Influence Of Extraction Temperature Research Articles

Influence of Extraction Temperature on the Quality of Neem Seed Oil: Preliminary Investigation

The storage of neem oil for a long time before usage comes along with challenge of quality retain ability of the oil; and the extraction methods can affect the quality of neem seed oil. This research work compared the mechanical expression method to the solvent extraction method to find a better method that will give high-grade neem oil for long-term storage. A plant with a capacity of 50 kg/day of neem seed kernel was used to extract oil from neem seed using ethanol as extraction solvent. The increase of extraction temperature from 20 oC (mechanically expressed) to 78 oC leads to decrease of iodine value from 62.70 to 60.10 gI2/100 g; increase of acid value from 3.4 to 4.2 mg KOH/g and increase of saponification value from 158.74 to 210.18 mgKOH/g. The Fames standard method was used for the GC – MS analysis and the percentage composition of the polyunsaturated components in the 20 oC (mechanically expressed), 50 oC, 55 oC, 60 oC and 78 oC oils were 21.58, 6.33, 3.09, 1.83 and 0.21% respectively. The changed of extraction temperature from 20 oC to 78 oC brings about reduction of polyunsaturated components from 21.58% to 0.21%. The increase of extraction temperature leads to conversion of unsaturated components to saturated components due to auto – oxidation process. This is clearly seen as the extraction temperature increased from 20 oC to 78 oC, the percentage composition of the saturated components increased from 22.40% to 43.70% and the polyunsaturated component decreased from 20.47% to 0%. The fatty acid composition associated with the 78 oC oil are: Oleic acid, 46.61%; Stearic acid, 11.83%; Palmitic acid, 16.54%; 11 – Octadecenoic acid, 3.58%; Cis – Vaccenic acid, 5.90%; Cyclopropaneoctanal, 11.19%; Squalene, 0.21% and Trimethylsilyl – di(timethylsiloxy) – silane, 4.14%. The functional groups identified in the 78 oC oil were C – H, C = O, C – C and C – O. Based on the lowest iodine value, lowest percentage composition of the polyunsaturated component value and high percentage composition of saturated component, the neem oil obtained at 78 oC from the miscella is considered as the high grade neem oil because it is less reactive due to lowest percentage composition of polyunsaturated and can be stored for long time before usage. Furthermore, the results from this work will assist manufacturers in selecting the extraction temperature for particular application of the neem seed oil. The extracted oil is recommended for soap production due to its high saponification value.

Ultrasonication-assisted optimization of pterostilbene extraction from Pterocarpus santalinus heartwood using response surface methodology

The present investigation established optimal conditions for ultrasonication-assisted extraction concerning yield and pterostilbene content using response surface methodology (RSM) based on Box-Behnken design (BBD) from the heartwood of Pterocarpus santalinus originating from different geographical locations (sample AP and WB). The influence of extraction temperature (X1: 30–50 °C), sonication time (X2: 15–45 min), and solvent/biomass ratio (X3: 20–60) were used as independent input variables resulting in the optimal conditions X1: 42.18, X2: 15.54, X3: 31.58 (sample AP) and X1: 30.00, X2: 31.38, X3: 20.00 (sample WB). Experimentally obtained values of yield 168.375 mg and 20.1 mg and AUC 498354 and 695295, respectively, for sample AP and WB, were in close agreement with those predicted by the RSM-BBD model. Additionally, the samples displayed the potential to inhibit the enzyme α-glucosidase.

Polysaccharide extraction optimization, monosaccharide composition, and antioxidant activity analysis of different varieties of Gastrodia elata Bl aerial parts

