Influence Of Gross Domestic Product Research Articles

Exploring the Relationship Between Manpower and Economic Indicator in Indonesia: A 30-Year Analysis

This research investigates the relationship between manpower and economic Indicator in Indonesia over a 30-year period from 1992 to 2022. Specifically, it examines the influence of Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Education, Age, Final Consumption Expenditure, Foreign Direct Investment, and Inflation on Wages, alongside the effects of employment and economic growth instruments. This study using Error Correction Model (ECM) along with unit root test, cointegration test, and Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) dependent test approach with the result that all of variables are stationary at the 1st difference level, this study aims to see the long-run and to know short-run relationship among the variables. The findings reveal a significant long-term relationship between wages and factors such as GDP (0.0000), higher education level (0.0006), secondary education level (0.0009) government spending (0.0149), and inflation (0.0312), while other variables such as basic education (0.0751), age of labour (0.3256), and Foreign Direct Investment (0.3417) are insignificant, while the short-run impact is seen to be less significant. This research proves that economic growth will always affect wages and the importance of controlling inflation as well as stabilising economic conditions to influence wages positively. Through rigorous statistical testing, this study contributes to understanding the dynamics affecting wages in Indonesia, highlighting the critical role of economic and demographic factors.

Assessing the effect of trade and FDI on growth-unemployment nexus

Research background: Unemployment is a huge topic for policymakers, scholars, and, in general, society. Historically, there have always been a lot of discussions about this phenomenon. It is already acknowledged that unemployment is closely related to economic activity: when the economy is growing, more people are employed, and when economic activity is low, employment decreases, and unemployment rises. This relation is well-researched in the framework of Okun’s law. However, it is far less known how this relationship holds if international economic relations are introduced. Thus, the motivation for the research was to examine the role of international trade and foreign direct investment (FDI) on the growth-unemployment nexus. Purpose of the article: To assess how trade and FDI affect growth and gender-, age-, and educational attainment level-specific unemployment relationship and on what scale this effect varies over different business cycle phases. Methods: Scientific literature review, comparative analysis, and panel regression. Findings & value added: Given the lack of research examining what effect FDI and trade have on the growth-unemployment nexus, this paper estimates modified Okun’s equation on the European Union (EU) countries (EU–28, by the composition of the EU until 31/01/2020) for the period from 2000 to 2019 while incorporating international aspects that can have an impact on this nexus. Also, this study develops a specification that can be useful to monitor the potentially different effects of FDI and trade on the growth-unemployment nexus during different business cycle phases. The estimations of the panel regression for unemployment disaggregated by age, gender and education level has showed that import, export, inward FDI, and outward FDI have a negative effect on the growth-unemployment nexus. It means that with an increase in the intensity of international economic relations, the influence of gross domestic product (GDP) growth on unemployment becomes less significant. Thus, the effectiveness of expansionary fiscal policy to reduce unemployment becomes less effective in more open economies, which in the case of the EU are the smallest member states with relatively small domestic markets.

Long-term trends of infant mortality rates in post-socialist EU countries

Motives: Post-socialist European countries experienced significant political turmoil and economic and social changes in the late 1980s and the early 1990s due to regime change. These changes had a profound impact on their subsequent socioeconomic and demographic development. Since infant mortality rates (IMRs) are closely related to socio-economic changes, this study was undertaken to determine whether these changes affected IMRs in the transitional period.Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the changes in IMRs in eleven post-socialist European countries that are currently European Union (EU) members, and to compare IMRs in these countries with the remaining EU Member States. The changes in the slope of the IMR trend line were determined by a joinpoint regression analysis. The influence of gross domestic product (GDP) per capita based on purchasing power parity (PPP) on IMRs in all EU countries was also examined.Results: It was found that the collapse of the socialist regime increased IMRs in post-socialist EU countries, and that contrary to other EU Member States, the changes in GDP per capita PPP continue to have a significant impact on IMRs in post-socialist EU countries.

