Influence Of Emotional Arousal Research Articles

Cognition, metacognition and attitude to tourism destinations: The impact of emotional arousal and source credibility

Design of advertising stimuli is critical for marketing, especially to destinations which have limited exposure to visitors. Existing studies postulate the design of advertising affects the amount and valence of thoughts (Cognition), thought confidence (Metacognition) and attitudes towards a destination. Despite this, limited research has considered the influence of emotional arousal and perceived credibility of advertising on cognition, metacognition and attitude. This research implemented a two-by-two experimental design to examine how cognition, metacognition and attitude differ across different levels of emotional arousal and perceived credibility of an advertisement of Iran. Results demonstrate participants showed higher cognitive engagement with the advertisement and more thought confidence and developed more favourable thinking and attitude to Iran in response to a highly credible and emotionally arousing tourism stimulus. A key contribution of this research is that high emotional arousal evokes more favourable cognition, metacognition and attitude towards a destination.

Effective connectivity between emotional and motor brain regions in people with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES)

ObjectiveTo characterize the effective connectivity (EC) between the emotion and motor brain regions in patients with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES), based on resting-state spectral dynamic causal modeling (spDCM). MethodsTwenty-three patients with PNES and twenty-five healthy control (HC) subjects underwent resting-state fMRI scanning. The coupling parameters indicating the causal interactions between eight brain regions associated with emotion, executive control, and motion were estimated for both groups, using resting-state fMRI spDCM. ResultsCompared to the HC subjects, in patients with PNES: (i) the left insula (INS) and left and right inferior frontal gyri (IFG) are more inhibited by the amygdala (AMYG), anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), and precentral gyrus (PCG); (ii) the left AMYG has greater inhibitory effects on the INS, IFG, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), PCG, and supplementary motor area (SMA); (iii) the left ACC has more inhibitory effects on the INS and IFG; (iv) the right ACC is more inhibited by the INS and IFG, and has a less inhibitory effect on the SMA and PCG; and (v) the left caudate (CAU) had increased inhibitory effects on the AMYG and IFG and a more excitatory effect on the SMA. ConclusionOur results suggest that in patients with PNES, the emotion-processing regions have inhibitory effects on the executive control areas and motor regions. Our findings may provide further insight into the influence of emotional arousal on functional movements and the underlying mechanisms of involuntary movements during functional seizures. Furthermore, they may suggest that emotion regulation through cognitive behavioral psychotherapies can be a potentially effective treatment modality.

Examining the influence of emotional arousal and scam preventive messaging on susceptibility to scams

With the increase in scams globally and the elusive methods of perpetrators, law enforcement agencies have turned to public education and awareness programs to decrease the number of scam victims. This has also raised a need to look into the psychology of scams and how they can be prevented. Emotional arousal has been shown to hinder cognitive decision-making processes in scam victims, subsequently influencing them to fall prey to scams. Despite this, messages used in scam prevention campaigns have been framed in ways that appeal to rational cognitive processes. This exploratory study examined two research questions: do (a) the type of messaging used in scam prevention posters (cognitive-focused poster vs. emotion-normalising poster) and (b) emotional arousal (positive arousal vs. negative arousal vs. no arousal) influence one’s susceptibility to scams? Susceptibility to scams was measured through participants’ intention to purchase items during a fake e-commerce scam scenario. Emotional arousal was measured with a combination of heart rate variability (HRV) data obtained through wearable heart rate trackers, and self-report scales. Results of the study showed that participants who viewed emotion-normalising posters demonstrated a lower susceptibility to scams compared to those who viewed the cognitive-focused poster. However, emotional arousal was not found to have any influence on one’s susceptibility to scams. These findings serve to inform crime prevention campaigns by law enforcement. Findings from this exploratory study can also encourage further research into the scam prevention research.