AbstractThis study investigates the optimal extraction conditions, monosaccharide composition, and antioxidant activity analysis of polysaccharides from the aerial parts of three different varietal varieties of Gastrodia (i.e., G. elata Bl. F. elata, G. elata Bl. F. Viridls MaKino, and G. elata Bl. F. Glauca S Chow). The influence of extraction temperature (30–70 °C), extraction time (15–55 min), and liquid-to-solid ratio (25–65 mL/g) on the yield of polysaccharides was analyzed through single-factor experiments. The response surface methodology was used to optimize the extraction process, and a mathematical model was established to obtain the optimal extraction conditions. The response surface experiment was presented as follows: The optimal extraction conditions for polysaccharides were a liquid-to-solid ratio of 59 mL/g, 56 °C, and 36 min. The polysaccharide yield in G. elata. Bl. F. Glauca S Chow aerial parts under these conditions was 10.90%, which was close to the theoretical value calculated by the model (10.64%). Under the optimal conditions, the yields of polysaccharides followed: G. elata Bl. F. elata (11.32%) > G. elata Bl. F. Glauca S Chow (10.90%) > G. elata Bl. F. Viridls MalKino (10.50%). The polysaccharides were mainly composed of 10 monosaccharides, including glucose, rhamnose, mannose, and xylose. However, the content of monosaccharides in polysaccharides of different varieties of Gastrodia elata Bl aerial parts varied greatly, with glucose and rhamnose being the highest, both exceeding 20%. The polysaccharides in different varieties of Gastrodia elata Bl aerial parts had certain in vitro antioxidant activity. The total reducing power and scavenging rates of 2,2-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazolin-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) free radicals increased with the increase of polysaccharide concentration. When the polysaccharide concentration was 1.0 mg/mL, the scavenging rates of DPPH and ABTS free radicals were both over 80%. This study provides a theoretical basis for the further development and utilization of Gastrodia elata Bl aerial part resources. Graphical Abstract Using ultrasound-assisted extraction and response surface methodology to optimize the extraction of polysaccharides from the aerial parts of Gastrodia elata, polysaccharide yields of three different G. elata varieties were all above 10%, and the extracted polysaccharides were composed of 10 monosaccharides, including glucose and galactose, and exhibited good in vitro antioxidant activity.

Comparative Evaluation of Liquid–Liquid Phase Equilibria for Aqueous Mixtures of Acetic Acid with Structurally Related Aryl Carbonyl Compounds at 298.2 and 308.2 K

Experimental solubility curves and tie-line compositions were comparatively investigated for the aqueous mixtures of acetic acid with three structurally similar aryl carbonyl compounds (propiophenone, acetophenone, and methyl benzoate) at (298.2 and 308.2) K and 101 kPa. The studied ternary mixtures display type-1 phase behavior. The correlation of the measured tie lines was performed by the NRTL and UNIQUAC models. The model binary interaction parameters were obtained by measured tie-line values and minimizing an objective function. The consistency of the NRTL parameters was validated through topological analysis connected to the Gibbs tangent principle and stability test. Evaluation of the capacity of each solvent was performed using the calculation of distribution coefficients and separation factors. Distribution coefficient (constant) and selectivity (separation factor) values were evaluated over the immiscibility region using the experimental equilibrium data. The influence of extraction temperature on the immiscibility region was found to be minor.

The influence of extraction temperature and time on antiradical activity and total phenolic extract of Ceciwis

In Indonesia, cruciferous cabbage is known as Ceciwis (Brassica oleracea var. capitata alba), a vegetable that can be consumed as a diet. Ceciwis is a member of the Brassica family, which has been shown to have chemo-preventive action. The existence of antioxidant activity confirms its efficacy. The existence of antioxidant activity confirms its efficacy. Further research is required. Antioxidant activity will undoubtedly be affected by the extraction procedure and circumstances. The objective o

Comparative study of liquid–liquid equilibria for aqueous mixtures of lactic acid with structurally similar cyclic and non-cyclic ketones

Liquid-liquid equilibria (LLE) were studied and compared for the aqueous mixtures of lactic acid (L(+) enantiomer) with the two structurally similar α,β-unsaturated ketones (mesityl oxide or isophorone)} at 298.2, 308.2, and 318.2 K and 101.3 kPa. Due to the close structural similarity of the chosen solvents, an experimental and correlational study was systematically carried out on performance of mesityl oxide and isophorone to extract l-lactic acid from water. The ternary systems exhibit type-1 behavior of LLE. The thermodynamic models of NRTL and UNIQUAC were successfully applied to fit the experimental tie-lines and the model binary interaction parameters were determined. The consistency of the calculated NRTL parameters was validated and qualified through topological analysis connected to the Gibbs tangent principle and stability test. Evaluation of the capacity of each solvent was performed using the calculation of distribution coefficients and separation factors. The influence of extraction temperature and the chemical structure of the solvent on the immiscibility region were found to be small. As a result, the selectivities specify that both the cyclic and non-cyclic ketones were found to be promising extractants for the separation of lactic acid from its dilute aqueous solutions.

