Influence Of Different Volumes Research Articles

Counteracting Bleeding in Centrifugal Partition Chromatography: Redosing of the Stationary Phase

Centrifugal Partition Chromatography is a type of Liquid-Liquid Chromatography that offers several advantages compared to Liquid Chromatography. Two immiscible liquids are utilized, and one phase has to be immobilized to implement chromatographic separation. This is performed with the help of centrifugal force. As this immobilization is not ideal, the stationary phase continuously leaks out of the apparatus (so-called bleeding). We measured the stationary phase’s loss precisely and implemented a controller to compensate for it during operation. This innovative mode of operation is called redosing of the stationary phase and prolongs the experimental runtime significantly. In a first step, we implemented an open-loop controller, which was capable of counteracting bleeding but could not dial to a given setpoint precisely. Therefore, a closed-loop controller with a moving frame shifting factor was programmed. This controller reached and maintained setpoints with high accuracy. The last experimental step was to check for boundaries of this new degree of freedom. In addition, we highlighted the accompanying hydrodynamics during redosing with the help of Computational Fluid Dynamics. We were able to show the influence of different volumes of the redosed stationary phase on the flow regime.

Strains of high-performance and ordinary concretes depending on the cement paste volume and the w/c ratio

The test results of 15 high performance concretes (HPCs) and ordinary concretes allowed to explain the influence of different volumes of cement paste on shaping the deformation properties of concrete under temporary compressive load. Increasing the volume of the paste by 100 dm3/m3 and reducing the volume of coarse aggregate at the same time reduces the modulus of elasticity and significantly increases the compressive strain at the peak stress. When increasing the volume of cement paste, smaller changes in properties were observed in ordinary concretes than in HPCs, modulus of ordinary concrete elasticity decreased by 4–9%, and compressive strains at the peak stress increased by 18–23%. However, in HPCs the changes are greater. Modulus changes are 7–28% and strains at the peak stress changes are from 19% to 41% at w/c = 0.25. It was found that the compressive strength of all concretes with the smallest volume of cement paste at each w/c ratio from 0.25 to 0.60 was the highest. Increasing the volume of cement paste in concretes for each w/c ratio causes a large increase in the compressive strains at peak stress.Hence, the likely causes of changes in the examined properties are the reduced adsorption of water on the smaller surface area of the aggregate, which dries less bulk cement paste, increasing the aggregate-cement paste interfacial transition zone (ITZ) width, which is visible on the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images taken. When the volume of the aggregate is larger and the volume of the paste is smaller, as a result of water adsorption by the larger surface area of the aggregate grains, the actual (effective) w/c ratio in bulk paste decreases, resulting in improved strength and deformation properties.

A determination method for clenbuterol residue in pork based on optimal particle size gold colloid using SERS

Clenbuterol is often used as a feed additive to increase the percentage of lean meat in livestock. Meat containing clenbuterol can cause many illnesses and even death for people. In this paper, the particle growth method was used to prepare gold colloids of different sizes, and the enhanced effectiveness of gold colloids of different sizes on clenbuterol in pork was investigated. The results showed that the gold colloid with the best enhanced effectiveness for clenbuterol had a particle size of approximately 90 nm. Second, a sample collection component was designed to detect clenbuterol from bottom to top, solving the problem of poor reproducibility of Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) detection caused by different droplet sizes and shapes. Then, the influence of different volumes of samples and concentrations of aggregating compounds on the enhanced effectiveness was optimized. The results showed that, based on the sample collection components designed in this article, 5 µL of enhanced substrate, 7.5 µL of clenbuterol and 3 µL of 1 mol/L mixed detection of NaCl solution had the best enhanced performance. Finally, 88 pork samples (0.5, 1, 1.5,…, 10, 12, 14 µg/g) with different concentrations were divided into correction sets and prediction sets in a ratio of 3:1. Unary linear regression models were established between the concentration of clenbuterol residue in the pork and the intensity of the bands at 390, 648, 1259, 1472, and 1601 cm−1. The results showed that the unary linear regression models at 390, 648, and 1259 cm−1 had lower root mean square errors than those at 1472 and 1601 cm−1. The intensity of the three bands and the concentration of clenbuterol residue in the pork were selected to establish a multiple linear regression model, and the concentration of clenbuterol residue in the pork was predicted. The results showed that the determination coefficients (R2) of the correction set and the prediction set were 0.99 and 0.99, respectively. The root mean square errors (RMSE) of the correction set and the prediction set were 0.169 and 0.184, respectively. The detection limit of clenbuterol in pork by this method is 42 ng/g, which can realize the crude screening of pork containing clenbuterol in the market.

