Influence Of Crop Rotation Research Articles

Influence of crop rotation, the treatment of crop residues, and the application of nitrogen fertilizers on soil properties and maize yield

AbstractThis inquiry is aimed at discerning the impact of various agricultural practices, such as crop rotation, the incorporation of plant residues, and the application of mineral fertilizers, on soil health and crop productivity, notably focusing on maize production. Cultivation included maize (Zea mays), velvet beans (Mucuna pruriens), soybeans (Glycine max), and vetch (Vicia sativa). After harvest, maize seeds were sown across all 48 plots to evaluate the influence of preceding crop rotation on soil properties and maize yield. Hypotheses posited in the study suggested that crop rotation, nitrogen fertilizer application, and the incorporation of crop residues positively impact soil fertility. The study further argues that the utilization of cover crops in crop rotation aids in nitrogen retention within the soil and enhances yield. The results were processed utilizing a two‐way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with interaction and post hoc comparisons. The findings confirm that crop rotation, nitrogen fertilizer application, and incorporation of crop residues influence soil fertility. The study found that crop rotation and nitrogen fertilizers have a significant impact on soil properties. Crop rotations such as “velvet beans‐maize” and “soybeans‐maize” increased soil fertility by 10%–15% compared to crop rotations of “vetch‐maize” and maize monocultures. Nitrogen fertilizers increased the total nitrogen content in the soil by 5%–10% in both years. Crop residues also positively affected soil properties, increasing pH and total nitrogen by 1%–5%. The study demonstrates that crop rotation, nitrogen fertilizers, and crop residues can be effective management methods for improving soil fertility and reducing the risk of nitrate leaching.

Influence of crop rotation, irrigation, fertilization, and tillage on the aggregate property and soil wind erosion potential in the floodplain of the Yellow River

The floodplain of the Yellow River (FPYR) is threatened by severe soil erosion. Soils are often susceptible to wind erosion owing to their coarse-textures and weak aggregation, yet studies are yet to describe the ability of soils to resist wind erosion in this region. Accordingly, this study aimed to quantify how soil wind erosion potential is affected by soil aggregate properties, such as dry aggregate geometric mean diameter (GMD), aggregate geometric standard deviation (GSD), aggregate stability, and soil bulk density, and to assess the effects of soil type, crop rotation, irrigation, fertilization, and tillage treatments on these aggregate properties in the main wind erosion area across the FPYR. Significant differences in GMD and aggregate stability were found between crop rotation treatments, whereas crop rotation marginally affected the soil bulk density. Further, the impact of management practices on aggregate properties differed for each soil type. The soil aggregate erodible fraction (EF) in the FPYR ranged from 1.14 to 82.73% across sites, with a mean of 26.14% across soil types and management practices, which was lower than that previously reported in other wind erosion regions. We incorporated these measured EFs into the Revised Wind Erosion Equation (RWEQ) to evaluate the wind erosion risk of the FPYR. The results indicated that the central FPYR was more susceptible to wind erosion than the other regions, although the total wind erosion potential in the FPYR was small. Adoption of soil conservation practices could help minimize wind erosion and improve atmospheric quality in the region.

