentally Friendly Landscapes

The influence of traditional residential landscapes on humans and the environment has provoked a discussion on maintaining landscapes in a sustainable way and conserving water resources. Traditional American landscapes require water-intensive management. Previous research has discussed potential negative impacts on the environment from prevalent improper landscaping maintenance techniques. To mitigate long-term consequences, sustainable landscape management programs aim at protecting the environment from harmful inputs and conserving water. Among alternative practices, converting fully turfgrass lawns to sustainable landscapes is recommended. The Florida Friendly Landscaping (FFLTM) initiative is one such program designed to minimize negative impacts while maintaining and improving landscapes’ aesthetic characteristics. Although technological advancements in lawn care services have rapidly developed in the past few decades (e.g., smart irrigation systems), the level of homeowners’ knowledge and perceptions regarding sustainable practices are still at the forefront of potential factors that influence the widespread adoption of sustainable lawn management. Relatively few studies have investigated how homeowners’ knowledge and perceptions of sustainable landscapes affect adoption decisions. This study adapted Ajzen’s theory of planned behavior as a framework to examine how individuals’ knowledge and perceptions of sustainable landscapes influence their adoption intention, and to predict their pro-environmental behavior. We found that homeowners’ knowledge about lawns and landscapes (more knowledgeable) is positively correlated with their sustainable landscape adoption intention. Additionally, homeowners’ perceptions of landscape conservation practices (more agreeable with sustainable landscape practices) are positively correlated with sustainable landscape adoption intentions. The implications for policymakers and water conservation programs are discussed.

Mutual interaction between literature and architectural space

Examples of the interaction of literature and architectural space are considered in this article. The considered examples demonstrate the role of literature in solving various architectural problems. For example, social tasks related to the safety of the urban environment, in the creation of a unique image of the city, the development of stylistic trends, environmental problems. Human perception of architectural space, described in the literature, can make an invaluable contribution to scientific research in the social and humanitarian direction. The description of architectural spaces allows us to identify the level of comfort, the influence of architectural objects and landscape on people, the correspondence of the urban environment to the worldview of the townspeople. Both directions have huge scientific potential in research activities. The result of this research is the interpretation of the literary description of the subject environment of applied folk art in a modern interior. The architectural space has a scenic character reflecting the literary descriptions of the yurt's interior. This approach can be used as the main direction in the development of the concept of architectural spaces for different functional purposes. This article examines an example of a kindergarten organized according to the principle of "the walls teach".

Chromatin Landscape Dynamics in the Early Development of the Plant Parasitic Nematode Meloidogyne incognita.

In model organisms, epigenome dynamics underlies a plethora of biological processes. The role of epigenetic modifications in development and parasitism in nematode pests remains unknown. The root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita adapts rapidly to unfavorable conditions, despite its asexual reproduction. However, the mechanisms underlying this remarkable plasticity and their potential impact on gene expression remain unknown. This study provides the first insight into contribution of epigenetic mechanisms to this plasticity, by studying histone modifications in M. incognita. The distribution of five histone modifications revealed the existence of strong epigenetic signatures, similar to those found in the model nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. We investigated their impact on chromatin structure and their distribution relative to transposable elements (TE) loci. We assessed the influence of the chromatin landscape on gene expression at two developmental stages: eggs, and pre-parasitic juveniles. H3K4me3 histone modification was strongly correlated with high levels of expression for protein-coding genes implicated in stage-specific processes during M. incognita development. We provided new insights in the dynamic regulation of parasitism genes kept under histone modifications silencing. In this pioneering study, we establish a comprehensive framework for the importance of epigenetic mechanisms in the regulation of the genome expression and its stability in plant-parasitic nematodes.

