Influence Of Dynamics Research Articles

The influence of family dynamics on business performance: does effective leadership matter?

PurposeFamily businesses have a dual objective of profit making and providing opportunities for family members. This duality leads to a conflict that may bring poor team work and communication, which is difficult to reconcile. Thus, the study looked into how the performance of family enterprises is affected by family dynamics. Additionally, it examines the relationship's ability to be mediated by effective leadership.Design/methodology/approachThe study adopted a quantitative, explanatory research approach. The study population was family-owned enterprises in KwaZulu-Natal's South Durban Basin, of which 236 were chosen using a snowball and convenience sampling technique. Data was analysed using various descriptive and inferential statistical techniques, namely, multiple regression and the standard deviation.FindingsThe finding of the study shows that family dynamics significantly influenced business performance both directly and indirectly through effective leadership. Besides, the family firms with larger employee sizes have better effective leadership that positively contributes to the business performance.Research limitations/implicationsThe study recommends that family businesses should train their members to ensure leadership effectiveness.Originality/valueThis study is unique in that it was conducted in Black Townships and focusses mainly on businesses owned by families of Indian descent that need to prepare for leadership/ownership. It also contributes to academic literature on family dynamics and will encourage families to recognise the importance of strong leadership in controlling family dynamics to improve business success.

Presidential Election and SME Transformation in Indonesia: The Influence of Policies and Political Dynamics

Presidential Election and SME Transformation in Indonesia: The Influence of Policies and Political Dynamics

Study on the Influence of Oilfield Production Dynamics on Listed Reserves

Study on the Influence of Oilfield Production Dynamics on Listed Reserves

The dynamic influence of energy consumption, fiscal policy and green innovation on environmental degradation in BRICST economies

The global consensus on overcoming climate change and environmental sustainability has increased the urgency towards formulating stringent environmental and fiscal policy instruments in achieve environmental sustainability. The current study extends policy deliberations by studying how energy transition and fiscal policy measures impact the ecological footprint of BRICST economies from 1995 to 2021. Our findings from Driscoll-Kraay standard errors, FMOLS, DOLS, and method of moments quantile regression identify that energy transition, renewable energy, taxation revenues and green innovation improve environmental sustainability, while non-renewable energy consumption and governmental expenditures exacerbate environmental challenges. Our econometric analysis allows us to propose that policymakers must use fiscal policy measures to introduce structural changes and foster the adoption of environmental technologies in the industrial sector. Furthermore, developing economies must broaden tax base to increase environmental spending on upgrading renewable energy infrastructure and lower ecological burden.

Harvesting Success: Strategy Development for Kampoeng Anggrek Agro-Tourism

The research focuses on Kampoeng Anggrek Agritourism, a growing attraction in Kediri City that is seeing an increase in everyday visits, especially on weekends and holidays. The COVID-19 epidemic prompted a brief shutdown, which resulted in shifts in facility maintenance and employee attention, resulting in some deterioration. This study aims to evaluate Kampoeng Anggrek's present Business Model Canvas (BMC) and make recommendations for future improvements. Probability sample was used with the business model canvas approach, with ten participants from the internal and forty from the external aspects of Agrotourism Kampoeng Anggrek chosen using simple random sample. The research resulted in a comprehensive BMC framework, which provided proprietors with a clear picture of the company as well as the capacity to fine-tune each BMC aspect for operational optimization in agritourism operations. This study provides critical insights for stakeholders navigating the changing landscape of agrotourism firms in the face of dynamic external influences such as the COVID-19 pandemic

Efficient Data Transfer by Evaluating Closeness Centrality for Dynamic Social Complex Network-Inspired Routing

Social Complex Networks in communication networks are pivotal for comprehending the impact of human-like interactions on information flow and communication efficiency. These networks replicate social behavior patterns in the digital realm by modeling device interactions, considering friendship, influence, and information-sharing frequency. A key challenge in communication networks is their dynamic topologies, driven by dynamic user behaviors, fluctuating traffic patterns, and scalability needs. Analyzing these changes is essential for optimizing routing and enhancing the user experience. This paper introduces a network model tailored for Opportunistic Networks, characterized by intermittent device connections and disconnections, resulting in sporadic connectivity. The model analyzes node behavior, extracts vital properties, and ranks nodes by influence. Furthermore, it explores the evolution of node connections over time, gaining insights into changing roles and their impact on data exchange. Real-world datasets validate the model’s effectiveness. Applying it enables the development of refined routing protocols based on dynamic influence rankings. This approach fosters more efficient, adaptive communication systems that dynamically respond to evolving network conditions and user behaviors.