Dynamics of humus in field crop rotations on drained lands

The purpose of the research is to study the influence of different types of field crop rotation, fertilizers, drainage and hydrothermal conditions on the dynamics of humus in reclaimed soil. The studies were carried out on the experimental fields of the All-Russian Research Institute of Reclaimed Lands (reclamation sites “Kuzminskoye Boloto 2”, “Semenovskoye” and “Gubino” in the Tver region). Waterlogged soils were drained using closed drainage (inter-drain distance is 18–20 m, drain depth is 0.9–1.2 m). The soils of the experimental plots are soddy-podzolic, light loamy, gleyic, formed on a moraine or thin binomial. Observations of the dynamics of humus were carried out in the grain-grass-row, grain-grass, grain and grain-row types of crop rotation. The influence of crop rotation on the content of humus in the soil was determined, first of all, by the composition, the structure of the crops grown and agricultural technology of their cultivation. Due to plant residues, 56.6–76.5 % of the volume of mineralized humus were restored in grain-grass-row crop rotation, 51.8 % in grain, 26.4 % in grain-row crop rotation. The most significant qualitative changes in the composition of humus were observed in grain-grass-row crop rotation: with a positive humus balance, the ratio of humic and fulvic acids increased from 0.63 to 0.74. The use of organic and mineral fertilizers significantly changes the balance of humus in the arable layer of the soil. With an organic-mineral fertilizer system, the annual loss of humus (in kg/ha) on the drained plot was 6.8–11.4 times less, on the non-drained plot – 2.1–2.6 times less than in the variant without fertilizers. Drainage of waterlogged soils increases the role of fertilizers in the accumulation of humus, reduces its losses and improves the quality parameters of humus – the ratio of humic and fulvic acids in the composition of humus under the influence of drainage increased from 0.61 to 0.88. The impact on the dynamics of humus of hydrothermal conditions has been established. In years with a dry first half of the growing season, an increase in humus content is observed; in excessively wet years, on the contrary, a decrease is observed. The correlation coefficients of humus content with hydrothermal conditions in May-June were – 0.84 (in 1985–1993) and 0.95 (in 2014–2022).

Influence of crop rotations on soil density

The survey objective is to study and evaluate soil density as one of its most important agrophysical properties. А two-factor experiment was conducted with two establishment of trial in 1996-2021 yrs.: factor A - crop rotations (one grain-grass and three fruit-changing), factor B - the level of mineral fertilizers. For the first time in the Mari El Republic, it was studied and found that the soil bulk density under perennial legumes in a layer of 0-20 cm was 1.34-1.28 g/cm3, under winter crops 1.29-1.28 g/cm3, spring crops 1.26-1.24 g/cm3, potatoes 1.15-1.12 g/cm3. Soil density decreased by the end of the growing season. Long-term fertilizations promotes the root development and leads to soil decompaction. The lowest average density per rotation was under the crops of the second crop rotation, where manure was used for potatoes. It was 1.24-1.23 g/cm3 at the beginning of the growing season. Potato cultivation increased soil density by 0.01 g/cm3 without organic fertilizations in crop rotations I and III. Perennial grasses without growing potatoes further increased the soil density at the vegetation beginning to 1.27-1.26 g/cm3. This trend persisted under crop rotations by the middle of the growing season. The difference between the soil density of grain-grass and fruit-changing crop rotations was 0.03-0.04 g/cm3 by the vegetation end.

Influence of crop rotations and cotton monoculture on cotton field weediness

The paper proves that crop rotation and cotton monoculture turned out to be the best agro technical measures in reducing the number of weeds against the control variant which was found by the authors as a result of long-term studies of cotton crop rotations. The results of the studies showed that permanent cotton crop without and with mineral fertilizers in the absence of crop rotation contribute to a significant increase in the number of annual and perennial weeds. Development of crop rotations with strict alternation of cotton with the main predecessors in the cotton complex, as well as appropriate agro-technical measures significantly reduce the weed infestation of cotton field during the entire cotton growing season.

Crop rotation as a way to increase the biodiversity of agroecosystems and regulate the number of phytophages

Aim. To use the advantages of crop rotation, its types and its impact on the dynamics of the number and harmfulness of dominant pests on various crops, the conservation of biodiversity and the stabilisation of agroecosystems. In this paper, one of the most important problems of modern agriculture is considered – the reduction of chemical treatments without loss of quality and yield of the products obtained due to one of the most important methods of crop rotation and certain agrotechnical methods, such as the joint sowing of different varieties or crops, making shelters, etc.Discussion. Crop rotation, its types and influence on the dynamics of the number and harmfulness of the dominant pests of various crops, biodiversity conservation and stabilisation of agroecosystems, especially important for organic farming, are analyzed. Evidence‐based habitat management practices can greatly improve pest management. The influence of crop rotation on the degree of pest infestation of cultivated crops has been confirmed and a number of little‐studied issues have been identified. This article may be of the greatest interest to owners of farms, as well as large commodity producers.Conclusion. An analysis of the literature data showed that a scientifically based crop rotation with the inclusion of crops of a variety of mixtures. regional trapping or honey crops, taking into account common pests for alternating predecessors and main crops, and aimed at improving the soil and plants, stabilises the ecological state of agroecosystems and improves the safety of the natural environment and the level of profitability of agricultural production. The study of the influence of various methods on increasing biodiversity in agrocenoses has great potential and prospects for further study.