Experimental Analysis and Establishment of Strength Attenuation Model of POM Fiber Reinforced Geopolymeric Recycled Concrete under Freeze-Thaw Cycles

Geopolymeric recycled concrete (GRC) is a new low-carbon building material that uses both construction and industrial solid waste to replace natural aggregate and cement. GRC is similar to geopolymeric concrete (GPC) in that it has good mechanical properties but needs to be improved in terms of frost resistance. Previous studies have shown that polyoxymethylene fiber (POM fiber) can improve the shrinkage and durability of concrete and is superior to other commonly used fibers. Therefore, this paper explores adding POM fiber to GRC to improve its frost resistance. In this paper, the influence of different volumes and lengths of POM fiber on the frost resistance of geopolymeric recycled concrete (PRGRC) is studied. By measuring the changes in mass loss rate, relative dynamic elastic modulus, and compressive strength of PRGRC under different cycles, the improvement effect of POM fiber on the freeze-thaw damage of GRC is analyzed, and the strength attenuation model of PRGRC is established. The results show that the increase in POM fiber content can effectively slow down the mass loss of PRGRC in the freeze-thaw cycles, the reduction rate of relative dynamic elastic modulus, and the reduction rate of compressive strength. This shows that POM fiber can effectively improve the frost resistance of PRGRC, and the effect of 6 mm POM fiber on the freeze-thaw damage of PRGRC is better than 12 mm POM fiber. According to the test results, the existing strength attenuation model is further modified, the attenuation model of PRGRC compressive strength under the freeze-thaw cycle is obtained, and the model fitting effect is good. The strengthening mechanism of POM fiber is explained by the structural relationship between POM fiber and concrete matrix in the SEM micrograph of PRGRC. The research results provide a scientific basis for the applicability of POM fiber in geopolymeric cementitious materials and improving the frost resistance of PRGRC.

Fuhrman nuclear grade prediction of clear cell renal cell carcinoma: influence of volume of interest delineation strategies on machine learning-based dynamic enhanced CT radiomics analysis.

To investigate the influence of different volume of interest (VOI) delineation strategies on machine learning-based predictive models for discrimination between low and high nuclear grade clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) on dynamic contrast-enhanced CT. This study retrospectively collected 177 patients with pathologically proven ccRCC (124 low-grade; 53 high-grade). Tumor VOI was manually segmented, followed by artificially introducing uncertainties as: (i) contour-focused VOI, (ii) margin erosion of 2 or 4mm, and (iii) margin dilation (2, 4, or 6mm) inclusive of perirenal fat, peritumoral renal parenchyma, or both. Radiomics features were extracted from four-phase CT images (unenhanced phase (UP), corticomedullary phase (CMP), nephrographic phase (NP), excretory phase (EP)). Different combinations of four-phasic features for each VOI delineation strategy were used to build 176 classification models. The best VOI delineation strategy and superior CT phase were identified and the top-ranked features were analyzed. Features extracted from UP and EP outperformed features from other single/combined phase(s). Shape features and first-order statistics features exhibited superior discrimination. The best performance (ACC 81%, SEN 67%, SPE 87%, AUC 0.87) was achieved with radiomics features extracted from UP and EP based on contour-focused VOI. Shape and first-order features extracted from UP + EP images are better feature representations. Contour-focused VOI erosion by 2mm or dilation by 4mm within peritumor renal parenchyma exerts limited impact on discriminative performance. It provides a reference for segmentation tolerance in radiomics-based modeling for ccRCC nuclear grading. • Lesion delineation uncertainties are tolerated within a VOI erosion range of 2mm or dilation range of 4mm within peritumor renal parenchyma for radiomics-based ccRCC nuclear grading. • Radiomics features extracted from unenhanced phase and excretory phase are superior to other single/combined phase(s) at differentiating high vs low nuclear grade ccRCC. • Shape features and first-order statistics features showed superior discriminative capability compared to texture features.