Ultrasound-Assisted Water Extraction of Gentiopicroside, Isogentisin, and Polyphenols from Willow Gentian "Dust" Supported by Hydroxypropyl-β-Cyclodextrin as Cage Molecules.

The residue after sieving ("dust") from the willow gentian underground parts is an unexploited herbal tea by-product, although it contains valuable bioactive compounds. Cyclodextrins as efficient green co-solvents, cage molecules, and multifunctional excipients could improve the extraction and contribute to the added value of the resulting extracts. The objective of this study was to determine the optimal conditions for the extraction of gentiopicroside, isogentisin, and total phenolics (TPC) from willow gentian "dust" using ultrasound-assisted water extraction coupled with hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD). The influence of extraction temperature (X1: 20-80 °C), time (X2: 20-50 min), and HPβCD concentration (X3: 2-4% w/v) was analyzed employing the response surface methodology (RSM). The optimal extraction conditions for simultaneously maximizing the extraction yield of all monitored responses were X1: 74.89 °C, X2: 32.57 min, and X3: 3.01% w/v. The experimentally obtained response values under these conditions (46.96 mg/g DW for gentiopicroside, 0.51 mg/g DW for isogentisin, and 12.99 mg GAE/g DW for TPC) were in close agreement with those predicted, thus confirming the suitability and good predictive accuracy of the developed RSM models. Overall, the developed extraction system could be an applicable alternative strategy to improve the extraction of bioactive compounds from the underutilized "dust" of willow gentian underground parts.

EXTRACTION TEMPERATURE AND PH AS DECISIVE FACTORS FOR THE YIELD AND PURITY OF GRAPE POMACE PECTIN

The purpose of this paper is the use of grape pomaces, obtained by processing two different Vitis vinifera varieties (Rară Neagră and Fetească Neagră) from 2019 harvest, cultivated in the Bugeac area, Republic of Moldova, as a source of unconventional pectin. Pectin was extracted under the following conditions, citric acid used as extractant for 3 h of extraction, 125-200 µm of grape pomace particle size and solid to liquid ratio 1:10. The variables which were varied were temperature (70, 80 and 90 °C) and pH (1, 2 and 3). So, pectin yield and galacturonic acid content were determined under the influence of extraction temperature and pH. The obtained results demonstrated that the extraction conditions (temperature and pH) have a significant impact on the yield and purity of pectin from grape pomace. The highest influence on pectin yield was determined by pH 1 (15.54% and 9.96% for Fetească and Rară Neagră grape pomace pectin, respectively) and temperature of 90 °C (7.34% and 7.56% for Fetească and Rară Neagră grape pomace pectin, respectively). The same tendency is observed for galacturonic acid content.

Influence of Extraction temperature on the Phenolic compounds and Antioxidant Capacity from Moringa oleifera Leaves

Influence of Extraction temperature on the Phenolic compounds and Antioxidant Capacity from Moringa oleifera Leaves

Subcritical Water Extraction of Antioxidants from Curculigo latifolia Root

This study aims to extract antioxidant compounds from Curculigo latifolia root by subcritical water extraction (SWE). The influence of extraction temperature and time on the antioxidant activity of C. latifolia root extract was investigated in terms of extraction yield, total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), 2, 2′-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS), and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical. The highest extraction yield (36.5%), TPC (92.55 mg GAE/g), TFC (13.26 mg RE/g), and antioxidant activities by ABTS (66.8 mg trolox equivalent/g sample) and DPPH (128.7 mg trolox equivalent/g sample) were detected at 180°C and 30 minutes extraction time. Based on the results, the optimum condition was selected at 180°C and 30 minutes of extraction. The sample was screened by using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis where the phenolic compounds detected were structured based on their [M-H]-peak. The detected phenolic compounds were monobenzone, hydroquinone, phloridzin, pomiferin, mundulone, scandenin, and dimethyl caffeic acid. According to these findings, SWE is a promising, environmentally friendly, and efficient technology in the exploitation of natural products for the development of food and nutraceutical commodities.