Plants control the structure of mycorrhizal and pathogenic fungal communities in soil in a 50-year maize monoculture experiment

AimsSaprotrophic soil fungi participate in biomass mineralization, inhibit pathogen development and promote plant growth. Pathogens accumulate in soil and decrease crop yields. The structure of fungal communities is determined mainly by the organic matter content and pH of soil. Little is known about the influence of crop rotation and long-term monoculture on saprotrophic fungi that decompose plant roots and crop residues as sources of soil biomass.MethodsFungal communities that promote plant growth (arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), yeasts, Trichoderma spp.), cellulolytic fungi and pathogenic species were analyzed in a 6-year crop rotation system (maize – spring barley – peas – winter rapeseed – winter wheat – sugar beets) and in 50-year maize monoculture. Fungal DNA was extracted from the rhizosphere and plant roots, and the ITS2 region of fungal rDNA was analyzed by high-throughput sequencing. In both treatments, weeds were controlled chemically (terbuthylazine + mesotrione + s-metolachlor) or mechanically.ResultsA total of 311 fungal species were identified. The biodiversity of soil fungi, in particular AMF and yeasts, was higher in monoculture than in crop rotation. Maize pathogens were more frequently identified in monoculture, whereas species of the genus Trichoderma were more prevalent in crop rotation. Herbicides clearly increased the abundance of cellulolytic fungi of the phyla Mucoromycota and Mortierellomycota, Mortierella spp. and Minimedusa polyspora. The abiotic properties of soil were affected by the cropping sequence. The content of organic carbon (Corg) and the availability of P and Mg decreased in monoculture. Maize yields were bound by a strong positive correlation with the availability of macronutrients and Corg in soil, as well as a weak positive correlation with the abundance of Trichoderma spp., Mucoromycota and Mortierellomycota.ConclusionsFungi exert a complex and ambiguous effect on maize biomass yields, whereas a decrease in the macronutrient content of soil in monoculture strongly decreases maize yields. In the long term, the cropping sequence considerably influences the structure of the soil microbiome which can be a reservoir of unique species and species that minimize the negative effects of monoculture in agroecosystems.Graphical

Impact of biologized crop rotations on infestation of crops in arid steppe conditions of Trans-Ural region of Bashkortostan

Relevance. The influence of crop rotations on the infestation of crops has been little studied. А goal was to investigate the influence of biologized crop rotations on infestation of crops in the arid steppe of the Trans-Ural region of Bashkortostan.Methods. The relief of the experimental field is flat, represented by the foothill steppe of the Southern Urals. The soil is black soil, common medium-coal. The climate is arid, with periodically hot summer and moderately cold and little snow winter periods. During the years of experiments (2019–2021), the amount of precipitation for the vegetation period, May — August, averaged 88 mm. Over the past 10–15 years, the aridity and unevenness of the distribution of atmospheric precipitation has noticeably increased, which led to the oppression of field crops and the complication of the fight against weeds.The method of field experimentswas applied. Accounting of infestation was carried by quantitative and weight method. The effect of biologized crop rotations with cereals and alfalfa on the degree ofinfestation of crops compared to traditional grainfallow rotation was evaluated.Results. The infestation of crops in experimental crop rotations depended on the strength of the development of cultivated crops and suppression of weed plants. In the favorable conditions of 2019, weeds developed poorly in well-developed crops, with an amount of 8–10 piece /m2 in biologized crop rotation. In grain-fallow crop rotation, the infestation was 1.2–1.9 times greater. On average over three years at the beginning of the field crop vegetation there are 14–19 piece /m2 weeds in biologized crop rotations, which is 45–56% less than in grain-fallow crop rotation. Before harvesting, the difference in infestation between crop rotations is reduced to 12–29%, but the advantage in reducing infestation in biologized crop rotations remains. In more humidi fied years, fertilizers contribute to a decrease in infestation compared to a back ground without fertilizer. In especially dry years, fertilizers lead to some increase of infestation of crops. Thus, it was found that biologized crop rotations effectively reduce the infestation of crops, regardless of the background of fertilizer.

