Influence Of Formaldehyde Research Articles

Assessing the impact of particulate matter and formaldehyde in atmospheric air on public health

Introduction. The urgent task at hand is to establish a causal link between the occurrence of public health risks to the public and the impact of air pollution. To ensure the sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the public, it is important to consider the intake and distribution of pollutants in the atmosphere. In addition to anthropogenic sources of pollution, it is also necessary to take into account natural sources. The purpose of the work is to assess the influence of atmospheric pollution with formaldehyde and particulate matter on public health. Additionally, it aims to propose measures and recommendations to improve the environmental, health, and epidemiological well-being of the population. Materials and methods. Quantitative chemical analyses of particulate matter (PM) and formaldehyde in atmospheric precipitation were performed using the gravimetric and fluorometric methods, respectively. The general trend of annual changes in the content of PM in the atmosphere is shown to be based on the results of a study of atmospheric precipitation and air. Data on morbidity in the population was obtained from annual government reports. Results. A high correlation was found between general morbidity and atmospheric particulate matter for all population groups. However, formaldehyde was not found to be correlated with the general morbidity of the population, except for children, who may develop respiratory diseases under the influence of formaldehyde. Adults are the most vulnerable population to developing circulatory diseases, due to their high susceptibility to atmospheric particulate matter. Limitations. The gradation of particulate matter into specific fractions (PM10, PM2.5) and <0.45 microns was not considered. Conclusion. The level of formaldehyde in the air does not significantly impact the environment or the health of the general population. However, an increase in airborne particulate matter can create an unfavourable environmental condition that poses a threat to public health. Adult populations are particularly vulnerable to these conditions, as they have a high risk of developing cardiovascular system diseases that are highly dependent on the content of particulate matter in the air. To reduce this negative impact, a number of measures need to be implemented including expanding monitoring of atmospheric air quality to monitor particles with sizes of PM10, PM2.5, notifying the public about predictions of particulate matter concentrations; conducting in-depth scientific research on the biomedical impacts of particulate matter on human health.

Growth processes of Triticum durum Dest. on the formaldehyde concentration gradient in microcosmic models

Under modern conditions, against the background of military invasion of the Russian Federation in Ukraine, there is an increase in threats to ecological security of the state, including as a result of violation of technological regime of operation of numerous potentially dangerous objects. Particular attention should be paid to such impurities as suspended substances (aerosols, dust), carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, formaldehyde, the concentrations of which in the air have been rapidly increasing recently. Formaldehyde is one of the most well-known air pollutants, which is a permanent component of the atmosphere. The average content of formaldehyde in the air in the cities of Ukraine in the pre-war period exceeded the maximum permissible concentration. Its significant growth depends significantly on meteorological conditions. In comparison with other impurities, a clear seasonal dynamics is manifested with an increase in concentration in the summer period. The course of monthly concentrations of formaldehyde varies depending on the air temperature and the intensity of direct solar radiation on a horizontal surface. The article summarizes scientific data on specifics of formaldehyde effect on the growth processes of Triticum durum Dest. Phytotesting was carried out by forming microcultivators and planting calibrated seeds of Favorit wheat in them. The subject of the study was coleoptiles (model objects sensitive to the influence of exogenous factors, separated from three-day-old ethylated seedlings). Based on application of microcosm models method, it is shown inhibition of the growth of the aerial part of T. durum Dest. seedlings on the formaldehyde concentration gradient, which affects the growth rate of coleoptiles. It was established that the growth of coleoptiles decreases with increasing concentration. It is substantiated that the value of the effective concentration (EC50) is 0.875 MPC. Inhibition of T. durum Dest. seed germination at the formaldehyde concentration gradient under the influence of all studied concentrations was shown. The smallest percentage of germinated seeds (5.6%) was found at a concentration that corresponds to the maximum permissible one. The reaction of wheat seeds to the concentration of formaldehyde, corresponding to 0.1 MPC and 2 MPC, was almost the same (28.6% and 30.3%, respectively). The highest percentage of seed germination (82.2%) was observed under the influence of formaldehyde at a concentration of 0.5 MPC.

