Influence Of Fertilizer Application Research Articles

Особливості роботи пігментного комплексу рослин пшениці озимої залежно від способу внесення добрив

To obtain the maximum yield of winter wheat, it is necessary to further optimize the existing cultivation technologies in the direction of their adaptation to changing environmental conditions. One of the areas of adaptation of plants to adverse abiotic factors is the active functioning of the photosynthetic apparatus, which depends on the amount of nutrients introduced. The influence of fertilizer application on the condition of the pigment complex of winter wheat plants in the conditions of the Southern Steppe of Ukraine has been studied. Two varieties of winter wheat were selected for the study: Shestopalivka and Mason. The experiment scheme involved the application of fertilizers at sowing (K0; K12) and foliar treatment with various tank mixtures (urea; urea + magnesium sulfate; urea + magnesium sulfate + potassium monophosphate). The pigment content has been determined by grinding fresh leaves of winter wheat, followed by the addition of a solvent in the form of acetone. Measurements of pigments were performed using a spectrophotometer. According to the research results, it was established that before the foliar treatment the a-chlorophyll content and carotenoids was higher in the plant leaves of the Shestopalivka variety. At the same time, the b-chlorophyll content on the contrary was higher for plants of the Mason variety by 17%, which may be due to the adaptation of plants of this variety to lack of light. On the 3rd day after foliar treatment, a decrease in the pigment content in the plant leaves of all experimental variants has been observed, which was due to the active growth of the photosynthetic surface and a decrease in the total dry matter mass. There was no significant difference between the varieties of the content of photosynthetic pigments in this period. On the 10th day after foliar treatment, an increase in a- and b-chlorophyll content has been observed for both studied varieties, which may be the result of adaptation of the photosynthetic apparatus of winter wheat plants to lighting conditions. Foliar treatment of winter wheat plants with a tank mixture of urea with magnesium sulfate and potassium monophosphate contributed to a further increase in the content of a-chlorophyll by 12-23%, and b-chlorophyll by 5-37% depending on the variety compared to the control. The results of the research testify to the high efficiency of complex application of nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium fertilizers for foliar treatment of winter wheat plants in the BBCH 31 stage, both against the background of pre-sowing application of potassium fertilizers and without it.

Chlorpyrifos degradation under the influence of climate factors and fertilizer regimes in a tropical vertisol

AbstractBiodegradation of chlorpyrifos under the influence of fertilizer application and climate factors such as elevated CO2, temperature and moisture was studied. Soybean was grown in control, inorganic, organic and integrated (both inorganic and organic) fertilized fields. Rhizospheric soils collected during the vegetative growth phase were amended with chlorpyrifos (10 μg/g soil) and incubated under different climate factors. The climate factors were CO2concentration (400, 800 ppm), temperature (25, 45°C) and moisture-holding capacity (60, 100%). Chlorpyrifos degradation rate varied from 0.28 to 0.65 μg/g soil/d. The abundance of 16S rRNA gene copies of eubacteria varied from 13 × 106to 7 × 105/g soil. Actinomycetes-specific 16S rRNA gene copies were in the range of 62.5 × 105to 18.5 × 103/g soil. Microbial abundance was high in organic amended soil and low in control soil irrespective of climate factors. Elevated CO2and high temperature inhibited (P< 0.05) chlorpyrifos degradation rate and the abundance of 16S rRNA genes of eubacteria and actinomycetes. Chlorpyrifos degradation followed as: organic > integrated > inorganic > control. The degradation rate was positively correlated (P< 0.01) with the soil organic C, available N, water-stable aggregates and mean weight diameter of the soil aggregates of soil. Principal component analysis denoted temperature and fertilizer as the major components of variation. The study highlights that elevated CO2and temperature affect chlorpyrifos biodegradation; however, the effect can be alleviated by the amendment of organic fertilizer.