Exploring online consumer review-management response dynamics: A heuristic-systematic perspective

Although the effects of managerial responses (MRs) on subsequent customer reviews (CRs) has been explored, we lack a comprehensive theoretical framework to explain the interdependent relationships between previous and subsequent CRs—specifically the dynamic influences of MRs on future CRs. We draw on emotional contagion and regulation theories to develop a heuristic systematic model to explain CR-MR dynamics in online settings. We propose six systematic processing and three heuristic processing routes to delineate the determination and persuasion effects between previous and subsequent consumers' CRs. The systematic routes describe how current customers' compliments, complaints, and emotions influence their current rating scores. The heuristic processing routes describe how previous customers' rating scores and emotions influence current customers' rating scores and emotions. We suggest MR strategies to regulate these effects. The presence and length of MRs defines the numeric heuristic route while the positive-emotion heuristic route is conceptualized through expressions of thanks, sincerity, interaction, and complimenting customers. Expressions of apology, explanation, empathy, and remedy inform the negative-emotion heuristic route. We collect text from customers' reviews and managers' responses from the TripAdvisor website using text-mining techniques and analyze our hypotheses using Pooled Ordinary Least Squares (pooled OLS) and Generalized Method of Moment (GMM) modeling. Our findings not only enrich the theoretical underpinnings of the CR/MR literature, but also provide managerial guidance on how customers' emotional contagion and rating behaviors might be regulated.

Dynamic top-down biasing implements rapid adaptive changes to individual movements.

Complex behaviors depend on the coordinated activity of neural ensembles in interconnected brain areas. The behavioral function of such coordination, often measured as co-fluctuations in neural activity across areas, is poorly understood. One hypothesis is that rapidly varying co-fluctuations may be a signature of moment-by-moment task-relevant influences of one area on another. We tested this possibility for error-corrective adaptation of birdsong, a form of motor learning which has been hypothesized to depend on the top-down influence of a higher-order area, LMAN (lateral magnocellular nucleus of the anterior nidopallium), in shaping moment-by-moment output from a primary motor area, RA (robust nucleus of the arcopallium). In paired recordings of LMAN and RA in singing birds, we discovered a neural signature of a top-down influence of LMAN on RA, quantified as an LMAN-leading co-fluctuation in activity between these areas. During learning, this co-fluctuation strengthened in a premotor temporal window linked to the specific movement, sequential context, and acoustic modification associated with learning. Moreover, transient perturbation of LMAN activity specifically within this premotor window caused rapid occlusion of pitch modifications, consistent with LMAN conveying a temporally localized motor-biasing signal. Combined, our results reveal a dynamic top-down influence of LMAN on RA that varies on the rapid timescale of individual movements and is flexibly linked to contexts associated with learning. This finding indicates that inter-area co-fluctuations can be a signature of dynamic top-down influences that support complex behavior and its adaptation.

Isotopic niches of juvenile and adult green turtles (Chelonia mydas) in feeding and nesting areas in Brazil, southwestern Atlantic Ocean

Stable isotope analysis is an approach that allows inferring feeding ecology and trophic structure of populations, especially for species that are difficult to observe in natural habitats, such as marine turtles. This study investigated the niche breadth of adult and juvenile green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas) through δ15N and δ13C values in carapace scutes. During 2017 and 2018, tissues were collected from juveniles in a feeding area in southeastern Brazil (n = 60) and from adults in a nesting area in northeastern Brazil, at Fernando de Noronha (n = 21). Our results revealed no temporal variations in the isotopic values of adult green turtles and the mean δ15N values are compatible with the isotopic values of primarily herbivorous animals. In southeastern Brazil, the δ13C values and isotopic niche breadth differences observed in juvenile green turtles suggest that variations in habitat (i.e., channel between the municipalities of Ilhabela and São Sebastião - “SSC” and region comprising the other two municipalities of Ubatuba and Caraguatatuba - “CAU”, as defined in this study based on oceanographic current dynamics) can influence their isotopic niche. The isotopic values observed in juvenile green turtles demonstrated a high degree of feeding behavior plasticity and individual variability, which were possibly influenced by the dynamic of oceanographic currents and seasonal nutrient inputs. These findings help to elucidate the feeding behavior of green turtles at different life stages and the potential influence of oceanographic current dynamics in key feeding sites for juvenile green turtles.