Increasing soil microbial biomass nitrogen in crop rotation systems by improving nitrogen resources under nitrogen application

Soil microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN) contains the largest proportion of biologically active nitrogen (N) in soil, and is considered as a crucial participant in soil N cycling. Agronomic management practices such as crop rotation and mono-cropping systems, dramatically affect MBN in agroecosystems. However, the influence of crop rotation and mono-cropping in agroecosystems on MBN remains unclear. A meta-analysis based on 203 published studies was conducted to quantify the effect of crop rotation and mono-cropping systems on MBN under synthetic N fertilizer application. The analysis showed that crop rotation significantly stimulated the response ratio (RR) of MBN to N fertilization and this parameter reached the highest levels in upland-fallow rotations. Upland mono-cropping did not change the RR of MBN to N application, however, the RR of MBN to N application in paddy mono-cropping increased. The difference between crop rotation and mono-cropping systems appeared to be due to the various cropping management scenarios, and the pattern, rate and duration of N addition. Crop rotation systems led to a more positive effect on soil total N (TN) and a smaller reduction in soil pH than mono-cropping systems. The RR of MBN to N application was positively correlated with the RR of mineral N only in crop rotation systems and with the RR of soil pH only in mono-cropping systems. Combining the results of Random Forest (RF) model and structural equation model showed that the predominant driving factors of MBN changes in crop rotation systems were soil mineral N and TN, while in mono-cropping systems the main driving factor was soil pH. Overall, our study indicates that crop rotation can be an effective way to enhance MBN by improving soil N resources, which promote the resistance of MBN to low pH induced by intensive synthetic N fertilizer application.

How Does Crop Rotation Influence Soil Moisture, Mineral Nitrogen, and Nitrogen Use Efficiency?

Rice–wheat (RW) cropping systems are integral to global food security. Despite being practiced for decades, Chinese RW cropping systems often suffer from low productivity and poor nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), reflecting management approaches that are not well-contextualized to region and season. Here, we develop the best management guides for N fertilizer in RW systems that are designed to help raise the productivity, NUE, and environmental sustainability of winter wheat over the long term. 2-year field experiments were conducted with four N fertilizer rates (0, 135, 180, and 225 kg N ha–1), allowing contrasts of yields, soil moisture, and NUE of wheat in RW in the humid climates zones on the Jianghan Plain. We compared RW systems with soybean/maize dryland wheat (DW) systems that are similarly endemic to China: after soybean/maize is harvested, soils are often drier compared with moisture content following rice harvest. With high seasonal N application rates (180–225 kg N ha–1), wheat crop yields increased by 24% in RW which were greater than comparable yields of wheat in DW, mainly due to greater kernels per spike in the former. Across treatments and years, N accumulation in plant tissue and kernel dry matter of DW was higher than that in RW, although mean agronomic efficiency of nitrogen (AEN) and physiological efficiency of nitrogen (PEN) of RW systems were greater. As N application rates increased from 135 to 225 kg ha–1, AEN and PEN of DW decreased but changed little for RW. Soil ammonium N was much lower than that of nitrate N; changes in NH4+ and NO3– as a consequence of increasing N fertilization were similar for RW and DW. We recommend that tactical application of N fertilizer continue seasonally until midgrain filling for both the DW and RW systems. At fertilization rates above 180 kg N ha–1, yield responses disappeared but nitrate leaching increased significantly, suggesting declining environmental sustainability above this N ceiling threshold. Collectively, this study elicits many functional and agronomic trade-offs between yields, NUE, and environmental sustainability as a function of N fertilization. Our results show that yield and NUE responses measured as part of crop rotations are both more robust and more variable when derived over multiple seasons, management conditions, and sites.