Studying the Mechanism of Action of the Infusion of Serviceberries

The article presents the results of experimental studies to establish the effect of the preparation prepared from the infusion of berries on the hematological parameters of rabbits. The influence of different volumes of the preparation on some hematological parameters and nonspecific immunity of rabbits was determined. The experiment was carried out in the vivarium of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology of the Ryazan State Agrotechnological University named after P.A. Kostychev. The experiment involved male rabbits of the Californian breed in the amount of 50 heads, divided into 5 groups: control and 4 experimental. The animals of the control group were intact, the experimental ones received an orally infusion of raspberries of the same concentration, but as a result of the research it was found that the volume of the infusion of berries of berries is of decisive importance for the processes of hematopoiesis in the body of rabbits. Application of dosages of 15 and 20 ml per head per day. It has been proven that this is the best drug that promotes the activation of erythropoiesis and an increase in the formation of hemoglobin in the body of rabbits in a shorter time compared with the use of infusion of smaller volumes. The same volumes are administered to rabbits for 30 years. Days had a positive effect on the increase in leukocytes in the blood, which indicated an increase in the immune status of rabbits, since these cells performed a protective function.

β2 adrenergic interaction and cardiac autonomic function: effects of aerobic training in overweight/obese individuals.

To verify the influence of different volumes and intensities of aerobic exercise on cardiac autonomic function (CAF) through heart rate variability (HRV) analysis as well the influence of β2 adrenergic receptor (ADRB2)variantsin overweight/obese individuals. 70 physically inactive adultswere randomly allocated into the following 16-week training: 1-high-intensity interval training (HIIT) (n = 25, 1 × 4min bout at 85-95%HR peak, 3×/week), 4-HIIT (n = 26, 4 × 4min bouts at 85-95%HR peak, interspersed with 3min ofrecovery at 50-70%HR peak, 3×/week), and moderate continuous training (MCT) (n = 19, 30min at 60-70%HR peak, 5×/week). Before and after the exercise training, anthropometric, BP, cardiorespiratory fitness, and HRV measureswere evaluated. R-R intervals recorded for 10min in a supine position at pre- and post-intervention were used to analyze HRVin the plot-Poincare indexes (SD1, SD2), and frequency-domain (LF, HF, LF/HF). Full blood samples were used for genotyping. 4-HIIT and MCT showed positive outcomes for almost all variables while 1-HIIT had a positive influence only on SBP and SD2 index. No associations were observed between isolatedADRB2variants and changes in HRV. In the analysis of the interaction genotypes, all groups responded positively for the SD1 index of HRV and only the H1 (GG and CC) and H2 (GG and CG + GG) groups presented increases in the RMSSD index. Furthermore, there was an increase in the LF index only in the H3 (CC and AA + AG) and H4 (AA + AG and CG + GG) groups. ADRB2variants and aerobic exercise training are important interacting variables to improve autonomic function and other health variables outcomes in overweight or obese individuals.

Quality parameters of curd

The aim of this work was measurement of the curd firmness prepared by different volume of rennet solution and comparison of differences of curd firmness between these volumes. Further, it was observed the influence of different volumes of rennet up to thevolume of whey release, curd firmness, dry matter of curd and dry matter of whey. The composition of milk was determined according ISO and Czech state standard. Dry matter content (%) was determined by gravimetry, in drying oven at 102 °C to constant weight (ISO 6731:2010), the protein content (%) by Kjeldahl´s method (EN ISO 8968-1:2002), content of fat (%) by Gerber´s acidobutyrometric method (ISO 2446:2008), content of lactose by polarimetry, titratable acidity by titration Soxhlet-Henkel method, pH and calcium content in milk (g.L-1) was determined by complexometric titration with flueroxone as an indicator according to Czech state standart No 57 0530. For coagulation was used microbial rennet CHY-MAXRM 200. There were measured: curd firmness, rennet coagulation time, curd quality, volume of released whey, weight of curd, dry matter of curd and dry matter of whey. Different volumes of rennet solution had influence on curd firmness. Curd firmness (volume of rennet solution) had no significant influence on curd quality (five grade scale). Curd firmness had influence on volume of whey release (mL) out of the curd. With the increasing curd firmness s increased the volume of whey released from the curd. The volume of rennet solution had an influence on weight of curd. Curd dry matter raised with higher volume of rennet solution. Volume of added rennet solution had no statistically significant effect on the change of whey dry matter.