Optimization of Polyphenol Extraction from Agaricus blazei Murrill and Determination of its Antioxidant Activities

Agaricus blazei Murrill is an edible fungus. It is considered as a functional food and its extract is also used as a natural therapy for human diseases related to metabolism in Asian countries. Polyphenols of ABM are powerful radical scavengers and providing potent antioxidant benefits. This study aimed to optimize the extraction conditions of polyphenols from Agaricus blazei Murrill by response surface methodology and determination of its antioxidant activities. The influence of extraction temperature, extraction time, and solid to liquid ratio on each response was investigated. The optimal extract conditions for Agaricus blazei Murrill polyphenols were at 72°C for 2.5 h, and solid to liquid ratio of 1:20. Under the optimal conditions, the total phenolic content of Agaricus blazei Murrill was 2.92 mg/g, which was close to the predicted value (3.04 mg/g). The antioxidant activities of ABM extract were analyzed by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2′-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) and hydroxyl radical scavenging activities and the reducing power. The EC50 values of Agaricus blazei Murrill extract on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, 2,2′-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), and hydroxyl radicals were 0.44, 0.30, and 2.84 mg/mL, respectively. The findings indicated that Agaricus blazei Murrill extract provide a beneficial effect on antioxidant activity. It suggests that Agaricus blazei Murrill has the potential to be a valuable source of natural antioxidant.

Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of quinoa oil: Study of the influence of process parameters on the extraction yield and oil quality

The supercritical CO2 extraction of oil from four different quinoa varieties has been studied in this work. For this purpose, the influence of extraction temperature (40–60 °C), pressure (20–40 MPa) and raw material size (250–1000 μm) on the extraction rate has been considered. The extraction rate resulted to be faster the higher the pressure whereas the temperature had less influence on the extraction kinetics. The experimental data were modelled using the Sovova’s kinetic model.The quality of the oil extracted has been evaluated in terms of antioxidant activity (AA), fatty acid profile and tocopherol content. The highest AA was obtained for quinoa oil extracted at 40 MPa and 40 °C; this oil presented high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (63% of the total) and significant amount of tocopherols (2.5 mg/g oil).Quinoa oil extracted using CO2 presented higher antioxidant capacity and tocopherol content than quinoa oil extracted with hexane, regardless the quinoa variety used.

Subcritical water extraction of antioxidants from mountain germander (Teucrium montanum L.)

In the present work, antioxidant compounds from Teucrium montanum were extracted by subcritical water. The influence of extraction temperature and pressure on antioxidant activity of extracts has been investigated in terms of extraction yield (EY), total phenolic content (TPC), and DPPH-radical scavenging activity (DPPH-RSA) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). Additionally, the compounds responsible for the antioxidant activity were identified and quantified by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The highest EY (42.63%), TPC (174.61 ± 4.09 mg GAE/g DE) and antioxidant activity by DPPH-RSA (176.23 ± 8.76 mg TE/g DE) and FRAP (141.71 ± 5.21 mg AAE/g DE) were seen in extracts obtained at temperature of 160 °C and pressure of 10 bar. HPLC analysis revealed that naringin and gallic acid were the principle antioxidant compounds in subcritical extracts. According to the results, SWE has a great potential in exploitation of natural sources of bioactive compounds and production of pharmacologically-active fractions.

Impact of extraction parameters and their optimization on the nutraceuticals and antioxidant properties of aqueous extract mulberry leaf

ABSTRACTAn investigation into the efficient use of water as a solvent and the influence of extraction temperature, extraction time, water to leaf powder ratio, particle size, and extraction cycle on the nutraceutical and antioxidant profile of aqueous mulberry leaf extract were conducted using a single-factor experiment approach. All the assessed extracting parameters showed a significant effect on the nutraceutical compounds and antioxidant properties. The optimum extraction conditions were as follows: extraction temperature of 70°C, extraction time of 40 min, water to leaf powder ratio of 40:1 ml/g, particle size of 25 µm, and two extraction cycles. Based on these optimal conditions, chlorogenic acid (62.10 mg/g), caffeic acid (32.21 mg/g), kaempferol-7-O-glucoside (19.30 mg/g), quercetin-3-rutinose (15.69 mg/g), quercetin-3-O-glucoside (32.38 mg/g), kaempferol-3-(6-rhamnosylglucoside) (42.52 mg/g), quercetin-3-(6-malonylglucoside) (65.19 mg/g), kaempferol-3-glucoside (66.27 mg/g), kaempferol-3-(6-malonylglucoside) (50.18 mg/g), 1-deoxynojirimycin (15.58 mg/g), and gamma-aminobutyric acid (5.05 mg/g) were obtained. The optimal aqueous extract had high antioxidant properties of 2,2-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (39.98 mM/g), cupric ion reducing capacity (58.93 mM/g), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (101.33 mM/g), and ferric reducing antioxidant power capacity (233.77 mM/g) of dried mulberry leaf extract.