Analysis of Differentially Expressed Proteins and Modifications Induced by Formaldehyde Using LC-MS/MS

Formaldehyde (FA) is a toxic compound that is considered to have a carcinogenic effect due to its damage to biological macromolecules. However, the influence of FA at the protein level remains to be explored. Here, we used LC-MS/MS to identify the differentially expressed proteins and modifications to proteins between FA-treated and untreated HeLa cells. Among 2021 proteins identified, 196 proteins were significantly down-regulated and 152 up-regulated. The differentially expressed proteins were further analyzed using bioinformatics tools for annotating the characterization of their localizations and functions. To evaluate the interaction of FA with proteins, we performed proteomic analysis for a mass shift of 12 Da on the side chains of lysine, cysteine and tryptophan, which are induced by FA as noticeable signals. We identified the modified proteins and sites, suggesting direct interaction between FA and proteins. Motif analysis further showed the characterization of amino acid sequences that react with FA. Cluster analysis of the modified proteins indicated that the FA-interacting networks are mostly enriched in the nuclei, ribosomes and metabolism. Our study presents the influence of FA on proteomes and modifications, offering a new insight into the mechanisms underlying FA-induced biological effects.

The influence of in utero exposure to formaldehyde on newborn rat thymus structure

Aim. To study the structure of the thymus of newborn rats born from female rats exposed to inhalation of formaldehyde during gestation.
 Materials and Methods. The work was carried out on 72 white outbred rats of the first day of postnatal development. The first group consisted of newborn rats (n=37) the offspring of six rats that were exposed to formaldehyde (FA) in concentration of 2.766 mg/m3 during the entire period of pregnancy. FA exposure was given once a day for 60 minutes in a 1 m3 exposure chamber. The second group included control animals (n=35), which were kept in conditions similar to those of the experimental groups with the exclusion of the effect of FA. In the newborn rats, the body mass and the absolute and relative mass of the thymus were determined. The structure of thymus was studied in a light optical microscope. The number of cells in the cortex and medulla of the thymus was counted over an area of 2500 m2.
 Results. The body mass and absolute mass of thymus of the newborn rats of the first group showed a statistically significant reduction against control values. The differences between the values of relative mass of thymus in the compared groups were insignificant. The number of cells in the cortex and medulla of the thymus under the influence of FA did not show any significant changes.
 Conclusion. The effect of inhalation of FA on the organism of pregnant rats during the entire gestation period consists in a decrease in the body mass and in the absolute mass of the thymus of newborn rats. With this, the relative mass of the thymus did not undergo significant changes. The thymus structure in the light microscope did not show any significant changes either.

Morphological Changes of the Thymus of the Juvenile White Rats Exposed to the Inhalation of Formaldehyde

The aim of the article is to study the morphological features of the thymus of the white rats exposed to the inhalation of formaldehyde.Material and methods. 72 white male rats with an initial body weight of 130–150 g were were exposed to formaldehyde at a concentration of 2.766 mg/m3. Exposures were carried out once a day during 60 minutes. Exposure durations were 10, 20, 30, 60 and 90 days. We separately studied the thymus of rats, which, after 60 days of exposure to formaldehyde, were kept for 30 days in standard vivarium conditions (rehabilitation group). The structure of the thymus was studied by light microscopy.Results. The number of cells in an area of 2500 μm2 of the subcapsular zone in animals exposed to formaldehyde for 10, 20, and 30 days was 131.19±4.20, 135.65±7.74, and 135.35±10.83, respectively, which was less than the control set by 4.35%, 4.68% and 3.72%, respectively. After 40 and 60 days, this indicator was below the control by 8.90% and 9.63%.Conclusion. Inhalation of formaldehyde reduces the area of the thymus cortex. Phenomena of inversion of the cortex and the medulla are observed. Under the influence of formaldehyde, a picture of so called «starry sky» is observed in the cortical substance of the thymus. A decrease in the severity of changes in the thymus of rats belonging to the rehabilitation group, in comparison with animals that received 90 exposures, indicates that the changes are reversible.