Different water volumes in the substrate and temperatures for germination of cabacinha seeds

Cabacinha (Luffa operculata) is a species that has been used empirically in folk medicine against sinusitis. The fruits have important pharmaceutical substances and studies related to its germination are not available, justifying the determination of the appropriate conditions that make possible the germination of its seeds. Thus, we evaluated the influence of different volumes of water in substrate and temperatures on germination and vigor of cabacinha. The treatments consisted of moistened substrate with water volumes equal to 2.0; 2.5; 3.0 and 3.5 times its weight of the dry paper and the seeds were kept in germination regulated at constant temperatures of 25, 30 and 35°C and 20-30°C alternating. The percentage and speed of germination, hypocotyl and roots of the plants were evaluated. The experimental design was completely randomized with treatments arranged in a 4x4 factorial (volumes of water x temperatures), in 4 replications of 25 seeds. The constant temperature of 30°C and the water volume of 2.0 times the weight of dry substrate is the best combination to lead the germination tests of cabacinha seeds.

Reductions in resistance exercise‐induced hyperglycaemic episodes are associated with circulating interleukin‐6 in Type 1 diabetes

To determine the influence of different volumes of resistance exercise on circulating interleukin-6 (IL-6) and to explore the relationships between IL-6 and glycaemia. Eight participants with complication-free type 1 diabetes, whose mean ± SEM age was 38 (6) years, mean ± SEM HbA(1c) concentration was 71 ±11 mmol/mol (8.7 ±1.0%) and mean ± SEM type 1 diabetes duration was 15 ±13 years, attended the research facility after an overnight fast on four separate occasions, having administered their basal insulin the night before (glargine 27.5±3.1U, n=8), but omitted morning rapid-acting insulin. Participants completed either a one-set (14-min), two-set (28-min), or three-set (42-min) resistance exercise trial (eight exercises × 10 repetitions) at 67±3% one-repetition maximum followed by a 60-min recovery, or a resting control trial. Venous blood samples were taken before and after exercise. Data were analysed using repeated-measures ANOVA (P≤0.05). Whereas IL-6 levels remained similar to baseline levels after one set of resistance exercises (30 min, P=0.287; 60 min, P=0.318), IL-6 levels were > baseline levels at 60 min post-exercise after a two-set exercise trial (2.94 ± 0.94 pg/ml, P=0.002) and doubled at both 30 min (4.01 ± 1.00 pg/ml, P=0.048) and 60 min (4.28 ± 1.25 pg/ml, P=0.084) post-exercise after the three-set resistance exercise trial. Post-exercise blood glucose area under the curve (mmol/l/60 min) was greater after both the one-set (P=0.025) and two-set trials (P=0.008), than after the control trial, but similar between the three-set trial and the control trial (P=0.240). The rise in IL-6 from baseline to peak concentration significantly correlated inversely with blood glucose area under the curve (r=-0.65, P=0.041). Circulating IL-6 is increased by resistance exercise in a volume-dependent manner, and resistance exercise-induced increases in IL-6 correlated with reductions in post-exercise hyperglycaemia in type 1 diabetes, suggesting a role for IL-6 in improving post-resistance exercise glycaemic disturbances in type 1 diabetes.