Dynamic maceration of Matricaria chamomilla inflorescences: optimal conditions for flavonoids and antioxidant activity

The aim of this paper was to study and optimize the dynamic maceration process to obtain Matricaria chamomilla L., Asteraceae, inflorescences extracts with optimum flavonoid content and antioxidant activity using a multivariate approach. Hydroalcoholic extracts were obtained by dynamic maceration in lab scale and the influence of extraction temperature, ratio of plant to solvent, ethanol strength; extraction time and stirring speed on the flavonoid content and antioxidant activity were unveiled using a fractional factorial design. The ethanol strength, ratio of plant to solvent and temperature were the three factors that influenced most the extract properties and were studied by a central composite design. Total flavonoid content and antioxidant activity were affected by the ethanol strength and ranged from 1.49 to 3.95% and 13.3 to 36.2μg/ml, respectively. The desirability functions resulted in an optimal dynamic maceration condition using 1h extraction at stirring speed of 900rpm, ethanol 74.7%, temperature of 69°C and using 36.8% of plant in solvent (w/v). Under this set of conditions, the extract had total flavonoid content of 4.11±0.07%, in vitro antioxidant activity with IC50 of 18.19μg/ml and apigenin and apigenin-7-glycoside contents of 2.0±0.1mg/g and 20.1±0.9mg/g, respectively. The results showed a low solvent consumption compared to previous works. The model was able to predict extract properties with maximum deviation of 12% and the extraction process developed herein showed to be reliable, efficient and scalable for M. chamomilla inflorescences, enriched with flavonoids, apigenin and apigenin-7-glycoside and high antioxidant activity.

Polyvinyl Alcohol/Lithospermum Erythrorhizon Nanofibrous Membrane: Characterizations, In Vitro Drug Release, and Cell Viability

This study proposes an optimization process of the Lithospermum erythrorhizon (LE) extraction with a higher purity of shikonin (SK). The influence of extraction temperature on the concentration of SK is examined, and an in vitro cell viability assay is used to examine the optimal concentration of SK. Afterwards, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/LE solutions at ratios of 90/10, 80/20, and 70/30 w/w are electrospun into LE electrospun nanofibrous membranes (LENMs). The optimal manufacture parameters of LENMs are evaluated based on the test results of in vitro drug release test and cell viability assay. The optimal concentration occurs when the extraction temperature is −10 °C. The purity of the LE extract reaches 53.8% and the concentration of SK is 1.07 mg/mL. Moreover, the cell viability of nanofibrous membranes significantly increases to 136.8% when 0.7 μM SK is used. The diameter of nanofibers of LENM is decreased by 43.9% when the ratio of PVA solution to LE extract is 70/30 (w/w). 80/20 (w/w) LENM has the maximum amount of drug release of 79% for a continuous period of 48 h. In particular, 90/10 (w/w) LENM can create the maximum cell proliferation of 157.5% in a 24-h in vitro cell viability assay. This suggests that LENM has great potential to be used in facilitating tissue regeneration and wound healing.

Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Oil from Canola Seeds with the Use of Response Surface Methodology

In the current study, response surface optimization of canola oil extraction assisted by 35 kHz, 800 W ultrasound waves and with the use of hexane and 3:2 hexane–isopropanol at the proportion of 3/2 as solvents was conducted. The influence of extraction temperature (35, 45, and 55°C), ultrasound treatment time (30, 60, and 90 min), and solvent-to-canola (sample) ratio (5, 10, and 15 (% v/w)) on the percentage of the extracted oil and oxidative stability of the extracted oil was analyzed through Box-Behnken design. The achieved results revealed that the optimized conditions for canola oil extraction (22.39% efficiency) by hexane was 87 min ultrasound treatment at 55°C and solvent-to-canola proportion of 6.39 (% v/w). On the other hand, the optimized conditions for canola oil extraction (30.66% efficiency) by hexane–isopropanol mixture were 69.5 min ultrasound treatment at 55°C and solvent-to-canola ratio of 9.12 (% v/w). The obtained outcomes revealed that ultrasound waves significantly improved the extraction efficiency compared to Soxhlet extraction. The extraction efficiency was improved when hexane–isopropanol mixture was applied. In optimized condition, oxidative stability of the extracted oil has been achieved at 12.55 and 40.9 h, respectively, once hexane and hexane–isopropanol were used as solvents for extraction. Oxidative stability presented considerable enhancement with an increase in ultrasound treatment. Extracted oil with the use of mixed solvent (hexane–isopropanol) presented higher value for oxidative stability compared to the extracted oil with the use of hexane as a solvent. Comparison between the ultrasound-assisted and Soxhlet extracted oils with the use of gas chromatography presented no significant difference in their fatty acid profiles.