Estimating the impact of fishery industry on marine pollution: New insights from Method of Moments Quantile Regression

Indeed, waste from marine may have a significant negative economic impact on coastal towns, tourism, shipping, and fisheries. Given its accumulation and spread, waste from marine may be one of the most urgent dangers to the sustainability of marine life and the health of the EU's waters. By considering the role of production in fisheries, fossil fuel use, economic development, and governance from 1990 to 2022, this research seeks to explore the dynamic influence of the fisheries sector on marine hazardous waste in 27 European nations. At higher quantiles, the findings showed a strong positive association between fisheries capacity production and marine hazardous waste at a 1% statistical level using the new Method of Moments Quantile Regression with fixed effects. From the fifth through the ninth quantiles (≈0.250), fishery output considerably increases marine waste, with a more substantial influence at the highest (≈0.239) and a lower impact at the lowest quantile (≈0.056). The findings also show that affluent countries in the EU14 have more significant at a 1% statistical level beneficial effect on marine waste than developing nations in the EU13. Using fossil fuels increased marine waste across all quantiles at a 1% statistical level. Still, economic development in EU14 developed and EU13 developing countries causes marine waste to decrease, at 1% and 10% statistical levels, respectively, supporting the growth theory for nations that produce fisheries. From the first through the ninth quantiles (≈−6.677) in EU27 nations, the influence of governance was adversely significant at a 1% statistical level. The findings suggest that the developed EU14 countries are more affected negatively by governance on marine waste. Using effective and environmentally friendly technology, policymakers may reduce marine waste in the EU14 and the EU13 nations while achieving sustainable development objectives.

Multifaceted roles of mitochondria in wound healing and chronic wound pathogenesis.

Mitochondria are intracellular organelles that play a critical role in numerous cellular processes including the regulation of metabolism, cellular stress response, and cell fate. Mitochondria themselves are subject to well-orchestrated regulation in order to maintain organelle and cellular homeostasis. Wound healing is a multifactorial process that involves the stringent regulation of several cell types and cellular processes. In the event of dysregulated wound healing, hard-to-heal chronic wounds form and can place a significant burden on healthcare systems. Importantly, treatment options remain limited owing to the multifactorial nature of chronic wound pathogenesis. One area that has received more attention in recent years is the role of mitochondria in wound healing. With regards to this, current literature has demonstrated an important role for mitochondria in several areas of wound healing and chronic wound pathogenesis including metabolism, apoptosis, and redox signalling. Additionally, the influence of mitochondrial dynamics and mitophagy has also been investigated. However, few studies have utilised patient tissue when studying mitochondria in wound healing, instead using various animal models. In this review we dissect the current knowledge of the role of mitochondria in wound healing and discuss how future research can potentially aid in the progression of wound healing research.

Dynamic Capabilities Influence on the Operational Performance of Hotel Food Supply Chains: A Mediation-Moderation Model

This study develops and tests an integrated model based on the Dynamic Capabilities View (DCV) to empirically examine how dynamic capabilities influence the operational performance of hotel food supply chains through the mediating role of supply chain resilience and the moderating influences of environmental uncertainty and disruption orientation. The model is tested using survey data from 160 five- and four-star hotel managers in Egypt and the findings of structural equation modeling. The findings support the proposed model and reveal a positive effect of total dynamic capabilities and the four dynamic capabilities (i.e., collaboration, integration, agility, and reconfiguration) on the operational performance of hotel food supply chains through the mediating role of supply chain resilience. The results affirm that supply chain resilience mediates the relationship between dynamic capabilities (in total) and operational performance. Furthermore, the results show that environmental uncertainty moderates the above linkage, whereas disruption orientation does not do that. With the extension of DCV, our findings contribute to deepening our understanding of the dynamic capabilities contributing to the development of hotel food supply chain performance. These findings hold crucial implications for academics, managers, and policymakers. They also provide valuable insights on how to effectively control operational performance during disruptions.

Land use dynamics and its influences on groundwater depth levels in South region of National Capital Territory (NCT) of Delhi, India.