Influence of formaldehyde on N-nitrosopiperazine formation from nitrite and piperazine in CO2 capture

Piperazine (PZ) based amine blends are promising solvents for post-combustion CO2 capture, but PZ can form potential carcinogenic nitrosamines from nitrite. In this work, the kinetics of the reaction between nitrite and PZ to form N-nitrosopiperazine (MNPZ) was determined in 0.1–0.5 mol L−1 PZ in the presence of 17–170 mmol L−1 formaldehyde at 60–135 °C. The nitrosation of PZ can be catalyzed by formaldehyde, a primary degradation product of PZ. And the reaction involving nitrite and PZ is first order in nitrite, formaldehyde, and hydronium ion. A kinetic model was established, and the activation energy is 33.6 ± 1.8 kJ mol−1 with a rate constant of 2.3 × 103 ± 0.4 × 103 L2 mol−2 s−1 at 100 °C. The kinetics will be helpful to develop strategies to reduce nitrosamine formation and accumulation in PZ based CO2 capture systems.

Application of Radiocarbon Dating to Forensic Investigation and Evaluation of Formaldehyde Influence on Radiocarbon Age

AbstractA radiocarbon (14C) dating technique with accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) was applied to estimate the year of death and the year of birth of unidentified human remains. Because many of the samples have been preserved in formaldehyde, it was necessary to evaluate the influence of formaldehyde on carbon ages. Samples intentionally preserved in formaldehyde during the known period were measured, and their Δ14C values were compared with results obtained from fresh samples. The influence of formaldehyde on soft tissue was 14 times larger than that on cortical bone. Unfortunately, an effective method for removing the influence of formaldehyde has not yet been found. 14C ages could be obtained only from the samples not preserved in formaldehyde. The years of birth were determined by the ages of the dentin samples, while the years of death were determined by the ages of the bone and soft tissue samples. Multiple sampling from a body provides an advantage in determination of one of two possible ages of a sample obtained using the bomb peak. Victims of the Korean War were ascertained by the year of death. The year of death and the age at death of unidentified bodies were also determined for forensic investigation.

The chemicals (formaldehyde and toluene) influence on soil microorganisms of leached chernozem

The paper assesses the status of the soil cover associated with the pollution of its waste chemical production and consumption. The authors present the data of formaldehyde and toluene influence on the abundance of actinomycetes, heterotrophic bacteria and fungi, as these groups of microorganisms provide self-purification capacity of the soil and participate in soil formation processes. In this paper microbiological and physico-chemical methods of research are used. The study of species composition changes of some soil microorganisms groups of leached chernozem under the influence of formaldehyde and toluene showed that this factor causes changes in the complex of soil microorganisms. This factor is reflected in the decreased species richness and diversity and increase of pollution-tolerant microorganisms. These studies investigate a number of microorganisms that provide self-purification capacity of the soil and participate in soil formation. The results show the nature of the influence of different doses of formaldehyde and toluene on the structure and functioning of the complex of soil microorganisms, as well as reveal the mechanism of action of chemicals (formaldehyde and toluene) on soil microbiota associated with its resistance and the manifestation of toxicity of the soil.