The impact of agricultural chemical inputs on environment: global evidence from informetrics analysis and visualization

This paper identifies and analyzes salient research frontiers, research hotspots and high-frequency terms using aggregated and multiple-source literature records related to the topic of ‘effects of agricultural chemical inputs on the environment.’ We employ a set of Informetrics Theory methods (i.e. document co-citation analysis, document clustering and co-words analysis via co-occurrence network of subject terms) for our analysis. Our findings suggest that in the past 30 years, research about this topic can be divided into three stages, namely the early stage (1990–99), the middle stage (2000–07) and the late stage (2008–16). Research directions for the three identified stages deal primarily with (a) the effects of pesticides and veterinary drugs on the environment, (b) the influence of fertilizer application on the environment and food safety and (c) the technologies and strategies to monitor and control the impact of agricultural chemical inputs on the environment. Particularly, we find that research in the topic of interest primarily focusses on agricultural scenarios of food crop production and fish farming. In terms of agricultural chemical inputs, major attention is given to pesticides and fertilizers. With respect to the impact of agricultural inputs, pollutant formation and transferring process, nitrogen and phosphorous cycles, impact assessment indicators, as well as pollution prevention and reduction strategies are the most researched areas, and soil and water constitute the main researched environmental media. Finally, institutions and organization based in North America, East Asia and Europe are main research contributors on this topic.

Влияние технологий применения минеральных удобрений на засоренность полевого севооборота

The article provides the results of many years of research conducted in 2005-2010 on leached chernozem in the forest-steppe of Volga region. The subject of the research is species and quantitative changes in weed infestation of crops during crop rotation under the influence of differentiated and averaged doses of fertilizers. It is established that the species composition of weeds depended on the cultivated plant in crop rotation, and their number depended on the predecessor and weather conditions of vegetation. In the Sudanese grass, a late sowing plant, there were late spring weeds (Redroot Pigweed, Barnyard grass) which were practically absent in wheat and barley, the early sowing crops. The influence of fertilizers application on the plant weediness in crop rotation was insignificant. At the same time, in comparison with the control, there was a significant decrease in the number of weeds by 11 -27%. In arid conditions of 2010 the effect of fertilizers on weed infestation was not significant. In favorable moisture years fertilizers had a positive effect not only on the growth and development of cultivated plants, but also stimulated the weeds growth. The quantitative change in weed infestation of crops primarily occurred under the influence of cultivated crops and was less dependent on the technology of fertilizers application. In all experiments with fertilizers, the number of weeds increased by 78-87 % from the first crop in rotation to fallow and decreased after it by 80-87%, more evident in variants with fertilizers. Differentiated application of fertilizers contributed to the reduction of weed weight by 7 % compared with the control and by 11% compared with traditional fertilizer application.

N-P Fertilization Inhibits Growth of Root Hemiparasite Pedicularis kansuensis in Natural Grassland.

Fertilization has been shown to affect interactions between root hemiparasitic plants and their host plants, alleviating damage to the hosts by parasitism. However, as a majority of studies were conducted in pot cultivation, the influence of fertilizer application on root hemiparasites and the surrounding plant community in field conditions as well as relevant mechanisms remain unclear. We manipulated soil nutrient resources in a semi-arid subalpine grassland in the Tianshan Mountains, northwestern China, to explore the links between fertilization and plant community composition, productivity, survival, and growth of a weedy root hemiparasite (Pedicularis kansuensis). Nitrogen (at a low rate, LN, 30 kg N ha-1 year-1 as urea; or at a high rate, HN, 90 kg N ha-1 year-1 as urea) and phosphorus [100 kg ha-1 year-1 as Ca(H2PO4)2⋅H2O] were added during two growing seasons. Patterns of foliar nutrient balances were described with isometric log ratios for the different plant functional groups receiving these fertilization regimes. Fertilization with LN, HN, and P reduced above-ground biomass of P. kansuensis, with above-ground biomass in the fertilization treatments, respectively, 12, 1, and 39% of the value found in the unfertilized control. Up to three times more above-ground biomass was produced in graminoids receiving fertilizers, whereas forb above-ground biomass was virtually unchanged by the fertilization regimes and forb species richness was reduced by 52% in the HN treatment. Fertilization altered foliar nutrient balances, and distinct patterns emerged for each plant functional group. Foliar [C | P,N] balance in the plant community was negatively correlated with above-ground biomass (P = 0.03). The inhibited competitiveness of P. kansuensis, which showed a much higher [C | P,N] balance, could be attributed to reduced C assimilation rather than mineral nutrient acquisition, as shown by significant increase in foliar N and P concentrations but little increase in C concentration following fertilization.