Threat-induced modulation of hippocampal and striatal memory systems during navigation of a virtual environment

The brain is composed of multiple memory systems that mediate distinct types of navigation. The hippocampus is important for encoding and retrieving allocentric spatial cognitive maps, while the dorsal striatum mediates procedural memories based on stimulus-response (S-R) associations. These memory systems are differentially affected by emotional arousal. In particular, rodent studies show that stress typically impairs hippocampal spatial memory while it spares or sometimes enhances striatal S-R memory. The influence of emotional arousal on these separate navigational memory systems has received less attention in human subjects. We investigated the effect of dynamic changes in anticipatory anxiety on hippocampal spatial and dorsal striatal S-R memory systems while participants attempted to solve a virtual eight-arm radial maze. In Experiment 1, participants completed a hippocampus-dependent spatial version of the eight-arm radial maze that required allocentric spatial memory to successfully navigate the environment. In Experiment 2, participants completed a dorsal striatal S-R version of the maze where no allocentric spatial cues were present, requiring the use of S-R navigation. Anticipatory anxiety was modulated via threat of receiving an unpleasant electrical shock to the wrist during memory retrieval. Results showed that threat of shock was associated with more errors and increased use of non-spatial navigational strategies in the hippocampal spatial task, but did not influence memory performance in the striatal S-R task. Findings indicate a dissociation regarding the influence of anticipatory anxiety on memory systems that has implications for understanding how fear and anxiety contribute to memory-related symptoms in human psychopathologies.

Shocking secret you won’t believe! Emotional arousal in clickbait headlines

Purpose Clickbait has become a popular strategy for attracting online users by enticing them to follow the link to a particular website to read further. The purpose of this paper is to fill a gap in the literature by providing empirical evidence of how clickbait headlines affect online users’ emotional and behavioral responses, specifically emotional arousal and intention to read news. In addition, it is an early attempt to examine pupillary dilation response as an indicator of emotional arousal in the online news context. Design/methodology/approach An experiment was conducted primarily to examine the levels of emotional arousal evoked by two treatment groups of online news headlines, news and clickbait, compared to a neutral control group. Emotional arousal was assessed using two approaches – pupillary dilation response recorded by an eye-tracking device and the Self-Assessment Manikin (SAM) – and the results were compared. The influence of emotional arousal on intention to read news was hypothesized and tested. Findings The level of emotional arousal evoked by the headlines varies. In general, clickbait headlines generate a higher level of emotional arousal than do the neutral headlines but a lower level than the news headlines. The results also indicate that the level of emotional arousal measured by pupillary dilation response and by SAM are somewhat consistent. Emotional arousal appears to be a significant predictor of intention to read news. Originality/value This study is an initial attempt to investigate how clickbait headlines influence online users’ perceptions and responses, which will be of interest to researchers and news media publishers. The current study also provides evidence for adopting pupillary dilation response, an unobtrusive measure of emotional response, as an alternative methodology for future studies that investigate emotional arousal related to textual information in the online news context.

The neurobiological system for the influence of emotional arousal on memory consolidation

The neurobiological system for the influence of emotional arousal on memory consolidation

Pengaruh Store Layout Dan Atmosphere Terhadap Shopping Intention Zalora Online Store

This study aims to know and analyze the influence of layout design and atmosphere on purchase intention trough emotional arousal and attitude toward the website. This research using SPSS 1.6 and Lisrel 8.7 software. Data collected directly from respondents who meet the specified characteristics of the population by distributing questionnaires. The samples used in this study was 150 respondents. The results of this study showed the influence of layout design on emotional arousal and attitude toward the website, the influence of atmosphere on emotional arousal, the influence of emotional arousal on attitude toward the website, the influence of emotional arousal on purchase intention, the influence of attitude toward the website on purchase intention, while the influence of atmosphere on emotional arousal, and the influence of emotional arousal on purchase intention of Zalora online store are rejected.

Accounting for immediate emotional memory enhancement

Memory for emotional events is usually very good even when tested shortly after study, before it is altered by the influence of emotional arousal on consolidation. Immediate emotion-enhanced memory may stem from the influence of emotion on cognitive processes at encoding and retrieval. Our goal was to test which cognitive factors are necessary and sufficient to account for EEM, with a specific focus on clarifying the contribution of attention to this effect. In two experiments, participants encoded negative-arousing and neutral pictures. In Experiment 1, under divided-attention conditions, negative pictures were better attended and recalled even when they were matched with neutral pictures on semantic relatedness and distinctiveness, and attention at encoding predicted subsequent emotion-enhanced memory. The memory advantage for emotional stimuli was only abolished when attention to emotional and neutral stimuli was also matched, under full-attention in Experiment 1 and under divided-attention in Experiment 2. Emotional memory enhancement was larger in Experiment 1 when the control of organization and distinctiveness was relaxed. These findings suggest that attention, organization and distinctiveness provide a necessary and sufficient account for immediate emotion-enhanced free recall memory.