Influence of Different Types of Land Use on Prokaryotic Communities and Organic Matter Stabilization in Soddy-Podzolic Soil

The influence of crop rotation with different saturation with legumes and continuous grain crops (winter rye and spring barley) on the structure of prokaryotic communities and preservation of soil organic matter has been studied in a long-term stationary experiment (1977–2018) on a soddy-podzolic soil (Eutric Albic Retisol (Abruptic, Loamic, Cutanic)) of Perm oblast. Permanent black fallow and unmanaged fallow were used as reference standards. Minimum values of the coefficients of mineralization (0.37) and pedotrophicity (0.28) calculated on the basis of direct counting of microbial colonies cultivated on standard nutrient media (MPA, SAA, and SA) have been found in the unmanaged fallow soil, and maximum values of these coefficients (1.97 and 1.30, respectively) were found in the black fallow soil. Inverse relationships were found between the Corg content in the soil and the mineralization coefficient (r = –0.67; p crop rotation (0–28.6–42.9% of legumes) > continuous grain crop > permanent black fallow, In the cultivated and black fallow soils, along with general decrease in the organic matte stock, its lability increased as evidenced by the Cha : Cfa ratio (0.55–0.79), which were lower than in the unmanaged fallow soil (0.96). The closest negative correlation (r = –0.81; p < 0.001) was observed between the mineralization coefficient and the Cha : Cfa ratio. It has been also shown that different uses of soddy-podzolic soil were accompanied by structural rearrangements of the actinomycetal complex selected as a model group of soil microorganisms. In particular, regular mechanical tillage and application of mineral fertilizers (N60P30K60) contributed to an increase in the species spectrum of streptomyces, a change in the frequency of occurrence and relative abundance of individual sections and series, and a change in dominant forms. The results of this study demonstrated the possibility of using microbiological indicators as biomarkers of the state of soil organic matter.

Effectiveness of Conservation Crop Rotation for Water Pollutant Reduction from Agricultural Areas.

Legumes included in corn-based crop rotation systems provide a variety of benefits to the subsequent crops and potentially to the environment. This review aims to synthesize available data from the literature on legume N credits and the effects of crop rotations on water quality, as well as to analyze the cost benefits associated with different legume-corn rotation systems. We found that there was much variation in reported values for legume N credits to subsequent corn crops, from both empirical results and recommendations made by U.S. land grant universities. But despite inherent complexity, accounting for this contribution is critical when estimating optimal N fertilizer application rates as part of nutrient management. Results from research on the influence of crop rotations on water quality show that including legumes in corn-based rotation systems generally decreases nitrate-N concentrations in subsurface drainage discharge. Our cost analysis showed that incorporating legumes in cropping systems reduced N fertilizer and pesticide costs compared to conventional cropping systems, i.e., continuous corn and corn-soybean rotations, but extended rotations, such as corn-soybean-alfalfa-alfalfa-alfalfa, are not as profitable as conventional systems in the U.S. Midwest. In comparing continuous corn and corn-soybean rotations, although their impacts on water quality are not significantly different when using overall means from the literature data, corn-soybean rotations are more profitable than continuous corn. When using data from papers that directly compared the two, we found that switching from continuous corn to corn-soybean can provide a benefit of $5 per kg N loss reduction. The cost analysis methods used could be tailored to any location or management scenario with appropriate inputs and serve as a useful tool for assessing cost benefits for other agricultural conservation practices. Legume-corn crop rotations have the potential to be an effective conservation practice with the ultimate goal of improving water quality, and, with further research, these rotations could be made even more effective by integrating them into a multi-practice system.