Re‐estimating the pollution haven–halo hypotheses for Brazil via a machine learning procedure

AbstractIn this study, we re‐examined the pollution haven and halo hypotheses in Brazil for approximately five decades (1970–2019) while controlling for the effects of income, renewable energy and natural resource depletion. For clearer insights, the study employed both the conventional autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) and the enhanced kernel regularized least squares (KRLS) techniques. Notably, the KRLS is a flexible machine learning nonlinear analytical technique that explains the interactions of the regressand and the regressors both at the average and across a range of quantiles. After ascertaining cointegration through the bounds tests and the Bayer–Hanck procedures, the following empirical outcomes emerged: The ARDL result suggests the acceptance of the pollution haven hypothesis in Brazil in both the short and long runs. However, the KRLS technique reveals that foreign direct investment (FDI) could enhance environmental quality (pollution halo) within the 25th quantile of the distributions of CO2 emissions. However, at the 50th and 70th quantiles, the pollution haven hypothesis is rectified. This suggests the adoption of varying policy options to ensure continuous inflows of FDI without compromising environmental quality. Additionally, among the control variables, a U‐shaped environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) structure is revealed from the influence of gross domestic product (GDP); renewable energy ensures a clean environment at all times, while resource rent ensures a clean environment only at the 25th and 50th quantiles of the distributions. Policies that could lead to clean environments in Brazil have been provided.

The Role of Energy Consumption and Economic Growth on Carbon Emission- Application of Artificial Neural Network

This paper examines the influence of gross domestic product (GDP) and energy consumption (renewable energy and non-renewable energy) on carbon emissions in European Union (EU) Countries use of panel data from 2000 to 2020. By using Artificial Neural Network (ANN) machine learning computational technique, variables are categorized into input and output parameters. The result from the analyses shows that RMSE values of all variables are significant. Further, the normalized importance obtained from the multilayer perception ANN algorithm highlights the importance of variables and their association. The finding suggests that EU countries should adopt a clean energy strategy and policy for environmental protection without compromising economic growth.

Influence of Selected Macro-Economic Factors on Liquidity of Deposit Taking Saccos in Nairobi County

The study’s general objective was to investigate the influence of macro-economic variables on liquidity of deposit taking SACCOs. The specific objectives of the research were to establish the influence of gross domestic product on liquidity of deposit taking SACCOs in Nairobi County, influence of inflation rates, exchange rate and interest rates on liquidity of deposit taking SACCOs in Nairobi County. Descriptive research design was used in the study. The researcher targeted a population of all the 42-deposit taking SACCOs in Nairobi County. The study considered use of census technique and secondary data covering a five-year period from 2018 to 2022. The researcher collected data from audited financial reports which were collected from each of the deposit taking SACCOs, SASRA, Kenya National Bureau of Statistics and the central bank of Kenya. Analysis of data was done using both descriptive and inferential statistics and Microsoft Excel to calculate the mean score as a measure of central tendency, frequency percentages and standard deviation as a measure of data dispersion. Data was analyzed using a multiple regression analysis model using SPSS version 26.0 as the data analysis tool. The results of this study demonstrated that, throughout the years examined, there is a negative correlation between the inflation rate and the liquidity of deposit-taking SACCOs. This indicates that, over the years examined, a spike in inflation led to a decline in the liquidity of deposit-taking SACCOs. In each of the years examined, there was a correlation between the gross domestic product and the deposit-taking SACCOs' liquidity. This indicates that over the years examined, an increase in the gross domestic product led to an increase in the liquidity deposit taking SACCOs. In each of the years examined, there was a favorable correlation between interest rates and deposit-taking SACCOs. This indicates that an increase in interest rates led to an increase in the liquidity of deposit-taking SACCOs during all the years under consideration. Additionally, there was a negative correlation between exchange rates and the liquidity of deposit-taking SACCOs during all the years under consideration. This indicates that during all years of investigation, an increase in exchange rates resulted in a drop in the liquidity of deposit-taking SACCOs. The report makes the following recommendations in order to increase liquidity in deposit-taking SACCOs in Kenya: The Government should carefully monitor and sensibly regulate the macroeconomic variables. Inflation should be under government control as well because it negatively affects deposit-taking SACCOs' ability to maintain liquidity. Finally, the government should work to raise the nation's GDP because it will help with liquidity.