PAYSAGES NATURELS SUPPORTS DE PRATIQUESSPORTIVES : UNE ANALYSE Á PARTIR DE TROISESPACES À DAKAR (SÉNÉGAL)

Abstract This reflection focuses on the landscape/sport binomial. Although this issue has been little documented in Senegal, it has been widely studied in other parts of the world. The contemporary practice of sport in a city like Dakar is obviously subject to the smallness of public spaces. The landscapes sought by urban athletes are therefore those that are generally open with some natural content.Three sites located in the agglomeration of Dakar were selected for this study. These were the Corniche Ouest de Dakar, the Hann Forest and Zoological Park, and Grande Niaye de Pikine (Technopôle). The analysiscombined elements of field observation and surveys of people practicing a popular sport. One hundred and fifty people (150) were interviewed about their relationship to landscapes in the practice of sport. This is necessary to appreciate the influence of landscapes in the use of these sites and the type of sport. The study showed that landscape elements such as the beach, the sea breeze, the presence of vegetation constitute the main reason for visiting these areas. A proportion of 78% of the people surveyed consider that sports contribute to the enhancement of the natural landscape. At the same time, some people think that the installations give more assets for an optimal frequentation of the athletes. Keywords: Landscapes, sports, western corniche, natural spaces, Dakar

Influence of local landscape and time of year on bat-road collision risks

Roads impact bat populations through habitat loss and collisions. High quality habitats particularly increase bat mortalities on roads, yet many questions remain concerning how local landscape features may influence bat behaviour and lead to high collision risks (e.g. influence of distance to trees, or of vegetation density). When comparing the potential danger of different road sections, the most popular method today is the use of simple bat detectors to assess the local densities of current populations at road sites. Yet, it is not known to which extent bat behaviour influences collisions (i.e. bats flying at vehicle height or on the side or above, co-occurrence of bats and vehicles). Behaviour is very rarely taken into account in practice, and this might lead to hazardous site selections for mitigation. Our goals were thus (i) to estimate how local landscape characteristics affect each of the conditional events leading to collisions (i.e. bat presence, flight in the zone at collision risk and bat-vehicle co-occurrence), and (ii) to determine which of the conditional events most contributed to collisions risks.

Influence of Recreational, Landscape and Protective Functions on the Value of Forest, Wooded and Bushy Properties in Urbanized Areas on the Example of the Local Market of the City of Krakow

Abstract The paper presents a proposal for an approach to the valuation of forest, wooded and bushy real estate located in cities, which allows for the assessment of the impact of natural, protective and landscape factors on the value of this type of real estate. The main problem in the valuation of this type of real estate is the correct estimation of the impact on the value of the non-production factors described above. Considering the above, the main goal of the study was to identify the factors influencing the prices and value of forested, wooded and shrubby properties located in urbanized areas. The supplementary goal was to confirm the suitability of the methods and statistical models used in the study for similar measurements. By implementing the adopted goals, the article presents an analysis of the impact of these factors on the prices and value of real estate. The study covered the southwest part of the city of Kraków, located between the Vistula River and the Kraków-Rzeszów railway line in the north and east, and the southern and western border of the city. Urban forests perform mainly social functions, constituting only a marginal source of wood raw material. The results of the study showed that, in the case of similar properties, prices are significantly influenced by factors such as location, type and nature of the surroundings, form of access to the road, landscape and recreational values, manner of use and development status, as well as the permissible form of development, which is a measure of the profitability of timber production. The work ended with a discussion on the results and proposed directions for further research.

Ice Nucleating Particle Connections to Regional Argentinian Land Surface Emissions and Weather During the Cloud, Aerosol, and Complex Terrain Interactions Experiment

