Abstract
ABSTRACTAn investigation into the efficient use of water as a solvent and the influence of extraction temperature, extraction time, water to leaf powder ratio, particle size, and extraction cycle on the nutraceutical and antioxidant profile of aqueous mulberry leaf extract were conducted using a single-factor experiment approach. All the assessed extracting parameters showed a significant effect on the nutraceutical compounds and antioxidant properties. The optimum extraction conditions were as follows: extraction temperature of 70°C, extraction time of 40 min, water to leaf powder ratio of 40:1 ml/g, particle size of 25 µm, and two extraction cycles. Based on these optimal conditions, chlorogenic acid (62.10 mg/g), caffeic acid (32.21 mg/g), kaempferol-7-O-glucoside (19.30 mg/g), quercetin-3-rutinose (15.69 mg/g), quercetin-3-O-glucoside (32.38 mg/g), kaempferol-3-(6-rhamnosylglucoside) (42.52 mg/g), quercetin-3-(6-malonylglucoside) (65.19 mg/g), kaempferol-3-glucoside (66.27 mg/g), kaempferol-3-(6-malonylglucoside) (50.18 mg/g), 1-deoxynojirimycin (15.58 mg/g), and gamma-aminobutyric acid (5.05 mg/g) were obtained. The optimal aqueous extract had high antioxidant properties of 2,2-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (39.98 mM/g), cupric ion reducing capacity (58.93 mM/g), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (101.33 mM/g), and ferric reducing antioxidant power capacity (233.77 mM/g) of dried mulberry leaf extract.
Highlights
Mulberry leaf is a rich source of valuable bioactive compounds.[1]
Effect of extraction temperature on nutraceutical yield and antioxidant properties Theoretically, solid–liquid extraction at high extraction temperature leads to an upsurge of nutraceutical yield due to its effect on diffusion coefficient, solubility, and stability of bioactive compounds.[29]
As reported by Mokrani et al.,[30] heating might soften the herbal tissue and weaken the phenol-polysaccharide and phenol interactions, promoting the migration of nutraceutical into the solvent, flavonols which are commonly found as glycosides.[31]
Summary
Mulberry leaf is a rich source of valuable bioactive compounds.[1]. In vitro, in vivo, and epidemiological studies have proven that mulberry leaf nutraceuticals exhibit biological functions toward some human diseases.[2]. Food and pharmaceutics industries require standardization of herbal extracts. Extraction procedure is a crucial step which determines the nutraceutical quality and yield of the individual biological compounds.[7] several novel extraction techniques such as microwave-assisted extraction, subcritical fluid extraction, ultrasonic extraction, and pressurized liquid extraction have been promoted during the last decade[8,9], solid–liquid extraction is still predominant in the food and pharmaceutical industries.[10,11]
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