European Green Deal: The Impact of the Level of Renewable Energy Source and Gross Domestic Product per Capita on Energy Import Dependency

The level of renewable energy use and economic development of a country, as separate indicators, have an influence on the level of energy resource imports, but the mutual impact of renewable energy sources and gross national product on the growth or decrease of energy imports dependency have not been studied. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the energy security of European countries by taking into account the consumption of renewable energy sources and the economic development of the countries. In particular, the article examines the relationship between energy import dependency, gross domestic product (per capita), and renewable energy sources in 27 countries in the European Union. Regression analysis of data on EU countries for 11 years (from 2011 to 2021) was used to determine the non-linear influence of gross domestic product and renewable energy use on energy import dependency. This influence was simulated by a second-order regression equation. The analysis of the equation for extremes made it possible to conclude that with a share of energy from renewable sources at the level of 32%, the economic development of a country does not require an increase in energy import dependency, and with larger values of energy from renewable sources, a decrease in energy import dependency may occur. In addition, according to the analysis of the obtained mathematical dependence, it is recommended that countries with a gross domestic product of up to 10,000 euros per capita use renewable energy sources at the level of 40%. For the countries with a domestic product of up to 30,000 euros per capita should use renewable sources at the level of 50%. For countries with a gross domestic product of more than 30,000 euros per capita, renewable energy sources at a level of more than 55% is recommended. A high level of renewable energy use will allow a country to increase its gross domestic product without a significant increase in energy import dependency, and at the level of renewable energy sources of more than 32%, an increase in gross domestic product does not actually lead to an increase in energy import dependency. An increase in the use of renewable energy sources above 40% of the total consumption of energy resources in a specific country, in particular, and in the European Union, in general, will ensure an increase in energy security and an increase in the level of energy independence.

Impact of Gross Domestic Product on the Growth of Bond Markets in Kenya

Purpose: Bond markets are an example of financial markets that are very essential in promoting greater economic efficiency by channeling funds from savers to investors. This study investigated the influence of gross domestic product on growth of bond market in Kenya. The study further examined the moderating effect of diaspora remittance on the relationship between gross domestic product and the growth of bond market in Kenya.
 Methodology: Secondary data was obtained from the CBK, KNBS and NSE and covered a period of 20 years. Time series regression analysis was used in the study. The study employed descriptive research design.
 Findings: The study established that the gross domestic product had a major effect on the growth of bond market for the period of study. The study findings revealed that the GDP had a strong positive influence on the growth of bond markets. After moderation the effect improved more with the significance p-value. The study concluded that there was a positive statistically significant effect of GDP on bond market growth in Kenya.
 Unique Contribution to Theory, Policy and Practice: The study recommended that the capital market authority as a policy maker should enhance policies that promote investment in the bond market. Further studies should also be carried out incorporating other macroeconomic variables not included in this study. Finally, the study also recommended that CBK should ensure that it improves on measures that control the GDP and diaspora remittance as they influence the growth of bond market.

Novel research methods for estimating the impact of energy use on ecological environment: evidence from B.R.I.C.S. economies

The current study looked at the influence of fossil-fuel energy (E.U.) consumption, renewable power generation and greenhouse gas emissions in Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa (B.R.I.C.S.) between 1990 and 2020. The latest study also takes into account the influence of gross domestic product (G.D.P.) and technological innovation on carbon emissions. Using cross-sectional dependence and slope heterogeneity, the order of the unit root is also determined. The findings acquired by the application of moment quantile regression. The research finds that G.D.P. and the usage of E.U. increase carbon emissions at the 25th, 50th, 75th and 90th quantiles. On the other hand, renewable energy generation and technical innovation reduce carbon emissions at the 25th, 50th, 75th and 90th quantiles. Furthermore, while implementing B.R.I.C.S. economies' energy, environment, and growth policies based on empirical data, policymakers should analyse the asymmetry behaviour of G.D.P., E.U. consumption, renewable power output and technological innovation.