The Influence of Different Volumes of a Sport Specific Warm-Up on Muscle Strength Endurance

Previous studies have reported traditional static stretching maneuvers to negatively influence muscle strength endurance, while sport-specific warm-ups have grown in popularity due to their potential to improve subsequent performance. However, it is possible that the volume of the warm-up may also influence muscle strength endurance (MSE). PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine the acute effects of different volumes of a sport specific warm-up on MSE performance. METHODS: Twenty-six healthy, recreationally active males [(mean ± SD) age, 22.2 ± 1.3 years; height, 179.0 ± 7.0 cm; weight, 83.0 ± 10.3 kg] volunteered for this study. Of the 26 participants, 20 reported engaging in 2-5 h·wk−1 of aerobic exercise, 21 reported engaging in 2-8 h·wk−1 of resistance training exercise, and 17 reported engaging in 1-6 h·wk−1 of recreational sports. Each subject performed 3 randomly ordered conditions [control, sport-specific warm-up (WU1), and the sport specific warm-up with twice the volume (WU2)] following a 5 min light jog. During the control trial, each subject sat and rested for 12 minutes following the light jog. The sport specific warm-up included a dynamic warm-up routine gradually progressing in intensity. MSE was assed at 70% of each subject's one-repetition maximum (1-RM) on a leg press machine. During the MSE test, subjects performed as many repetitions as possible until failure following each condition. A one-way ANOVA [control vs. WU1 vs. WU2] was used to analyze MSE with an alpha level of 0.05 set for statistical significance. RESULTS: There was a significant difference in MSE among conditions, where the WU2 (19.5 ± 5.6) condition resulted in significantly less repetitions (P = .009) when compared to both the CON (22.7 ± 6.0) and WU1 (22.3 ± 6.7) conditions. CONCLUSION: The results of the present study suggest that an increase in the volume of a sport specific warm-up can decrease MSE in recreationally active males. In addition, there was no increase in MSE for the WU1 condition when compared to the CON condition. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: These findings may be important for strength & conditioning professionals in determining the appropriate volume of a sport specific warm-up to effectively improve athletic performance.

Effects of different dilutions of botulinum toxin type A treatment for children with cerebral palsy with spastic ankle plantarflexor: A randomized controlled trial

The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of different volumes of saline vehicle on the effects of botulinum toxin type A in reducing ankle plantarflexor spasticity and improving gait pattern in children with cerebral palsy. Children with cerebral palsy having ankle plantarflexor spasticity were recruited. They were divided randomly into 2 groups. Botulinum toxin type A mixed with 2 ml or 8 ml saline was injected into the gastrocnemius in each group. Passive range of movement of ankle joint, Modified Ashworth Scale, and results of 3-dimensional motion analysis obtained at pre-treatment, 4, 12, and 24 weeks after treatment were compared. Ankle dorsiflexion was increased and ankle plantarflexor spasticity was decreased significantly after botulinum toxin type A treatment. Linear parameters were generally improved, and these improvements persisted until 12-24 weeks. The ankle dorsiflexion angle in the stance phase was also increased, and this increase was maintained until 24 weeks, as revealed by 3-dimensional gait analysis. However, no significantly different effect of varying the amount of saline vehicle was detected. Botulinum toxin type A improved physical findings and gait pattern in patients with cerebral palsy. The volume of saline mixed with botulinum toxin type A did not result in significant differences in physical evaluation or gait analysis. However, the large-volume group revealed side-effects more frequently and showed no clinical benefits compared with the small-volume group. We conclude that 2 ml of dilution is preferable for botulinum toxin type A treatment in children.

Influence of different volumes of EDTA for final rinse on smear layer removal

The aim of this study was to analyze the influence of different volumes of 17% EDTA for final rinse on smear layer removal on the different areas of the root canal. Forty single-rooted teeth were instrumented using rotary instruments. The teeth were divided into 3 test groups according to the EDTA volume for final rinse (5 mL, 10 mL, 15 mL) and 1 control group (10 mL of 1% sodium hypochlorite). The roots were axially split into halves, and the smear layer removal from the canals was determined under scanning electron microscope. The data were analyzed using Kruskal Wallis and Dunn tests. The 3 experimental groups showed no statistical difference (P > .05); however, when the test groups were compared to the control group statistically significant differences were found (P < .01). The root canal wall surfaces of teeth in the control group showed the presence of heavy smear layer through the entire length of the root canals. The other groups showed mainly smear layer-free surfaces or a small amount of debris. When coronal, middle and apical thirds were compared, there was no statistically significant difference (P > .05). Based on the results, it appears that a final rinse with 5 mL of EDTA per canal provides good smear layer removal, with root canal walls free of debris and mostly open dentinal tubules in all areas.