Influence of crop rotations and mineral fertilizers on the humus state of the soil in a long-term stationary experiment

Relevance and methods. The article presents the data of scientific research on the influence of field crop rotations with the use of complex mineral fertilizers at a dose of 90 kg d. V. and without them on the humus state of dark gray forest heavy loam soil and arable land productivity in the Ryazan region. Research was carried out in the fields of ISA-a branch OF fgbnu FNAC VIM from 1992–1994. The aim of the research is to study the effect of long-term use of different crop rotations and mineral fertilizers on the humus content and changes in arable land productivity in dark gray forest soil and to predict the consequences of their use. In order to reproduce soil fertility and a deficit-free balance of humus, it is necessary, first of all, to have scientifically-based crop rotations in crops. Results. Our studies on dark grey forest heavy loam on granulometric structure of the soil, it was found that the saturation of crop rotations of legumes and legume-grasses contributes to the content of the total humus 0.16–0,195% for unfertilized and 0,324–0,290% in the fertilized soil, whereas in the rotation with the black field pair without application of fertilizer stocks this indicator of soil fertility in the layer 0–30 cm was reduced by 0,154%, the result of the increasing salinity and the lack of input of organic matter. It is noted that the long-term use of crop rotations saturated with grasses leads both to the stabilization of soil fertility and to an increase in the productivity of arable land, the initial value of which when the experiment was laid was 33.0 C.K. units/ha. at the end of the fourth rotation, the value of this indicator increased by 55.2% and 105.8%, respectively, on wind and fertilized backgrounds.

Agricultural landscape-scale C factor determination and erosion prediction for various crop rotations through a remote sensing and GIS approach

In arable land management, different crop rotation patterns and sequences, such as changing agricultural land use to erosion prone crops, or crops providing less ground cover, can greatly influence soil loss rate through their impact on soil cover status (C factor value). The influence of crop rotation on C value and on erosion rate is often determined on an experimental plot scale, so the results are often erroneous when extrapolated to large heterogeneous landscapes, where they fail to capture the spatiotemporal variability beyond the experimental sites. In the present study we have endeavored to investigate the impact of various crop rotation patterns on C value and on subsequent soil erosion rate, at a landscape level, by combining 28 time-series satellite images (from 2013 to 2016) along with annually updated land-use data, via the integrated administration and control system (IACS), from the Uckermark district of north eastern Germany. In total, 21 different crop sequences were investigated. Winter wheat (WW), winter rape (WR), and maize (Mz) were found to be the predominant arable crops grown in the study area. The highest average annual C values were estimated from crop sequences involving Mz and sugar beet (SB), both as pre-crops and succeeding crops. The highest value of 0.39 was computed from SB/Mz rotation. On the other hand, crop rotation involving WR gave significantly lower annual C values in all the years considered, with the lowest average annual C value of 0.07 calculated on WR parcels preceded by winter cereals. It was also apparent that crop rotation patterns influenced C value in a temporally variable manner. Among the self-sequencing patterns, WR/WR reduced the C value significantly compared with Mz/Mz and to a lesser extent compared with WW/WW. Continuous cultivation of Mz increased the potential soil loss rate by as much as 72 % compared to WR/WR and by 51 % compared to WW/WW. It was also possible to determine the spatial distribution of the impact of crop rotation on soil erosion risk within the study area. The results obtained agreed with the results of other international and regional studies. Overall, the output from this research could contribute towards further efficient investigation of the impact of agronomic practices on the environment in a large agricultural landscape, without the need to set up multi-location experimental plots.

Influence of Crop Rotation and Soil Fertility Management Strategies on Water Use Efficiency of Wheat in a Changing Climate in Njoro Sub-County in Kenya