AbstractHere, we present a multi‐season study of ice‐nucleating particles (INPs) active via the immersion freezing mechanism, which took place in north‐central Argentina, a worldwide hotspot for mesoscale convective storms. INPs were measured untreated, after heating to 95°C, and after hydrogen peroxide digestion. No seasonal cycle of INP concentrations was observed. Heat labile INPs, which we define as “biological” herein, dominated the population active at −5 to −20°C, while non‐heat‐labile organic INPs (decomposed by peroxide) dominated at lower temperatures, from −20 to −28°C. Inorganic INPs (remaining after peroxide digestion), were minor contributors to the overall INP activity. Biological INP concentration active around −12°C peaked during rain events and under high relative humidity, reflecting emission mechanisms independent of the background aerosol concentration. The ratio of non‐heat‐labile organic and inorganic INPs was generally constant, suggesting they originated from the same source, presumably from regional arable topsoil based on air mass histories. Single particle mass spectrometry showed that soil particles aerosolized from a regionally common agricultural topsoil contained known mineral INP sources (K‐feldspar and illite) as well as a significant organic component. The INP activity observed in this study correlates well with agricultural soil INP activities from this and other regions of the world, suggesting that the observed INP spectra might be typical of many arable landscapes. These results demonstrate the strong influence of regional continental landscapes, emitting INPs of types that are not yet well represented in global models.

Foodways in Roman Republican Italy By Laura M. Banducci. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press 2021. Pp. 366. $85. ISBN 9780472132300 (cloth).

<i>Foodways in Roman Republican Italy</i> By Laura M. Banducci. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press 2021. Pp. 366. $85. ISBN 9780472132300 (cloth).

Functional connectivity in sympatric spiny rats reflects different dimensions of Amazonian forest‐association

AbstractAimUnderstanding how the landscape influences gene flow is important in explaining biodiversity, especially when co‐distributed taxa across heterogeneous landscapes exhibit species‐specific habitat associations. Here, we test predictions about the effects of forest‐type on population connectivity in two sympatric species of spiny rats that differ in their forest associations. Specifically, we evaluate the hypothesis that seasonal floodplain forests (várzea) provide linear connectivity, facilitating gene flow among individuals, while non‐flooded forests (terra‐firme) may diminish the functional connectivity.LocationWestern Amazon, South America.TaxonProechimys simonsi (non‐flooded forests, terra‐firme) and Proechimys steerei (seasonal floodplain forests, várzea).MethodsWe analyse about 13,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms along with characterizations of landscape heterogeneity for two forest types to test for differences in the functional connectivity. Influence of the landscape and environmental variables are quantified using maximum‐likelihood population effect models to identify the relative importance of variables in explaining the gene flow.ResultsThere are significant differences in functional connectivity between species. However, the genomic data does not support the conventional hypotheses of higher connectivity for inhabitants of várzea than those of terra‐firme. Stronger genetic structure in P. steerei than P. simonsi based on isolation by distance models suggests reduced gene flow in species associated with várzea forests. Isolation by resistance reinforces that wetland habitats inhibit and promote the functional connectivity in P. simonsi and P. steerei, respectively, although large distances along the rivers can prevent gene flow in P. steerei.Main conclusionInterpreting differences between connectivity in taxa apparent from genetic analyses through the lens of a single dimension of Amazonian heterogeneity—that is, forest type—may be an oversimplification. Our statistical modelling and fit of the data to different models points to specific environmental and habitat differences between the ecological divergent spiny rat species that may contribute to differences in the genetic structure of these sympatric taxa.

Diverse biosphere influence on carbon and heat in mixed urban Mediterranean landscape revealed by high resolution thermal and optical remote sensing