Individual and Province-level Determinants of Unemployed NEET as Young People’s Productivity Indicator in Indonesia During 2020: A Multilevel Analysis Approach

Nowadays, employment has become one of the focus of attention for developing countries, including Indonesia. This is one of the urgencies that must be addressed considering that the Indonesian population is entering the demographic divident period. Success in achieving the demographic divident is very dependent on the employment conditions of young people in realizing a low level of dependence. However, obstacles in terms of education and employment are still experienced by youth which can be seen from the percentage of NEET from Year-on-Year (YoY), especially in 2020 it is exacerbated by Covid-19 pandemic. Based on these problems, it is necessary to research NEET in Indonesia in 2020. This study uses 2020 National Labor Force Survey (Sakernas) data which is analyzed by using multilevel binary logistic regression analysis. The unemployed status of young NEETs is influenced by gender, age, marital status, highest education completed, disability status, classification of the area of residence, and recent migrant status. There is a multilevel effect in the NEET assessment of young people as evidenced by the influence of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and Human Development Index (HDI). The research results are expected to be used as a reference in making policies to optimizing the mismatch program on the pre-employment card to bridge the young age of job seekers with available job opportunities and based on the province-level variable, the province government are expected to maximize the province-level variables that affect the tendency of NEETs to remain active in the labor market. that are targeted towards the NEET problem in Indonesia.

The Impact of Economic, Energy, and Environmental Factors on the Development of the Hydrogen Economy

This article attempts to model interdependencies between socio-economic, energy, and environmental factors with selected data characterizing the development of the hydrogen economy. The study applies Spearman’s correlation and a linear regression model to estimate the influence of gross domestic product, population, final energy consumption, renewable energy, and CO2 emission on chosen hydrogen indicators—production, patents, energy technology research, development, and demonstration budgets. The study was conducted in nine countries selected for their actions towards a hydrogen economy based on analyses of national strategies, policies, research and development programs, and roadmaps. The results confirm the statistically significant impact of the chosen indicators, which are the drivers for the development of the hydrogen economy from 2008 to 2018. Moreover, the empirical results show that different characteristics in each country contribute to the development of the hydrogen economy vision.

Global caries experience in children and its relationship with government expenditures on education and health, sugar consumption, and years of schooling: An ecological study.

To evaluate the influence of gross domestic product (GDP), government expenditures on education and health (% of GDP), per capita sugar consumption, and years of schooling on caries experience (DMFT) in 12-year-old children globally. The study analyzed global data of GDP, sugar consumption, years of schooling, expenditure on education and health, and DMFT from 69 countries. Information about DMFT and sugar consumption was retrieved from the World Health Organization while data of other study variables were available from the United Nations Development Program. Data were compared among low, middle, and high-income countries. Sugar consumption (p=0.005) and years of schooling increased progressively from low-income to high-income countries (p < 0.001). The greater percentage of GDP was spent on health (6.55 ± 2.94) than on education (3.48 ± 2.60). Upper-middle-income countries had the highest mean DMFT score (2.23 ± 1.23) and per capita sugar consumption (33.28 ± 14.06). High-income countries spent 4.33% of their GDP on education followed by low-income countries (3.92%) (p=0.037). Similar trends were observed with regards to the percentage of GDP spent on health (p=0.003). Univariate analysis showed a significant negative correlation between the percentage of GDP spent on education (r=-0.252, p=0.037) and DMFT. Significant correlation remained in multivariate analysis; the percentage of GDP spent on education and DMFT in children (B=-0.128, p=0.028). Low, middle, and high-income countries demonstrated significant inequalities regarding caries experience, sugar consumption, and share of GDP spent on health and education. Increasing the share of GDP on education may reduce caries burden in children globally.

The Influence of Gross Domestic Product and Human Development Index on CO2 Emissions

Economic development runs hand in hand with a reduction of durability and functionality of the environment. Development-oriented in the pursuit of growth is too often ignored aspect of environmental management. Development that aims to prosper the people, ultimately becoming the life support system of the destroyer (in this case the environment). The object of this research is to analyze the effect of Gross National Product and the Human Development Index against the CO2 Emissions in 6 countries of the ASEAN countries and Japan. The methods used in this research is a panel data regression is a combination of the time series and cross section of 6 countries of ASEAN countries and Japan. The results of this study found that Gross National Product effect was positive but not significantly to CO2 while Human Development Index positive and insignificant effect against CO2.