Aims: The study determined the effect of soil fertility management (inorganic and organic N sources) and short term crop rotation (cereal – legumes cropping systems) on water use efficiency of wheat in high potential areas.&#x0D; Study Design: A randomized complete block design was used with split-split-plot arrangement replicated three times. Three factors evaluated included water harvesting (WH), crop rotation (CR) and soil fertility management (SFM). The data obtained were subjected to an analysis of variance (ANOVA) using Genstat statistical package while the mean separation was performed using least significance differences (P =.05).&#x0D; Place and Duration of Study: The trial was conducted at the Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization (KALRO) fields based in Njoro for three years between 2014 and 2016 during rainy seasons.&#x0D; Methodology: Water harvesting was evaluated at consisted of flat beds (WH1) and tied ridges (WH2), crop rotation was tested at four levels comprising of Wheat- Dolichos lablab (Lablab purpureum)-Wheat- L. purpureum (CR1); Wheat-Greenpea (P. sativum) –Wheat (Triticum aestivum L)- P. sativum (CR2); T. aestivum L-potato- P. sativum –Potato (Solanum tuberosum) (CR3); and Wheat-Wheat-Wheat-Wheat) (CR4). Six different soil fertility management (SFM) strategies evaluated included SFM1 = untreated control; SFM2 = Farm Yard Manure at 5 t ha-1; SFM3 = Green manure (L.eucaena triachandra) at 2.5 mt ha-1; SFM4 = Calcium Ammonium Nitrate (CAN) at 25 kg N ha-1; SFM5 = Calcuim Ammonium Nitrate at 50 kg N ha-1; and SFM6 = Ammonium Nitrate (CAN) at 75 kg N ha-1. The Water harvesting (WH) and SFM were fixed on the same plot at the form and rate for the entire period of the study while crops were rotated between seasons. Water use efficiency was derived as a ratio of water use and grain yield and biomass.&#x0D; Results: Results revealed significant (P =.05) effect of crop rotation and soil fertility management on water use efficiency. However, water harvesting did not influence. While interaction of CR and SFM significantly (P =.05) influenced WUE and grain yield. Significant influence was also observed on WUE due to an interaction between WH and SFM. Dolichos lablab (L. purpureum) and green pea as pre-crops resulted in higher yield than when potato was the pre-crop and continuous wheat. Use of inorganic N fertilizer with L. purpureum as a pre-crop resulted in higher grain yield than all other soil fertility management strategies evaluated. In conclusion, the use of green pea as a pre-crop during the short rain followed by wheat in long rains is a beneficial crop rotation systems and a climate smart strategy. In addition, organic N sources should be recommended for sustainable wheat production because it will positively influence the accumulation and slow release of soil moisture for increased water use efficiency.

Продуктивність короткоротаційної сівозміни з різними бобовими культурами на чорноземі типовому

Goal. To analyze results of long-term research in productivity of different short field crop rotations in conditions of left bank Forest-steppe of Ukraine. Methods. General scientific and special: long-term field — to determine quantitative performance metrics of short crop rotations, and analytical. Results. They determined the yield of crops in crop rotations, as well as the calculated productivity of different 4-filed rotations. The positive role is emphasized by leguminous predecessors for leading grain crop of Ukraine — winter wheat. It is revealed that the use of pea, lentil and vetch-oat mixture in the short crop rotation increases the yields of winter wheat and root crops of the 3rd culture of crop rotation — sugar beet. The influence of crop rotations on crop yield in the 4th year of the rotation (spring barley) is somewhat reduced. The role of fallow in the crop rotation is known. Numerous studies have established that in the conditions of insufficient and unstable moistening the best precursor for winter wheat is clean fallow. The fallow makes it possible to prepare the soil, retain enough moisture and nutrients in the form available to plants practically at any weather conditions. This helps to obtain high yields of winter wheat, but the productivity of the 4-field crop rotations with this precursor is greatly reduced. This primarily happens due to the lack of products in the field of clean fallow. Conclusions. In the conditions of unstable moistening of the left bank Forest-steppe of Ukraine on typical chernozem, the higher output of food-protein units was got in the crop rotations with soybean, pea, lentil and vetch-oat mixture. The worse indices were got in the rotation with Lathyrus sativus L. The low productivity had short crop rotations with silage maize and beans. Studies revealed a significant reduction in the productivity of crop rotation with a clean fallow. It provided minimal productivity due to the lack of production in the first field.