Multiresponse Optimization and Prediction of Antioxidant Properties of Aqueous Ginger Extract.

The influence of extraction temperature, powder concentration, and extraction time on the antioxidant properties of aqueous ginger extract was investigated. The possibility of estimating the antioxidant properties of the extract from its absorbance and colour properties was also investigated. Results indicated that powder concentration was the most significant factor to consider in optimizing antioxidant extraction. However, temperature and time still influenced the 2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging activity while extraction temperature influenced the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity of the extract. Using the total phenol content, total flavonoid content, ABTS radical scavenging activity, and DPPH radical scavenging activity of the extract, the multiresponse optimization condition for extraction of antioxidant based on the experimental range studied is 96°C, 2.10 g/100 mL, and 90 min. The absorbance of the ginger extract at 610 nm could be exploited for rapid estimation of its total flavonoid and polyphenol with a R2 of 0.713 and 0.753, respectively.

Influence of High-Pressure/High-Temperature Extraction on the Recovery of Phenolic Compounds from Barley Grains

The influence of extraction temperature (90–180C), solvent concentration (36–90% ethanol) and time (30–90 min) on extractability of phenolic compounds from barley grains and on antiradical power of extracts was examined. RSM was used to design and optimize the processing parameters. Experimental results of total phenolic contents, total flavonoids and antiradical power of barley extracts were in the range from 3.27 to 26.60 mgGAE/gdb, 0.91 to 6.09 mgCE/gdb and 0.33 to 4.05 gDPPH/mLext, respectively. HPLC analysis of extracts showed epigallocatechin gallate to be the predominant phenolic compound, representing up to 93% of all phenolic compounds determined. Based on RSM analysis, temperature was the most significant factor affecting the observed responses (P < 0.05) and optimal extraction conditions were achieved at 180C, 36% ethanol and 90 min. Additionally, strong correlation between protein content and phenolic compounds of extracts was observed (R = 0.925), indicating the influence of total proteins on possible overestimation of polyphenol content. Practical Applications Barley is a cereal crop with potential health benefits related to its content of phenolic compounds. Extraction is one of the essential steps in the isolation of bioactive compounds from natural sources and it is well known that it depends on numerous parameters. The search for nonconventional method of extraction that can overcome drawbacks of conventional (solid-liquid) extraction was the motivation of this research. Thus, the current study employed high-pressure/high-temperature stirred reactor for extraction process, and RSM for modeling the possible relationship between different extraction parameters and yield of phenolic compounds extracted from barley as well as their antioxidant activities. The data shown would provide the scientific rationale for better understanding of extraction of bioactive phenolic compounds from barley at high-pressure/high-temperature regime and as a contribution to the development of this technique in spite of the high cost of equipment.

Mathematical Modeling of Betanin Extraction from Red Beet (Beta vulgaris L.) by Solid–Liquid Method

Abstract Effective diffusion coefficient (D-value) is an important parameter for the extraction process. In this study, a cylindrical model to estimate the D-value of betanin extraction from red beet roots was developed. The influence of extraction temperature, pH, cylindrical thickness and type of acids on the D-value was also investigated. The optimal parameters of betanin extraction were 30°C, pH 4.0 adjusted with sulfurous acid or acetic acid. D-values under the above conditions were 18.95×10−11 m2/s and 17.87×10−11 m2/s, respectively. The result showed that D-value elevated with the increase of cylindrical thickness, which was consistent with earlier conclusion from spherical model. The modeling may be useful for the investigation into extraction process and practical application.