Influence of emotional arousal on the N150 of the Auditory Evoked Potential from the rat amygdala.

This study tested whether a general increase in emotional arousal is a sufficient determinant for the evocation of the N150, a negative wave in amygdalar Auditory Evoked Potentials (AEPs). Rats received one of three conditioning protocols: either conditioned stimulus (CS) presentations alone (Control) CS-shock pairings (Paired) or unpaired presentations of the CS and shock (Unpaired). Amygdalar AEPs were recorded in response to the CS. It was hypothesized that if a state of emotional arousal is a sufficient condition for the manifestation of the N150, its amplitude should be enhanced in the Paired and Unpaired conditions relative to the Control condition, which was indeed found. In addition, it was found that the N150 had a larger amplitude in the Paired than in the Unpaired condition. This suggests that an additional N150 increase is established when animals learn the CS-US association. The results are discussed in relation to literature on amygdala function.

The Influence of Emotional Arousal on Affective Priming in Monolingual and Bilingual Speakers

The activation of arousal components for emotion-laden words in English (e.g. kiss, death) was examined in two groups of participants: English monolinguals and Spanish—English bilinguals. In Experiment 1, emotion-laden words were rated on valence and perceived arousal. These norms were used to construct prime—target word pairs that were used in Experiment 2. Monolingual and bilingual participants performed lexical decisions to English word targets in either high arousal, moderate or unrelated conditions. Results revealed positive priming effects in both arousal conditions for both groups of participants. Interestingly, while the baseline conditions were similar across groups, the arousal conditions produced longer latencies for bilinguals than for monolinguals. These data represent the first demonstration of word—word priming in the domain of perceived arousal in a dominant language for monolingual and bilingual speakers. Results are discussed in terms of the representation of emotion words and the structure of emotion in bilingual memory.

Role of the Basolateral Amygdala in Memory Consolidation

Memories of emotionally arousing events tend to be more vivid and to persist longer than do memories of neutral or trivial events. Moreover, memories of emotionally influenced information may endure after a single experience. Recent findings strongly suggest that the influence of emotional arousal on memory consolidation is mediated by the release of adrenal stress hormones (epinephrine and glucocorticoids) and neurotransmitters that converge in modulating the noradrenergic system within the amygdala. Considerable evidence also indicates that amygdala activation influences memory by regulating consolidation in other brain regions. The findings suggest further that this memory-modulatory system may be involved in the formation of traumatic memories and posttraumatic stress disorder in human subjects.

Arousal-Mediated Memory Consolidation: Role of the Medial Temporal Lobe in Humans

Although the influence of emotional arousal on declarative memory has been documented behaviorally, the mechanisms underlying arousal-memory interactions and their representation in the human brain remain uncertain. One route through which arousal achieves its effects on memory performance is by regulating consolidation processes. Animal research has revealed that the amygdala strengthens hippocampal-dependent memory consolidation in a limited time window following participation in an arousing task. To examine whether this integrative function of amygdalo-hippocampal structures extends to the human brain, we tested unilateral-temporallobectomy patients on an adaptation of a classic paradigm in which levels of physiological arousal at encoding modulate retention over time. Subjects rated emotionally arousing (taboo) and neutral words on an arousal scale while their skin conductance responses (SCRs) were monitored. Recall for the words was assessed immediately and after a 1-hr delay. Both temporal-lobectomy patients and control subjects generated enhanced SCRs and arousal ratings for the arousing words at the time of encoding. However, only control subjects exhibited an increase in memory for the arousing words over time. This group difference in the effect of arousal on the rate of forgetting suggests that the role of medial temporal lobe structures in memory consolidation for arousing events is conserved across species.

"Psychophysiologic Reactivity" in Asthmatic Children: A New Perspective on Emotionally Triggered Asthma

This article offers a reconceptualization of the influence of emotional arousal on asthma. We propose that the degree to which an asthmatic child is generally psychophysiologically reactive will influence the degree to which emotional arousal affects airways reactivity and pulmonary function. This psychophysiologic reactivity may be genetically (temperamentally) based, or acquired through emotional trauma. Controlled laboratory studies are cited that demonstrate an emotional link in asthma process. A focused and more detailed review is presented of new research support for psychophysiologic reactivity in asthmatic children as a continuum of risk for emotional stimulation of airways constriction mediated by cholinergic mechanisms. Treatment implications are drawn with case illustrations. Nemo Psychologus Nisi Physiologus. Johannes Muller