Impact of Employed Labor Force, Investment, and Remittances on Economic Growth in EU Countries

This paper analyzes the evolution and influence of gross domestic product per capita, labor force participation rate, gross fixed capital formation, and personal remittances on economic growth for European Union (EU) countries, using data from the World Bank (1996–2019) and from Eurostat (the first two quarters 2019–2020). The study has three components: statistical analysis, analysis of the evolution for each country and EU, and estimation of the impact on economic growth rate by using a linear multifactorial regression model for 1996–2019, 1996–2008, and 2009–2019. The model was validated by econometric techniques. The long-term causal relationship between exogenous and endogenous variables was validated by the Granger test. The results of the study show a differentiated evolution of the indicators, and that all indicators are severely affected by the 2008 financial crisis and the debut of the COVID-19 crisis in early 2020. The model used shows the significant positive influence of labor and investment, and the minor effect of remittances on economic growth. In the context of the COVID-19 epidemic, the results of the study could be arguments to be considered for the redesign of economic policies at European Union level.

THE FACTORS ANALYSIS THAT INFLUENCE ONINFLATIONIN INDONESIA

MBA –JournalofManagementandBusinessAplicationPage 302MBAJournalofManagementandBusinessAplicationTHE FACTORS ANALYSIS THAT INFLUENCE ONINFLATIONIN INDONESIAHelmi Agus Salim1Nely Supeni2Higher Education of Economic MandalaEmail: helmi@stie-mandala.ac.idABSTRACTInflation is an interesting topic to discuss because it has a broad impact on macroeconomic aggregates such as on economic growth, product competitiveness, interest rates and income distribution. Inflation is a dilemma that haunts the economy, especially developing countries especially Indonesia is a country with an estimated economic level in the world. Therefore there are several things that will be studied and examined to find out these problems including the effect of fuel subsidies, the effect of the Rupiah exchange rate against the US Dollar, the influence of interest rates, and the influence of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) on the inflation rate in Indonesia. The research method for analyzing data used is multiple regression. The results showed the Subsidy Variable (LS) had a positive regression coefficient of 0.1270 to inflation, the exchange rate coefficient (LK) was 0.5915 to inflation, the value of the interest rate coefficient (LSB) was -0.88638 to inflation, the GDP coefficient (LG) is 0.1489 of inflation. Based on the simultaneous test, it can be seen that the F statistic is 390 with a prob (F-statistic) of less than one percent, so these statistics mean that together the independent variables in the research model include the value of government subsidies, the exchange rate of the Rupiah against the USD, interest rates, and Gross Domestic Product / GDP of Indonesia together influence the inflation rate in Indonesia.Keywords:Inflation, Rupiah Exchange Rate, Interest Rates, Gross Domestic Product

Influence of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) on Real Estate Prices in Rwanda

During the last two decades, Rwanda has experienced a rapid increase in the prices of real estate property raising concerns among policy makers and the government. The purpose of this study was to analyze the influence of the GDP on real estate prices in Rwanda case of Kigali City Urban Areas. The study adopted quantitative descriptive and correlational research designs. Quarterly time series secondary data was used for a period of 10 years from 2008 to 2017. Statistical tests of correlation, unit root, cointegration and causality tests were carried out during data analysis. The findings of the study were presented in form of tables and graphs. The findings indicated that GDP had significant influence on real estate prices. Findings further exhibit negative association between real estate prices and GDP. The study recommends the government to strive and achieve greater economic growth rate by encouraging investments in real property, increased supply hence reduced property prices.