Mobile Phosphorus a nd Exchange Potassium o f Typical Black Soil i n Long Term u se o f Arable Land

The influence of crop rotations, soil treatment methods and fertilizers on the content and balance of mobile phosphorus and exchange potassium in black soil was tested. Over the 25-year period of typical black soil use the content of mobile phosphorus increased not only under the influence of fertilizers, but also without them. The greatest impact was made by fertilizers, less significantly by crop rotations and methods of basic soil treatment. An increase in the content of mobile phosphates is observed among the tested crop rotations in grain fallow row, and from the methods of soil treatment – for small-scale processing. For five rotations of crop rotations without fertilizers, there were no significant changes in the content of exchange potassium; it remained at the level of increased security. Mineral fertilizers in double doses against the background of manure increased the content of exchangeable potassium to a high level of security. The saturation of crop rotations with row crops, as well as the use of plowing increases the content of exchangeable potassium, but to a lesser extent than fertilizers. The intensity balance of phosphorus is changed by the rotation of the crop rotation unevenly, which is associated with the magnitude of crop yield and, consequently, the removal of this element. At the same time, the general pattern of correspondence between the increase in the intensity of the balance with the increase in fertilizer application remains. Positive balance of potassium is provided only at double doses of mineral fertilizers. Manure creates a balance intensity of only 39%, which is 2.6 times less than fertilizers. Application of N42-62P62K62 against the background of 16 t/ha of manure leads to an increase in the balance intensity of more than 80%.

Influence of crop rotation, tillage and fertilization on chemical and spectroscopic characteristics of humic acids.

The changes in soil organic matter composition induced by anthropogenic factors is a topic of great interest for the soil scientists. The objective of this work was to identify possible structural changes in humic molecules caused by a 2-year rotation of durum wheat with faba bean, lasted for a decade, and conducted with different agricultural practices in a Mediterranean soil. Humic acids (HA) were extracted at three depths (0–30, 30–60 and 60–90 cm) from a Mediterranean soil subjected to different tillage (no tillage, minimum tillage and conventional tillage), crops (faba bean and wheat), and fertilization. The changes in HA quality were assessed by several chemical (ash, yield and elemental analysis) and spectroscopic techniques (solid-state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance, Fourier transform infrared and fluorescence). The results suggest that the different agronomic practices strongly affected the quality of HA. Smaller but more aromatic molecules were observed with depth, while the fertilization induced the formation of simpler and less aromatic molecules due to the enhanced decomposition processes. Under no tillage, more stable humic molecules were observed due to the less soil aeration, while under conventional tillage larger and more aromatic molecules were obtained. Compared to wheat, more aromatic and more oxidized but less complex molecules were observed after faba bean crop. The inorganic fertilization accelerates the decomposition of organic substances rather than their stabilization. At the end of each crop cycle, humic matter of different quality was isolated and this confirms the importance of the rotation practice to guarantee a diversification of the soil organic matter with time. Finally, no tillage induces the formation of more stable humic matter.

Вплив сівозмін та систем удобрення на формування родючості сірого лісового ґрунту

Вплив сівозмін та систем удобрення на формування родючості сірого лісового ґрунту

The influence of crop rotation on corn total biomass production

Agriculture in the Midwest region of the United States is based on intensive corn (Zea mays L.) production that provides food, feed, and fuel. Crop rotation is a vital management option for improved yield and environment preservation. Three rotation systems—continuous corn (CC), corn–soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.; CS), and corn–soybean–wheat (Triticum aestivum L.; CSW)—were selected to study their effects on grain yields and carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) accumulation and partitioning within corn grain, stover, and cob plant components. The experiment was conducted at three pre-established crop rotation experiments located at three sites in Wisconsin. Biomass sampling was performed in four consecutive years (2011 to 2014). Analysis of variance showed differences in location for most variables, an effect of crop rotation on stover biomass and stover C, and an interaction effect between location and rotation on soybean grain yield. Averaged across years and locations, final corn and soybean grain yield increased with rotation complexity where corn in the CSW rotation had 15% and 8% greater yield than CC and CS rotation, respectively. Overall, the biomass distribution among corn plant parts was 52%, 41%, and 7% for grain, stover, and cob, respectively. Stover and cobs harvested from corn grown in monoculture produced approximately 11% (0.54 Mg C ha−1) less C than corn grown in either CS or CSW rotation. Across rotations, the accumulation of N in plant tissues was not significantly different. However, these results show that crop rotation can increase grain yield and biomass C and partially offset the difference in soil C, which is expected to be greater under CC.