The present study envisions the influences of land use dynamics on the spatial trend of groundwater depth levels over a period of two decades in the south region of NCT Delhi, India. The findings have inferred that among five major LULC categories, built-up has shown a sprawling trend (+2.17 km2/year) from the north, northeastern, and central portions to the confined patches observed in the south and southwest fringes of South Delhi from 2001 to 2021. Likewise, vegetation class has also witnessed significant increment (+1.91 km2/year) to the peripheral boundary, i.e., southern, southwest/eastern fringes, and central portions under recent initiatives of city forests, plantation drives, and urban green spaces programs. On the contrary, a negative rate of change has been observed in fallow land (-2.78 km2/year), agriculture (-1.22 km2/year), and water bodies (-0.07 km2/year). LULC transition matrix has also showed prominent conversion of fallow land into vegetation and built-up class, and change of vegetation into built-up, and fallow land category. Subsequently, corresponding LULC maps have been superimposed with long-term trends of groundwater depth levels (as spatial contours). For entire South Delhi region, depth to water levels ranged from 2.02 to 66.45 meters below ground level (mbgl) where shallower depths followed a negative trend and remain persistent throughout the time period in north and northeastern fringes. Higher fluctuations in groundwater depletion with positive trends directly get influenced with allied land use transitions such as a steady increase in built-up area and steeper depth levels (> 40 mbgl) as observed in central, southwestern, and southern parts. Moreover, buffer peripheries in the proximity of groundwater monitoring stations viz., Hauz Khas, Pushp Vihar, Jamali, Gadaipur, and Bhatti Kalan have observed deeper groundwater levels allied to built-up expansion. Thus, groundwater depletion trends can be ascribed to the incessant conversion of recharging areas into impervious zones along with uneven distribution of groundwater usage and supply. Conversely, expanding vegetative land has also shown improved groundwater depth levels. Therefore, land use influences must be managed in the long run for ensuring sustainable management of groundwater resources.

Permanent deformation prediction model for freeze–thaw coarse–fine mixture of geomaterials with varying fine content: Influence of loading frequency

The impact of cyclic loading frequency (fcyc) on the permanent deformation (εp) of freeze–thaw coarse–fine mixture of geomaterials (FTCF) has been extensively investigated. In this work, long-term cyclic triaxial tests were conducted on FTCF specimens with varying fcyc and deviatoric stress (qcyc) with different numbers of freeze–thaw cycles (NFT), in order to investigate εp under freeze–thaw cycling. This study systematically analysed and discussed the effects of fcyc and qcyc on εp of FTCF samples with different fine particle contents (FC). A rate-dependent multistage load-prediction model for εp was proposed and evaluated. The results showed that the freeze–thaw cyclic had a less significant impact on εp when compared to the dynamic triaxial loading. The speed and piston effects of the FTCF under dynamic loads were mutually restricting, with their combined impact closely related to the loading frequency. A higher deformation resistance for a coarse-grained skeleton is attained with the effective filling of fine particle clusters in the pores of skeleton. A function was proposed to describe the relationship between the hyperbolic model parameters and fcyc, qcyc, as well as FC. This function could be used to estimate the hyperbolic model parameters under different dynamic stresses and material states. An equivalent stress-state parameter was introduced to consider the effect of the loading frequency, enabling the exploration of dynamic loading's influence on the equivalent vibration number (Neq). A comparison between the predicted results and the test data showed that the proposed model could accurately reproduce the cumulative behaviour of the εp of FTCF under different fcyc and qcyc.

Political Disillusionment and the Fine Line Between Independence and Neo-colonialism in Early Post-colonial Africa: A Literary and Historical Perspective from Senegal with Aminata Sow Fall

ABSTRACT Focusing on the role of the French empire in the emergence of political disenchantment in the early post-independance Francophone African society, this paper draws from Aminata Sow Fall’s literary texts La Grève des bàttu (1979) and L’ex-Père de la nation (1987) to examine the political history of Senegal. Analysing these texts, we highlight two key aspects in this political history: the continuous external influence and contemptuous complicity of the former colonial power in various aspects of governance in post-independent Francophone African countries, and the complicity of the post-colonial leaders whose limited conceptualisation and interpretation of independence create conducive conditions for disenchantment. I argue that these dynamic influences which impact the validity of independence in Senegal, also represent the reality of many francophone African societies. To foreground the arguments in this article, I shall employ the post-colonial theory which facilitates the understanding of the impact of imperialism on ex-colonies, and sociological criticism which articulates the relationship between these texts and the social realities of the society from whence they emanate, drawing out specific insights about how they align with the interpretation of the chosen literary sources. In conclusion, I proposed that a re-evaluation of the role of internal and external political players is needed for the advancement and genuine emancipation of post-colonial African societies.