RELATIONS BETWEEN INCOME INEQUALITY, ECONOMIC GROWTH AND POVERTY THRESHOLD: NEW EVIDENCES FROM EU COUNTRIES PANELS

This paper analyses the relationship between the following indicators: income inequality, gross domestic product, risk of poverty threshold and median equivalized net income for a panel of 28 countries of European Union (EU) over the period 2005-2016. Two theoretical regression models, a linear and a quadratic one, are used to estimate the influence on income inequality of the other three indicators. Empirical estimations, using panel data techniques on three different data panels, confirm the Kuznets hypothesis that income inequality tends to increase with early economic development and tends to decrease when a country reaches a certain level of development. We found that for emerging EU countries, income inequality has a growing tendency with a positive economic growth and maybe reduced by increasing risk of poverty threshold or median equivalized net income. For highly developed EU countries the situation is completely opposite. At EU level, the influence of gross domestic product on income inequality is strongly determined by its trend in the highly developed EU countries, while the influence of risk of poverty threshold and median equivalized net income on income inequality is strongly determined by their trend in the emerging EU countries.

DETERMINANTS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE CORPORATE BOND MARKET IN LATVIA

The development of the corporate bond market in Latvia while being quick and robust in the period 2012-2017 (the average growth rate 131%, median 44%), has faced major challenges in 2018 (Nasdaq Baltic, 2018). The latter has demonstrated the vulnerability of this alternative to banking financing method in Latvia. In the environment, where the ongoing changes in the banking financing as initiated by the Basel III and Capital Markets Union initiatives, besides to the decision on creation of pan-Baltic capital market with the support of the European Commission and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, are bringing more emphasis on the increasing role of the corporate bond market in Latvia; the need to understand its development and factors affecting this development is essential. The goal of this article is to explore the corporate bond market development frameworks as elaborated by the academic research and recognise corporate bond market development determinants, identify the determinants of the corporate bond market in Latvia by running the statistical analysis. Tasks of the research include examining types of corporate bond development frameworks with the focus on revealing the determinants of the corporate bond market development as recognised by the academics, performing the econometric analysis of the determinants selected and building an econometric model of the determinants of the development of the corporate bond market in Latvia as well as drawing corresponding conclusions. In order to accomplish the tasks of the research the following research methods were used: analysis of the previously performed research, analysis of the legislative framework; quantitative research methods: statistical data analysis of macroeconomic data from Bank for International Settlement, The World Bank Database, Bloomberg and Reuters databases; financial market indicator and data analysis from Nasdaq Baltic, Bank for International Settlement, Treasury of the Republic of Latvia, Bloomberg and Reuters databases; correlation analysis, regression analysis. In the result of the analysis, the determinants of the corporate bond market development in Latvia were analysed, where 27 factors as detected by the theoretical analysis to be influencing the corporate bond market development in a country were applied to Latvia. The regression analysis has demonstrated the influence of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita, amount of domestic savings, real GDP growth, amount of government bonds as the share of GDP and regulatory quality on the amount of the corporate bonds outstanding. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.eis.0.12.21875

The influence of GDP, population, and net export value on energy consumption

ABSTRACTBased on the annual data from 1980 to 2014, the path analysis model was employed to investigate the influence of gross domestic product (GDP), total population (TP), and net export value (NEV) on total energy consumption (TEC) in China. The results showed that (1) GDP, influenced 59.73% of TEC, played the most important role to affect TEC. Meanwhile, 37.69% of TEC was directly determined by GDP, and 22.04% of TEC was indirectly influenced by GDP through TP and NEV. (2) TP was the secondary factor to affect TEC; 6.02% of TEC was directly determined by TP, and 15.20% of TEC was indirectly affected by TP. Moreover, 21.22% of TEC was associated with TP. (3) NEV had the least total effect and the least direct effect on TEC; 17.24% TEC was influenced by NEV. Among them, 3.58% of TEC was directly determined by NEV, and 13.66% of TEC was indirectly influenced by NEV.

Modeling of Us Dollar to Euro Rate Dependence on USA GDP Dynamics

The article analyzes the changes in the USD, to evaluate the influence of gross domestic product in the United States the value of the United States dollar, the influence of gross domestic product of the United States on the value of the United States dollar against the euro, the models of the linear dependence of the USD against the European currency, raschetan coefficient of pair of linear correlation, characterizing the degree of dependence of the United States dollar against the euro on the dynamics of the index of real GDP in the United States of a linear model.