A Study on the Impact of Different Application Ratios of Ultra-Low Emission Green Building Materials on Human Health in Indoor Environments

This study is a 3-year national research project. The objective of this study is to examine the influence of formaldehyde and VOC emissions with different application ratios of ultra-low emission (ULE) green building materials(GBMs), and their impact on human health in indoor environments. The testing methods for aldehyde and ketone substances, and VOC substances used in this study are referenced from the ASTM D6670-01 regulations by full size chamber test method, and the ISO 16000-3 and ISO 16000-6 regulated aldehyde and ketone substance, and VOC sampling and analysis methods. Experiments are conducted at 0%, 30%, 50%, 80% and 100% (5 groups) ratios of ultra-low emission (ULE) green building material used, and the emissions are analyzed. The results show that the higher the utility rate of ULE green building material, the more the interior concentration of TVOC can be effectively lowered. Using at least 30% ULE green building material can achieve indoor air quality that is less than the TVOC value standard of 3 ppm set by the Environmental Protection Administration of Executive Yuan, Taiwan. However, under the standard of 300 ug/m3, set by the World Health Organization and the GreenGuard children’s standard of 220 ug/m3, our research shows that the experiment groups using 30%, and not using (0%) ULE green building material, present a health risk, based on the above standards. However using more than 50% ULE green building material can effectively lower the VOC emission level, indicating that by increasing the use of ULE green building material, the IEH can be maintained.

Developmental stability of a leaf of Pisum sativum L. under the influence of formaldehyde in a wide range of doses

The influence of formaldehyde in a wide range of doses on the stability of development of the third leaf of pea (Pisum sativum L.) was studied. The developmental stability of the leaf was assessed by the change in the value of the directional asymmetry of the right and left leaflets caused by the fluctuating asymmetry of these morphological structures. When subjected to a toxic agent, the studied parameter exhibited a paradoxical effect. In minimum studied concentrations, formaldehyde disturbed stability of leaf development, which was manifested in an increase in the asymmetry of the right and left leaflets. At medium concentrations of the toxicant, the asymmetry was less than the control level, which indicated an increase in the developmental stability of the pea leaf. Maximum studied concentrations of formaldehyde, close to sublethal, again reduced the stability of development of the pea leaf and led to an increase in the asymmetry of its leaflets compared with the controls.

Facile syntheses and enhanced electrocatalytic activities of Pt nanocrystals with {hkk} high-index surfaces

Platinum (Pt) is an outstanding catalyst for many important industrial products. Because of its high cost and scarce reserves, it is very important to improve the performance of Pt catalysts. As the metal nanocrystals (NCs) with high-index surfaces usually show very good catalytic activity because of their high density of atomic steps and kinks, the preparation of Pt NCs with high-index facets has become a very important and hot research topic recently. In this article, we report a facile synthesis of high-yield Pt NCs with a series of {hkk} high-index facets including {211} and {411} via a solvothermal method using Pt(II) acetylacetonate as the Pt source, 1-octylamine as the solvent and capping agent, and formaldehyde as an additional surface structure regulator. Multipod Pt NCs with dominant {211} side surfaces were produced without formaldehyde, while concave Pt NCs with dominant {411} surfaces formed under the influence of formaldehyde. By analyzing the products by IR spectroscopy, we found the presence of CO on the surface of concave Pt NCs with {411} surfaces prepared from the solution containing formaldehyde. It was concluded that amine mainly stabilized the monoatomic step edges, resulting in the {211} exposed surface; with addition of formaldehyde, it decomposed into CO, leading to the formation of {411} surfaces by the additional adsorption of the CO on the {100} terraces. In addition, it was found that the as-prepared Pt NCs with high-index {211} and {411} surfaces exhibited much better catalytic activity in the electro-oxidation of ethanol than a commercial Pt/C catalyst or Pt nanocubes with low-index {100} surfaces, and the catalytic activities of Pt crystal facets decreased in the sequence {411}>{211}>{100}. Open image in new window

Effect of formaldehyde exposure on structure and function of epididymis in adult rats: a histological and biochemical study