Influence of different volumes and typesof detached macrophytes on fish communitystructure in surf zones of sandy beaches

MEPS Marine Ecology Progress Series Contact the journal Facebook Twitter RSS Mailing List Subscribe to our mailing list via Mailchimp HomeLatest VolumeAbout the JournalEditorsTheme Sections MEPS 307:233-246 (2006) - doi:10.3354/meps307233 Influence of different volumes and types of detached macrophytes on fish community structure in surf zones of sandy beaches Karen R. Crawley1, Glenn A. Hyndes1,*, Suzanne G. Ayvazian2,3 1Centre for Ecosystem Management, School of Natural Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 100 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, Western Australia 6027, Australia2Western Australian Marine Research Laboratory, PO Box 20, North Beach, Western Australia 6020, Australia3Present address: US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Effects Laboratory, Atlantic Ecology Division, 27 Tarzwell Drive, Narragansett, Rhode Island 02882, USA *Corresponding author. Email: g.hyndes@ecu.edu.au ABSTRACT: Detached macrophytes (seagrass and macroalgae) are transported from more offshore areas and accumulate in substantial volumes in surf zones, where they are commonly called wrack. Fishes were sampled using seine nets in 4 volume categories of detached macrophytes (bare sand, low, medium and high volumes) in the surf zone at 2 sandy beaches in southwestern Australia to determine how increasing volumes of surf-zone wrack influences fish community and size composition. Species composition and densities of fish, which were dominated by juveniles, differed between areas where wrack was present or absent, and also among volumes of wrack in the surf zone. Total fish abundance and biomass increased as the volume of wrack increased. Cnidoglanis macrocephalus and Pelsartia humeralis were the dominant species and were most abundant in medium and high wrack volumes. Fish gut contents were analysed for C. macrocephalus and P. humeralis, and verified that Allorchestes compressa is a major prey item for juveniles of these species. A series of habitat preference trials conducted in outdoor aquaria tested whether juvenile C. macrocephalus and P. humeralis showed a preference for different types of detached macrophytes as a habitat, i.e. seagrass, brown algae, or a mixture of both macrophyte types. Non-parametric goodness-of-fit binomial tests for differences in the number of fish between each habitat type showed no clear pattern in habitat preference for either species of fish. Field and laboratory results suggest that the amount, rather than type, of detached macrophytes is more important in providing a habitat for juvenile C. macrocephalus and P. humeralis. KEY WORDS: Detached macrophytes · Fish communities · Surf zone · Sandy beaches · Habitat structure · Wrack Full text in pdf format PreviousNextExport citation RSS - Facebook - Tweet - linkedIn Cited by Published in MEPS Vol. 307. Online publication date: January 24, 2006 Print ISSN: 0171-8630; Online ISSN: 1616-1599 Copyright © 2006 Inter-Research.

Fatty Acid Composition of Different Microalgae Strains (Nannochloropsis sp., Nannochloropsis oculata (Droop) Hibberd, Nannochloris atomus Butcher and Isochrysis sp.) According to the Culture Phase and the Carbon Dioxide Concentration

AbstractThis study aimed to evaluate the influence of different volumes of supplemented carbon dioxide. which is a potential donator of carbon atom, on the fatty acid profile of four microalgae strains (Nannochloropsis sp., Nannochloropsis oculata (Droop) Hibberd. Nannochloris atomus Butcher and Isochrysis sp.) currently used to enrich rotifers fed to marine fish larvae during two different phases of growth (logarithmic and stationary). Half of the microalgae were cultured at a low CO2 concentration (0.5 L/min). corresponding to 1 % the air volume (0.038 L/min per L of culture) and the other half of microalgae were cultured at a high concentration of CO2 (1.1 L/min), corresponding to 2% the air volume (0.086 L/min per L of culture).The resulting fatty acid profile was species‐specific and Nannochloris atomus appeared less suitable for inarine organism feeding because of its high percentage of alpha‐linolenic acid which represents the only n‐3 PUFA of this alga (28.7%). On the contrary, Isochrysis sp. showed the largest proportions of n‐3 PUFA also when maintained in the stationary phase (36.46%). Algae cultures contained higher percentages of n‐3 PUFA during the logarithmic phase than in the stationary phase when the proportions of short‐chain fatty acids increased. High levels of concentrated CO2 generally increased the content of long chain fatty acids from 17 carbon atoms onwards. The percentages of total n‐3 and n‐6 were higher than those recorded at low CO2 concentration. Similarly, the n‐3/n‐6 ratio was higher at the maximum CO2 concentration (logarithmic phase). During stationary phase the difference between the two groups was less apparent than that observed in the logarithmic one. The high CO2 addition exerted a significant and more favorable influence than the low supplementation on the C18:1, C20:0, C20:4n‐6, and C22:6n‐3 concentrations in both phases, in all four microalgae strains studied.