A fundamental challenge in verifying urban CO2 emissions reductions is estimating the biological influence that can confound emission source attribution across heterogeneous and diverse landscapes. Recent work using atmospheric radiocarbon revealed a substantial seasonal influence of the managed urban biosphere on regional carbon budgets in the Los Angeles megacity, but lacked spatially explicit attribution of the diverse biological influences needed for flux quantification and decision making. New high-resolution maps of land cover (0.6 m) and irrigation (30 m) derived from optical and thermal sensors can simultaneously resolve landscape influences related to vegetation type (tree, grass, shrub), land use, and fragmentation needed to accurately quantify biological influences on CO2 exchange in complex urban environments. We integrate these maps with the Urban Vegetation Photosynthesis and Respiration Model (UrbanVPRM) to quantify spatial and seasonal variability in gross primary production (GPP) across urban and non-urban regions of Southern California Air Basin (SoCAB). Results show that land use and landscape fragmentation have a significant influence on urban GPP and canopy temperature within the water-limited Mediterranean SoCAB climate. Irrigated vegetation accounts for 31% of urban GPP, driven by turfgrass, and is more productive (1.7 vs 0.9 μmol m−2 s−1) and cooler (2.2 ± 0.5 K) than non-irrigated vegetation during hot dry summer months. Fragmented landscapes, representing mostly vegetated urban greenspaces, account for 50% of urban GPP. Cooling from irrigation alleviates strong warming along greenspace edges within 100 m of impervious surfaces, and increases GPP by a factor of two, compared to non-irrigated edges. Finally, we note that non-irrigated shrubs are typically more productive than non-irrigated trees and grass, and equally productive as irrigated vegetation. These results imply a potential water savings benefit of urban shrubs, but more work is needed to understand carbon vs water usage tradeoffs of managed vs unmanaged vegetation.

Identifying the drivers of water yield ecosystem service: A case study in the Yangtze River Basin, China

The Yangtze River Basin (YRB) is a region of vital economic and ecological importance in China, facing challenges of water scarcity and flooding underpinned by complex, yet underexplored, interactions between anthropogenic and biophysical changes. This study conducted a multi-scale analysis to (i) quantitatively evaluate the spatio-temporal patterns of the water yield ecosystem service of the whole of YRB from 2000 to 2015 using the InVEST model and (ii) investigate the interactive influence of climate, land-use, landscape, and socio-economic factors on the sub-watershed level water yield using the automatic linear and geographically weighted regression modelling. The results pinpointed regions of high and increasing water yield in the southeast of YRB, and that of low and decreasing water yield in the northwest. The YRB’s water yield was found to, in particular, be associated with the average annual precipitation and the extent of the urban area. We identified three interaction effects, which suggest that fostering connected patches in afforestation practices, maintaining slow-pace enhancement in compact urban development and improving the regularity of cropland’s shape in small-scale agriculture development are necessary to sustain the supply of water yield ecosystem service. Our study provides new insights into the joint effects of anthropogenic and biophysical factors underpinning the supply of YRB’s water yield ecosystem service, and sheds light on the indirect pathways of managing water resources via controlling local-level landscape metrics.

Ecological and spatial variations of legacy and emerging contaminants in white-tailed sea eagles from Germany: Implications for prioritisation and future risk management

The increasing use of chemicals in the European Union (EU) has resulted in environmental emissions and wildlife exposures. For approving a chemical within the EU, producers need to conduct an environmental risk assessment, which typically relies on data generated under laboratory conditions without considering the ecological and landscape context. To address this gap and add information on emerging contaminants and chemical mixtures, we analysed 30 livers of white-tailed sea eagles (Haliaeetus albicilla) from northern Germany with high resolution-mass spectrometry coupled to liquid and gas chromatography for the identification of >2400 contaminants. We then modelled the influence of trophic position (δ15N), habitat (δ13C) and landscape on chemical residues and screened for persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic (PBT) properties using an in silico model to unravel mismatches between predicted PBT properties and observed exposures. Despite having generally low PBT scores, most detected contaminants were medicinal products with oxfendazole and salicylamide being most frequent. Chemicals of the Stockholm Convention such as 4,4′-DDE and PCBs were present in all samples below toxicity thresholds. Among PFAS, especially PFOS showed elevated concentrations compared to other studies. In contrast, PFCA levels were low and increased with δ15N, which indicated an increase with preying on piscivorous species. Among plant protection products, spiroxamine and simazine were frequently detected with increasing concentrations in agricultural landscapes. The in silico model has proven to be reliable for predicting PBT properties for most chemicals. However, chemical exposures in apex predators are complex and do not solely rely on intrinsic chemical properties but also on other factors such as ecology and landscape. We therefore recommend that ecological contexts, mixture toxicities, and chemical monitoring data should be more frequently considered in regulatory risk assessments, e.g. in a weight of evidence approach, to trigger risk management measures before adverse effects in individuals or populations start to manifest.