A turbines-module adapted to the marine site for tidal farms layout optimization

The ocean energy exploitation is arousing growing interest in the renewable energy sector. In theshort term, horizontal axis tidal turbines are the most promising technology due to the accumulatedknow-how in the field of wind energy. In order to maximize the performance of the devices in acluster, it is essential to optimize the layout. The marine environment offers different conditions thanatmospheric situations, in terms of confinement and turbulence intensity. Moreover, tidal currentsexhibit a highly predictable pattern in speed intensity and direction unlike the wind resource, whichhas a more random behaviour. Nonetheless, most of tidal sites are characterized by the inversionof flow where the two prevailing directions are not perfectly aligned and opposite, hence the anglebetween those directions should be a design variable. In this work we will consider as a case studythe site proposed in [1], where this angle is ±20°.For those sites with a flow inversion of almost 180°, the staggered configuration is preferable toavoid wakes interference as mentioned in [2]. Furthermore, many studies [3] had analysed positiveinteraction between neighbouring devices in a cluster, hence it is important to establish the optimalrelative position accounting for fluid dynamic positive effects, and not only negative aspects suchas wake interactions. For this reason, in this work we present a novel approach to determine thebest configuration of a cluster of few turbines, a ”module”, which will be the optimized ”buildingblock” for the whole farm. The procedure to be followed consist of two phases in which boththe characteristics of the site and those of the turbine are taken into consideration. To place thedevices in an optimal configuration, we first consider the change of flow direction during the tidalcycle for the site of interest, allowing only those configurations which avoid wake interference forboth prevailing flow directions; then, we assess the best layout by exploiting positive interactionsbetween devices in the cluster. The mutual fluid dynamic influence is analysed by means of a 3DBlade Element Momentum model of the turbine [4] implemented in the Open Source SHYFEMcode. A series of simulations is performed to outline the power production trend of the module, andconsequently find the optimal distancing between the machines. CFD simulations are also used toextract the module wake characteristics.

Influence of nuclear dynamics on molecular attosecond photoelectron interferometry.

In extreme ultraviolet spectroscopy, the photoionization process occurring in a molecule due to the absorption of a single photon can trigger an ultrafast nuclear motion in the cation. Taking advantage of attosecond photoelectron interferometry, where the absorption of the extreme ultraviolet photon is accompanied by the exchange of an additional infrared quantum of light, one can investigate the influence of nuclear dynamics by monitoring the characteristics of the photoelectron spectra generated by the two-color field. Here, we show that attosecond photoelectron interferometry is sensitive to the nuclear response by measuring the two-color photoionization spectra in a mixture of methane (CH4) and deuteromethane (CD4). The effect of the different nuclear evolution in the two isotopologues manifests itself in the modification of the amplitude and contrast of the oscillations of the photoelectron peaks. Our work indicates that nuclear dynamics can affect the coherence properties of the electronic wave packet emitted by photoionization on a time scale as short as a few femtoseconds.

The influence of non-bound amino acid inclusions and starch-protein digestive dynamics on growth performance of broiler chickens offered wheat-based diets with two crude protein concentrations