Formaldehyde (FA), a ubiquitous environmental pollutant, is extensively used in hospitals, laboratories, and industrial settings. Previous studies showed that FA exerts adverse effects on testicular function and as epididymis is known to play an important role in the maturation and storage of sperm, the effects of FA were examined on epididymis. In particular, this study was designed to investigate the influence of FA on structure and function of epididymis in adult male rats using histological and biochemical methods. Sprague-Dawley adult rats were randomly allotted to three groups and exposed to FA at a 0 (control), 0.5, or 10 mg m−3 by inhalation for 28 days. The results indicated that epididymal toxicity of FA was concentration dependent. Epdididymal structure and function in rats of 0.5 mg m−3 FA exposure group showed no apparent difference from control. However, epididymal weight, sperm count and motility, the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) were significantly decreased, whereas the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) was significantly increased in epididymis of rats exposed to 10 mg m−3 FA. Moreover, microscopy with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining showed atrophy of epididymal tubules, disintegration of epididymal epithelium, disorganization, and even vacuolar denaturalization of epididymal epithelial cells. There was hyperemia in interstitial vasculature and lumina were oligozoospermic in rats of 10 mg m−3 FA exposure group. In conclusion, FA exposure alters the epididymal structure and function by inducing oxidative stress in epididymis of adult rats.

S(IV) induced autoxidation of Cu(II)/tetraglycine complexes in the presence of aldehydes: mechanistic considerations and analytical applications

An indirect amperometric method for the determination of sulfite in a flow injection configuration is described. The procedure is based on the amperometric measurement ( E=0.1 V) of Cu(III) chemically generated by the S(IV) induced oxidation of Cu(II)/tetraglycine by dissolved oxygen. The dynamic analytical range was 5–100 μM with a detection limit of 1 μM. The repeatability for the determination (10 μM) was evaluated to be 1.4% ( n=20). The method was employed for the determination of S(IV) in wine after its extraction from acidified samples by bubbling argon and the results were in agreement with those obtained by the iodometric procedure. The influence of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde on the Cu(III) formation is also discussed on the basis of the mechanism of the induced reaction.

Influence of formaldehyde in the formation of fluorescence related to fish deterioration

In previous studies fluorescence detection at different excitation/emission maxima during common fish processing has been used. A bathochromic shift towards higher wavelength maxima was observed and measured as the ratio between absorption at two of the maxima tested. This fluorescence ratio (δF) value correlates positively with fish damage. In the present work, the influence of formaldehyde (FA) on the value δF was studied. A model system was set up in which FA reacted at 30°C for 25 days with propylamine and fish muscle. It was observed that FA was less able to produce fluorescent compounds compared with common fish oxidation products that were also tested, i. e. propanal and hexanal. However, in the presence of both lipid oxidation aldehydes, the FA-containing mixtures led to a higher δF value. Model systems consisting of FA and fatty fish (sardine) muscle produced more fluorescence than FA and lean fish (cod), because of the formation of lipid oxidation compounds under the reaction conditions of the former systems. It is thus concluded that the presence of FA in a reacting medium enhances fluorescence formation, such that δF be can used as an accurate measure of fish damage. It is thought that measurement of δF in processes such as the freezing of gadoid fish, in which both FA and lipid oxidation are produced, could be of benefit.

Influence of methanol and its metabolites on the activity of α1-Antitrypsin

Among methanol and its metabolites, formaldehyde was found to have the strongest inactivating effect on the activity of α 1-antitrypsin preparation and inhibitor existing in blood serum. The influence of formaldehyde on the activity of serum α 1-antitrypsin is lower in comparison with purified inhibitor. α 1-Antitrypsin modified by formaldehyde inactivates the trypsin in its action on the BAPA to a smaller degree than on the hemoglobin. The effective formaldehyde concentration in the case of the BAPA is about 64 mM and in the case of the hemoglobin is about 256 mM. The significant inhibitory effect of methanol on α 1-antitrypsin appears only at a high concentration of this compound. Formate does not decrease α 1-antitrypsin activity. In people intoxicated with methanol, α 1-antitrypsin activity decreases, whereas the content of this inhibitor does not change.