Growth and Development of Green pepper (<i> Capsicum annuum</i> L) as Influenced by Planting Dates and Fertilizer Application in Owo, South West Nigeria

Field experiments were conducted in 2014 under rainfed and irrigation cropping to evaluate/monitor the influence of fertilizer application and planting dates on the growth and yield of green pepper in Owo, South West Nigeria towards its production year round. Treatment evaluated consisted of two varieties of sweet pepper (California wonder and Tattasai dan-garko), three fertilizer types (organic, urea and organomineral) and four planting dates in each season (2-April; 12-April; 22-April and 2-May for early season and 22-Sept.; 01-Oct; 11-Oct and 23-Oct for the late season planting).These were factorially combined in a randomized complete block design (RCBD), and replicated three times. Compared to control, OMG, ORF and Urea fertilizers significantly (P < 0.05) increase both the growth and yield parameters. The growth and yield of the crop was favoured at the late planting date when the soil moisture was augmented with the supplementary irrigation and on the other hand, the rainfed cropping favours production of higher biomass, thus reducing the total harvested yield .The 02-May and 23-Oct planting dates and the application of OGM recorded the best growth and yield attributes. Among the varieties, California wonder exhibited adaptable superior characteristics in terms of number of fruits (59.59) fruit weight (6.68g) harvestable yield (2480.82kg/ha). The interaction effect showed that variety California wonder transplanted on 23-Oct recorded more improvement in the form of highest leaf area (8.79 cm2), maximum number of fruits/ plant, fruit weight (86.93 g) and fruit yield (854.69 g/plant and 23.08 t/ha). The results established that 23-Oct is ideal for bell pepper planting and the variety California wonder is the most stable performing variety with respect to the different planting dates

Geochemical characteristics of groundwater in different climatic zones of Sri Lanka

Sri Lanka is characterized by well-demarcated climatic zones based on the rainfall pattern known as wet zone, dry zone and intermediate zone. Groundwaters in these three zones are extracted mainly for drinking and irrigation from metamorphic hard rock aquifers and saprolite developed on metamorphic rocks. Detailed hydrogeochemical investigations were carried out covering these three climatic zones in order to characterize the groundwater. A total of 166 groundwater samples were collected representing three climatic zones and analyzed for their major and trace element geochemistry. The results indicate a clear difference in the geochemistry of groundwater between climatic regions, whereas semiarid dry zone groundwater is characterized with higher dissolved mineral contents compared that of the wet and intermediate zones. Low pH levels were noticed in the wet zone areas, while high calcium and fluoride contents were observed in the dry and intermediate terrains. Remarkably, high phosphate contents were observed in all three regions, indicating the influence of fertilizer application on groundwater. Particularly in the dry zone regions, the groundwater chemistry is mainly controlled by rock–water interactions and ion exchange processes in which high mineral contents are added from underlying metamorphic rocks to the drinking and irrigation water. The results indicate that groundwater in the dry zone area is under stress compared to other climate areas, but in the wet zone groundwater shows remarkable influence of anthropogenic activities.

Influence of fertiliser application on the occurrence and colonisation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) under maize/Centrosema and sole maize systems

Soil fertility management practices can influence colonisation of crops by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and their abundance. The effects of different rates of nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium (NPK) fertiliser on AMF occurrence and colonisation were studied in maize/Centrosema pascuorum and sole maize systems. The NPK treatments were at rates (kg/ha): 0-10-30, 45-10-30, and 0-0-0 (control). The AMF spore populations were enumerated by direct counting under a microscope. Nutrient uptake was calculated as the product of nutrient concentration and shoot dry weight, and maize yield was estimated per ha. In the maize/Centrosema system, spore count, AMF colonisation, and nutrient uptake (except N) decreased with NPK 45-10-30 compared with 0-10-30, although maize yields were comparable at the two fertiliser levels. In the sole maize system, fertiliser application did not influence AMF spore abundance, but colonisation, nutrient uptake, and crop yield increased significantly (P &lt; 0.05) with NPK 45-10-30. Maize yield increased by 1200% under the maize/Centrosema system compared with sole maize at NPK 0-10-30. The lowest values for all parameters were obtained under the control treatments. Colonisation of AMF, nutrient uptake, and maize yield were positively correlated. The maize/Centrosema system can maximise AMF benefits to increase yield and also reduce fertiliser input into agricultural soils, while application of N fertiliser is important to increase yield in the sole maize system.