Influence of cooking process on phenolic marker compounds of vegetables.

Phenolic compounds are secondary plant metabolites which have long been associated with flavor and color characteristics of fruits and vegetables. These phenolic compounds attract great interest due to their postulated health protecting properties. However, adequate intakes and absorption rate of phenolic compounds are necessary for these beneficial effects. Until now, little is known about alterations of phenolic compounds content by the cooking process. In the present study, the influence of different volumes of cooking water on the amount of selected phenolic marker compounds resting in the vegetables was assessed. In zucchini, rutin was quantified as a marker for flavonoid glycosides. Chlorogenic acid, representative of phenolic acids was analyzed in carrots. In beans, rutin and quercitrin, both belonging to flavonoid glycosides, were investigated. In potatoes, chlorogenic and caffeic acid were determined. The cooking of zucchini, beans and carrots with smaller amounts of water resulted in significant higher content of phenolic phytochemicals in the vegetables compared to cooking with larger water volumes. For potatoes, which showed great variations in content of phenolic acids after cooking, no significant differences in phenolic acids was observed. It can be concluded from these observations, that real intakes of phenolic compounds from cooked vegetables are lower and that the amounts consumed are therefore overestimated.

The influence of different volume substitutes on the haemocompatibility of plasmapheresis with capillary membrane devices

s and Programme: European Society of Anaesthesiologists; 9th Annual Meeting with the Swedish Society of Anaesthesiology; Gothenburg, Sweden, 7-10 April 2001: Intensive Care Medicine

Formation and clearance of active and inactive metabolites of opiates in humans.

The results of recent investigations of the analgesic and the nonanalgesic effects of opioid glucuronides are relevant to the research on drug abuse in forensic toxicology. As has been shown for heroin, knowledge of the state of distribution and elimination of active and inactive metabolites and glucuronides offers new possibilities in forensic interpretation of analytic results. Because of similar metabolic degradation, calculation of the time-dependent ratio of the concentration of morphine and its glucuronide metabolites in blood or serum allows a rough estimation of increased dosage and of time elapsed since the last application. Drug effects can be examined with respect to individual case histories, including overdose and survival time if the patient died. However, different methods of administration and the strong influence of different volumes or compartments of distribution of parent compounds and metabolites on concentrations in human body tissues require careful use of glucuronide concentration data. In Germany, dihydrocodeine (DHC) is prescribed as a heroin substitute, and relative overdoses are needed to be effective. DHC metabolism was studied in three patients who died from overdoses. All metabolites (dihydrocodeine-6-glucuronide [DHC6], nor-DHC [NDHC], dihydromorphine [DHM], nor-DHM [NDHM], and DHM-3- and 6-glucuronide [DHM3G, DHM6G]) were determined using HPLC and fluorescence detection. Concentrations of DHM (0.16 mg/L to 0.22 mg/L serum) were found. The DHM glucuronide ratios were similar to those of morphine. Receptor binding studies showed that the binding affinity of DHM to porcine mu-receptor was higher than that of morphine, and DHM6G's binding affinity was as high as that of morphine-6-glucuronide (M6G). Metabolites may play an important role in the effectiveness of DHC in substitution and toxicity. Because of enzyme polymorphism, the formation of DHC poses a risk for proper dosage in patients who are either poor or extensive metabolizers. The distribution of opioid glucuronides in cerebral spinal fluid in relation to transcellular transport in central nervous tissue is discussed with respect to the receptor binding of opiates and drug effect.