Occupancy of chainsaw-carved hollows by an Australian arboreal mammal is influenced by cavity attributes and surrounding habitat

The creation of mechanically carved tree cavities to provide supplementary shelter for hollow-dependent wildlife is increasingly popular in conservation management programs. However, there is limited empirical evidence quantifying how the features of their design and broader placement within the landscape influence use by target fauna. In this study, we took a multi-scale approach to investigating the use of chainsaw hollows (CHs) by a target native arboreal marsupial, Krefft’s Glider Petaurus notatus. We hypothesized that Krefft’s Gliders would respond to attributes of: (1) the CH itself; (2) the tree into which it was installed; and (3) the habitat within the reserve in which it was located. We monitored occupancy (over 2.7 years, using a pole camera) of 48 CHs installed in live Eucalyptus trees across multiple reserves in Melbourne, Australia, plus visitation (over ∼3 months, using camera traps) to 40 of the CHs. Mixed models were used to relate the occupancy of CHs by Krefft’s Gliders to field-collected data on various attributes of CHs at all three scales. From a total of 35,219 visitations across the 40 CHs, we recorded 13 native hollow-dependent species (five mammals, eight birds) visiting CHs. During 14 pole-camera inspections, Krefft’s Glider occupied 60% of the 48 CHs at least once, with 4% used as maternal dens during breeding. Four exotic species were also recorded visiting and/or occupying CHs. Orientation and volume both significantly affected occupancy: Krefft’s Gliders were more likely to occupy larger CHs, and those facing north and west (possibly related to microclimate). Tree-scale attributes did not affect occupancy, but Krefft’s Gliders were more likely to occupy CHs further from reserve edges, and where local density of Black Wattles (Acacia mearnsii: an important food resource) and low vegetation cover (100–200 cm above ground) was increased. Our findings show that CHs can provide supplementary shelters for Krefft’s Gliders when natural hollows are limited. Practitioners should consider both the physical characteristics of the cavity (e.g. volume) and the surrounding habitat (e.g. availability of foraging resources) to enhance the use of CHs by target species. The ongoing availability of CHs to target species will also be influenced by their use by exotic species, and potential for closure as woundwood grows. In an Australian context, a lack of knowledge about the specific features of natural hollows to which hollow-dependent fauna respond, means it is critical for policy and management to prioritize the retention of mature hollow-bearing trees.

Complex Vulnerabilities of the Water and Aquatic Carbon Cycles to Permafrost Thaw

The spatial distribution and depth of permafrost are changing in response to warming and landscape disturbance across northern Arctic and boreal regions. This alters the infiltration, flow, surface and subsurface distribution, and hydrologic connectivity of inland waters. Such changes in the water cycle consequently alter the source, transport, and biogeochemical cycling of aquatic carbon (C), its role in the production and emission of greenhouse gases, and C delivery to inland waters and the Arctic Ocean. Responses to permafrost thaw across heterogeneous boreal landscapes will be neither spatially uniform nor synchronous, thus giving rise to expressions of low to medium confidence in predicting hydrologic and aquatic C response despite very high confidence in projections of widespread near-surface permafrost disappearance as described in the 2019 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate: Polar Regions. Here, we describe the state of the science regarding mechanisms and factors that influence aquatic C and hydrologic responses to permafrost thaw. Through synthesis of recent topical field and modeling studies and evaluation of influential landscape characteristics, we present a framework for assessing vulnerabilities of northern permafrost landscapes to specific modes of thaw affecting local to regional hydrology and aquatic C biogeochemistry and transport. Lastly, we discuss scaling challenges relevant to model prediction of these impacts in heterogeneous permafrost landscapes.