The Agrochemical Evolution of Districambosoil Through Differentiated Fertilizations on Potato Crop in the Apuseni Mts. Area

The paper presents the agrochemical evolution of the districambosoil, through differentiated organo-mineral fertilization on potato crop, in the Avram Iancu commune, under the slope of the Găina Mountain, where the Apuseni seem a huge fort and a gate open towards the world and the sky. &#x0D; The districambosoil (the brown acidic soil) is representative for the mountain area, exhibiting an acidic and strong-acidic trait (pHH2O 4.8 -5.6), the presence of exchangeable aluminium in all of its subtypes, a moderate humus content, a low supply in basic nutritive elements for plants. Thus, it requires enhanced attention granted to fertilization, with an emphasis on mineral fertilizers. Through organo-mineral fertilization, the organic matter in the soil formed from natural organic fertilizers exerts a positive influence on the soils physical and agrochemical traits, making a contribution to the decrease of soil acidity and erosion (characteristic to the mountain area), diminishing nutrition imbalances and enhancing the effect of mineral fertilizers applied to plant species, to achieve superior qualitative and quantitative productions. &#x0D; Alongside being the basic food product of population in the area, the importance of potato increases once the altitude of the area also increases, being used as fodder for animal husbandry, due to the fact that the assortment of cultivated plants is limited to potato, rye, oat, some fruit trees, certain vegetables, while the rest of the surfaces is covered with natural pastureland and forests.&#x0D; Nutritionally, the potato is considered to be a highly-demanding plant in terms of nutritive elements. Once harvesting occurs, the export of nutritive elements in the soil is high, which determined the quick depletion of the soil. Thus, it is necessary to apply suitable fertilization to potato crop, which is adequate to the household system specific to the mountain area, where the basic occupation of locals is animal husbandry. This yields an amount of natural fertilizers that can be rationally employed as the main fertilization source of plants cultivated on lo-fertility soils. &#x0D; The numerous research in the area led to the conclusion that there are good and even very good pedoclimatic conditions for the potato crop, but it has been proven that the time variation of agrochemical indices is the result of the dynamics determined by present clmate change, microorganisms, the plants’ productive consumption and soil nutrient chemism, as well as the influence of fertilizer application and systems of agriculture applied. The increasing possibility and severity of climate events will lead to the increase of the risk of calamity for cultivated agricultural and horticultural plants. Climate change will also affect the soil, decreasing the organic matter content – a major contributor to soil fertility. &#x0D; The importance, originality and novelty of these agrochemical experiemnts are due to yet unsolved issued regarding fertilization combinations through the implementing of an ecologically-protective soil fertilization system to maintain and enhance the organic matter content according to the climatic specificity of the mountain area and the specific and overall consumption requirements of potato varieties in the area. This soil fertilization system for potato crop in the mountain area accompanied by a rigorous agrochemical control, provide for a diversity of practical solutions in achieving the agrochemical optimum of the soil-plant system and protection of mountain ecosystems.

Leaching of Total Phosphorus in Greenhouse Soil in Relation to Soil Fertility and Fertilizer Application

Inappropriate applications of phosphorus (P) in agricultural production lead to the leaching loss of P, which subsequently contributes to the eutrophication of water bodies. A leaching experiment using unsaturated intact soil columns was conducted to study the influence of fertilizer application on leaching of phosphorus in a gley meadow soil at different fertility levels (low-, medium and high fertility levels). The soil column at each fertility level received three fertilization treatments (control [CK], manure [M] and chemical fertilizer [F]). The results indicated that the leaching loss of total P (TP) from the soil column was induced by the P input from either manure or chemical fertilizer application, and the extent of leaching loss of P was also positively related to the soil fertility level. In addition, the TP concentrations in the leachates from all fertilization treatments exceeded the critical value for water eutrophication (0.02 mg P/L). This suggests that applications of manure and chemical fertilizer at proper rates with close consideration of the soil fertility level are essential to reduce the leaching loss of TP to the environment.

Вплив добрив на показники якості чорнозему

Досліджено вплив застосування добрив на показники якості ґрунту. У результаті експерименту (2005–2009 рр.) встановлено, що при внесенні хімічних речовин у ґрунт урожайність сільськогосподарських культур збільшується. Рухомі форми мікроелементів накопичуються; показники, що зумов люють обмінні процеси у ґрунті, зменшуються. Спостерігаються тенденції до окислення та токсичності орного шару земельної ділянки. Оцінено якість земельної ділянки за 100-бальною шкалою з урахуванням поправкового коефіцієнта на показник рН сольовий для Лісостепу – 0,96. За результатами якість знижена на 9,3 %.