Influence of formaldehyde in control of bacterial and fungal contaminants in plant cell cultures: Its effect on growth and secondary metabolite production

Influence of formaldehyde on growth and secondary metabolite production inin vitro grown tissues of pyrethrum, capsicum and carrot were studied. Formaldehyde concentration above 0.025% completely inhibited the growth of addedBacillus andAspergillus in the culture medium. Formaldehyde up to 0.025% level caused slight inhibition in the growth of pyrethrum callus. Callus subjected to 0.05, 0.1 and 0.2% formaldehyde enhanced the level of pyrethrin production in pyrethrum callus, whereas production of phenolics was lower in all the treatments. Growth of carrot callus and anthocyanin production was not inhibited up to a formaldehyde concentration of 0.04%. Similarly, the production of capsaicin in immobilised cell cultures ofCapsicum frutescens was not inhibited up to 0.04% level of formaldeyde. The results demonstrate the usefulness of formaldehyde to control contamination in plant tissue culture.

Application of a cloud model: HMS - formation as function of droplet size

The influence of formaldehyde on sulfate formation in cloud droplets near cloud base was investigated. The study has shown, that formation of hydroxymethansulfonate (HMS) in droplets with high pH-values can significantly decrease the simultaneous sulfate formation for conditions with low SO 2 concentrations. Beside the initial concentrations of the relevant trace gases, also the updraft velocity influences the HMS and sulfate production. HMS is formed preferentially in the smallest cloud droplets with radii of approximately 5 μm because these droplets have relatively high pH-values and most of the liquid water has condensed onto these droplets.

Anthocyanin Degradation in the Presence of Furfural and 5‐Hydroxymethylfurfural

ABSTRACTThe influence of furfural (F) and 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) on degradation of cyanidin‐3‐glucoside (CG) was investigated in blackberry juice and in a citrate buffer model solution (pH 3,45) at 24°, 50° and 70°C. Presence of 0.012 M F or HMF accelerated pigment degradation. The acceleration was directly temperature‐dependent, more pronounced in fruit juice, and considerably decreased in nitrogen. CG and HMF disappearance – but not the interaction between these compounds – followed the first‐order reaction kinetics. The influence of formaldehyde (Fa) acetaldehyde (Aa) and benzaldehyde (Ba) on the stability of CG was investigated in blackberry juice. CG degradation effect of non‐furane aldehydes (0.012 M) was Fa < Aa < Ba. CG and cyanidine (C) reactivities were studied by condensation with F and examination of molecular electrone properties (cyanidine, keto‐pseudobase, anhydrobase, chalcone). Furfural did not react with CG but it did react with C. Electron charge distribution points to anhydrobase as the tautomeric form of C most reactive to F. Possible mechanisms of C decomposition in presence of F are proposed and discussed.

Influence of formaldehyde and Sonacide (potentiated acid glutaraldehyde) on embryo and fetal development in mice.

Pregnant outbred albino mice were given formaldehyde or Sonacide (potentiated acid glutaraldehyde) by gavage on days 6--15 of gestation. The mice were killed on day 18, the general health and reproductive status of the dam evaluated, and the fetuses examined and processed in order to characterize external, visceral, and skeletal malformations. Although formaldehyde (stock solution containing 12--15% methanol as a preservative) was lethal to 22 of 34 dams treated with 185 mg/kg/day, and one of 35 dams treated with 148 mg/kg/day, these doses did not produce statistically significant (two-sided p < 0.05 versus controls) teratogenic effects in the fetuses of the surviving dams. Sonacide was also judged not to be teratogenic to the mice employed in this study, in spite of the fact that relatively high doses were employed. The highest doses of Sonacide studied (5.0 ml/kg/day, which is equivalent to 100 mg/kg/day of glutaraldehyde) killed 19 of 35 dams and caused a significant reduction in the mean weight gain of the surviving mothers. In addition, this dose produced a significant increase in the number of stunted fetuses.

Influence of formaldehyde on the biochemical purification of effluent from the manufacture of benzylpenicillin and streptomycin

Influence of formaldehyde on the biochemical purification of effluent from the manufacture of benzylpenicillin and streptomycin