The primary objective of this study was to investigate the influence of high and low inclusions of non-bound amino acid (NBAA) in standard and reduced-crude protein (CP), wheat-based diets on growth performance in broiler chickens. Dietary treatments were formulated to either 210 or 180 g/kg CP. The 210 g/kg CP diets contained either 12.1 or 21.1 g/kg NBAA and 180 g/kg CP diets contained either 44.0 or 55.5 g/kg NBAA. The formulations also generated different dietary starch:protein ratios which impacted on starch-protein digestive dynamics. Each of the four dietary treatments were offered to 7 replicates of 15 birds housed in floor pens from 14 to 35 days post-hatch or a total of 420 male Ross 308 chickens. Growth performance, relative abdominal fat-pad weights, breast muscle and leg shank yields were determined. Ileal starch and protein (N) digestibility coefficients, disappearance rates and starch:protein disappearance rate ratios were defined. Apparent ileal digestibility coefficients and disappearance rates of 16 amino acids were determined at 35 days post-hatch and free concentrations of 20 amino acids in systemic plasma were determined at 34 days post-hatch. The transition from 210 to 180 g/kg CP diets depressed weight gain by 11.3% (1742 versus 1964 g/bird) and FCR by 10.4% (1.606 versus 1.455), although both parameters were subject to treatment interactions. The treatment interaction (P < 0.001) observed for FCR was because high NBAA inclusions significantly improved FCR by 4.17% (1.424 versus 1.486) in birds offered 210 g/kg CP diets, but significantly depressed FCR by 3.36% (1.632 versus 1.579) in 180 g/kg CP diets. A quadratic relationship (r = 0.860; P < 0.001) between dietary NBAA inclusions and FCR was detected, which indicated that when NBAA inclusions exceed 18.5 g/kg efficiency of feed conversion deteriorated. However, a multiple linear regression (r = 0.913; P < 0.001) was detected for FCR where both NBAA inclusions and analysed dietary starch:protein ratios were significantly (P < 0.001) related to FCR. This relationship indicates that growth performance of broiler chickens offered wheat-based diets is strongly influenced by dietary NBAA inclusions coupled with dietary starch:protein ratios and consideration is given to the possible underlying mechanisms.

Impact of coastal tourism demand on fisheries industry sustainability: A suggested framework for blue growth

AbstractIntense use of coastal resources and construction of new marinas to expand the tourist industry might result in developing water and marine environmental quality due to pollution, noise, and species disturbance, harming aquatic ecosystems and fisheries. By considering the roles played by fisheries output, tourist development, energy input, economic growth, governance, and population density during 1990–2022, this research aims to explore the dynamic influence of tourism development on the sustainability of the fisheries sector in 27 European nations. The findings of this study, which used the new Method of Moments Quantile Regression (MMQR) with fixed variables, revealed a considerable adverse impact of energy consumption and tourist growth on the sustainability of fisheries across the EU27 area. In particular, the findings show that across all quantiles, the considerable adverse impact of tourist development on fisheries sustainability is more substantial in EU13 developing nations than in EU14 developed countries. At the same time, the findings show that the EU14 developed nations had a more significant negative impact on fisheries sustainability than the EU13 developing countries at the most recent quantiles. The relationship between governance (across all quantiles) and economic growth in the EU27 was also favorably significant. Notably, the findings show that the EU14 developed countries have a more substantial beneficial impact on fisheries sustainability than the EU13 developing nations. At medium quantiles, it was discovered that population density increased fisheries sustainability. Results show that population density has a more significant beneficial impact on fisheries sustainability in EU13 developing nations than in EU14 developed countries. To safeguard marine ecosystems and achieve sustainable blue growth, our results provide policymakers insight into how to support coastal tourism development in EU14 and EU13 nations using effective and environmentally friendly resources and technology.

The Roles of Chaos Seeding and Multiple Perturbations in Convection-Permitting Ensemble Forecasting over Southern China

Abstract The roles of chaos seeding and multiple perturbations, including model perturbations and topographic perturbations, in convection-permitting ensemble forecasting, are assessed. Six comparison experiments were conducted for 14 heavy rainfall events over southern China. Chaos seeding was run as a benchmark experiment to compare their effects to the intended perturbations. The results first reveal the chaos seeding phenomenon. That is, the tiny and local perturbations of the skin soil moisture propagate into the whole analysis domain within an hour and expand to every prognostic variable, and the perturbations derived from chaos seeding develop when moist convection is active. Second, the chaos seeding has a statistically significant difference from our intended perturbations for the ensemble spread magnitudes of precipitation and the spread–skill relationships and probabilistic forecast skills of dynamical variables. Additionally, for the probabilistic forecasts of precipitation, initial and lateral boundary perturbations and model perturbations can yield statistically larger FSS and AROC scores than chaos seeding; topographic perturbations can only improve FSS and AROC scores a little. The different performances may be related to the different degrees of the real dynamical influence of our intended perturbations. Finally, model perturbations can increase the ensemble spreads of precipitation, and improve FSS and AROC scores of precipitation and the consistency of mid- and low-level dynamical variables. However, the effects of topographic perturbations are small.