Influence of Fertilizers Application on the Content of Some Chemical Compounds in the Apples of Golden Spur cv. Grafted on Two Rootstocks

The application of organic and mineral fertilizers is one of the major agro technical practices which influence the concentrations of the main chemical components in fruit. To emphasize the influence of fertilizers application on the main chemical components in the apples of Golden spur cv. grafted on two rootstocks, investigations between 1983-1987 were carried out. The studies were done in a high density orchard established in 1979 on a slope land of 10-15% with a eumezobazic, poorly pseudogleyed, and moderate eroded soil. On an average, over the experimental period (1983 - 1987), the two rootstocks involved and the two ways of fertilizers application to the soil (localized or on the whole surface) did not significantly influence the concentration in the chemical components analized. Also, in the some period, the 4 fertilization treatments, except P, sugar and dry weight content did not determine a significant difference of N, K, Ca, Mg, ash and acidity in fruit. Studying yearly the behaviour of the fertilization treatments it was noticed that generally some fertilization treatments determined a significant increase of N content and a significant decrease of P, Ca, acidity, sugar and ash contents in fruit versus the unifertilized treatment.

Influence of Fertilizer Application on Seed-Protein Composition and Their Accumulation Pattern during Ripening Stage in Seed-Protein Mutants of Rice

低グルテリン, 26kDaグロブリン欠失等, 水稲の種子貯蔵タンパク質において種々の特性をもつ品種・系統を異なる施肥条件下で栽培し, 種子タンパク質組成の相対量, 総タンパク質量およびタンパク質組成の相対量の出穂後の集積過程に及ぼす施肥方法の影響を検討した. タンパク質組成の相対量に対して施肥条件の違いが影響を与えることは少なく, 施肥条件が変わっても相対量はほぼ一定であることが示された. これに対し, タンパク質組成の相対量の出穂後の集積過程を調べたところ, 多肥条件(基肥8, 追肥4 kg/10a)ではグルテリンの相対量の集積がやや抑制される傾向が示唆されたが, 概して施肥条件によってタンパク質成分の集積様式に対する影響は少ないと考えられた. 一方, 総タンパク質含有率では追肥の効果が特に大きく, 品種間差や元肥の効果は年次によっては有意とならない場合もあった.

Influence of fertilization application and growing substrate on container-grown woody ornamentals

Five fertilization systems and seven types of growing substrates were tested with two woody plant species with different nutritional demands (Thuja occidentalis, Pyracantha coccinea) grown in two-litre containers. The experiment was repeated in two vegetative seasons. Application of controlled release fertilizer (CRF) was proved the most reliable; it gave good or at least average results in dependence on used growing substrates. Significant differences between application of CRF and other fertilization systems were with Pyracantha plants. System using slow release fertilizer with additional nitrogen fertilizing also showed good results. Systems based only on liquid feeding were less reliable, with some substrates they showed very good results; with others (peat substrate, peat bark substrates with wood components) they were bad. Similar results were achieved with top dressing of granulated fertilizer. Evaluating the substrates good results were obtained by using mixtures of peat with components with higher content of nutrients &amp;ndash; peat bark substrates, peat bark substrates with compost and non-peat mixtures of composted bark, wood fibres and compost. Significant differences between these types of substrates and peat one or peat bark substrate with wood components were both with Thuja plants and especially with Pyracantha plants, which have higher demand for nutrients. The experiments showed that peat based substrates amended with alternative components or non-peat substrates can bring better results than the peat ones.

Organic residue management, soil nutrient changes and maize yield in a humid Ultisol

A study was conducted on an Oxic Paleudult in South Western Nigeria to evaluate the effects of organic residue treatments after clearing a 3 year secondary fallow land on soil nutrients, maize yield and profitability. Burning of the fallow residue in 1993 and crop residue in situ in 1994 led to significant increases in soil pH, total N, organic matter, available P, exchangeable Ca, Mg and K within one month in both fertilized and unfertilized treatments. However, the increases were not sustained till harvest and in most cases the concentrations of the nutrients decreased significantly below the pretreatment levels. Increases due to residue incorporation were small but more sustainable, while in bare unfertilized plots the nutrients decreased below the pre treatment levels throughout the period of the experiment. Maize yields were significantly higher in residue incorporated and burnt plots than in the bare plots with or without fertilizer application in both years. The influence of fertilizer application was profound. However, residue incorporation without fertilizer produced 84% of the yield obtained in bare fertilized plots in 1993 and as much as 104% in 1994. The highest profit was obtained when fertilizer application was combined with residue incorporation.