British Influence Research Articles

Talking Appalachian: Voice, Identity, and Community ed. by Amy D. Clark and Nancy M. Hayward (review)

Reviewed by: Talking Appalachian: Voice, Identity, and Community ed. by Amy D. Clark and Nancy M. Hayward Donna Corriher Talking Appalachian: Voice, Identity, and Community. Edited by Amy D. Clark, and Nancy M. Hayward. (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2013. Pp. 264.) One part qualitative research, another part fiction, Talking Appalachian: Voice, Identity, and Community is an important contribution to ongoing conversations about the Appalachian region. The book is not exhaustive nor should in any way be considered the final assessment regarding Appalachian English(es), but this is not the editors’ intent; rather, they add fresh insight to and reiterate or refute some of the old arguments about teaching vernacular-speaking students. The book begins with personal anecdotes from the editors, Amy D. Clark and Nancy M. Hayward. The contributors of the essays and works that follow are noted scholars in their fields—poets, fiction writers, or any combination of all. Primarily residents or teachers in the Appalachian region, from George Ella Lyon of Harlan County, Kentucky to Michael Ellis, Professor of English at Missouri State, who has been looking at British influences on the dialects of the region since at least 1992, the authors share a common interest and passion for Appalachian English. This well-organized book begins with Michael Montgomery’s essay, “The Historical Background and Nature of the Englishes of Appalachia.” Part I explores dialects and dialect features, the power of speech in community and social connections, voice, African American speech inside and outside [End Page 92] the region, and education. Editor Amy D. Clark explains: “One of the problems with those of us who teach writing is that we tend to look at language prescriptively instead of descriptively. We mistakenly believe that we own the rights to how language may be used, an ideology that is passed down from teacher to student” (115). Although Clark acknowledges the resolution of the Conference on College Composition and Communication in 1974 that all dialects be embraced in the classroom, she finds instruction still lacking this recognition. Sample essays summarizing qualitative research include “The Appalachian Range: The Limits of Language Variation in West Virginia” by Kirk Hazen, Jaime Flesher, and Erin Simmons, which explains the results of a study of ten dialect features. “Think Locally: Language as Community Practice” by Nancy M. Hayward explores the development of the term Appalachian English, and, most specifically, the errors of the historical definitions. “African American Speech in Southern Appalachia” by Walt Wolfram details his research in five African American communities across North Carolina, two in Appalachia, and three in the coastal region. “Voices in the Appalachian Classroom,” by Editor Amy D. Clark is an exploration of her own experiences in the classroom, as both student and teacher. The sequence of the essays is logical; Clark and Hayward have arranged the articles to move from the earliest recognition and commentary upon Appalachian Englishes to usage of the language in literature. Michael Ellis’s closing essay for Part I, “The Treatment of Dialect in Appalachian Literature,” segues well into Part II, “Voices from Appalachia,” a collection of work by writers belonging to the region. The second part of the book includes excerpts from longer works, short fiction, and poetry. The work in this section, including excerpts by George Ella Lyon, Silas House, Lee Smith, Jane Hicks, Denise Giardina, Ron Rash, Rita Quillen, Crystal Wilkinson, and Anne Shelby, enhance the essays in Part I by providing evidence that an Appalachian voice is an eloquent voice. The book is already receiving favorable reviews. S. A. Dooley in Choice Review: Reviews for Academic Libraries describes Part I as “highly accessible” and Part II as “showcas[ing] some of the well-known writers who are included in Appalachian [S]tudies curricula” (80). Peter Brackney reviews the book on his blog, kaintuckeean, and, although sensitive to the goals of the book, his review is in large part a declaration of his own prejudices when it comes to dialects. He states that, “[a]s a society, our ears seek that same uniform voice from those around us”—an overgeneralization. He finds Part I “too deep for the casual reader” (www.kaintuckeean.com/2013/07/talking-appalachian.html). The book’s goal...

Unfinished Revolution: The Early American Republic in a British World by Samuel W. Haynes (review)

Unfinished Revolution: The Early American Republic in a British World. By Samuel W. Haynes. (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 2010. Pp. 378. Cloth, $29.95.)(Editors' Note: Every so often, a significant book slips through the cracks and fails to receive a timely review. This 2010 title is such a book.)Reviewed by C. Edward SkeenAs the title suggests, Samuel W. Haynes argues that the United States did not truly slip its colonial past until the mid-nineteenth century. Long after independence, Americans continued to have a conflicted love/ hate relationship with the former mother country. Great Britain was the standard in virtually all aspects of American life, as citizens consciously emulated and compared themselves with the British. It was, however, hard to escape the sometimes-contemptuous condescension of the British toward the Americans, who found it hard to admit to feelings of inferiority.In the post-War of 1812 years, American pride was affronted in several ways. British visitors often published critical writings of life in the United States. Frances Trollope and others wounded American feelings with their descriptions of crude behavior, which, truthfully, were not far off the mark. The American response was a mixture of hostility and counterclaims that the British envied the new republic's growing wealth and power. In fact, Haynes argues, it led Americans from a deep-seated sense of cultural inferiority to a bold, if self-conscious declaration of their own exceptionalism (43). A British reviewer wrote in the Edinburgh Review in 1820, asking who read an American book, watched an American play, or looked at American art or sculpture, and it aroused a firestorm of protest in the United States. Forced to admit some validity in the observation, American intellectuals responded by pointing out rising literary artists such as James Fenimore Cooper and Washington Irving.As for American theater, Haynes, in one of his most interesting chapters, relates the sad state of the American stage. Virtually all of the leading actors were British. While the audience was largely upper crust, urban laborers often expressed class antagonism by protesting against arrogant British actors and those who fawned over them. Taking their lead newspapers that cited some insult by a British actor, theater riots were fairly common in larger cities. Haynes connects these urban riots of the 1830s and 1840s to the perceived British influence over the antislavery movement. In fact, the worst riot in the antebellum era, the Astor Place riot in New York City in 1849, began as a dispute between American actor Edwin Forrest and his British rival William Charles Macready. Anti-British sentiment and the humbling of a British actor might have been the ostensible cause, but class conflict and anti-abolitionist hysteria was at the root of the riot, which killed twenty-two people.America's deep sense of inferiority was most obvious in the political arena. Anti-British sentiment seeped into virtually every aspect of American political life. Exploiting Anglophobia for political advantage was ever-present as both major parties hurled charges against the other of being a tool of the British. Henry Clay's American System, for example, was attacked as a British system in disguise. …

Building Construction of Pre-war Shophouses in George Town Observed Through a Renovation Case Study

George Town, Penang has the largest collection of shophouses constructed before the Second World War (henceforth pre-war shophouses) in Southeast Asia. The recent increase of shophouse renovations has provided an opportunity to study the building construction, which has not been understood and recorded comprehensively. This paper studies the building construction of shophouses and its transition through observation on eight renovation sites and interviews. The building construction of shophouses was found to exhibit mainly Indian1, Chinese1 and British influence but uses mostly locally available materials. Indian and Chinese influence is stronger in the 19th century shophouses, while western influence is more evident in those of the early 20th century, earmarking the introduction of British policy and western technologies at the turn of the century. However the trend is often blurred by post construction alterations. Although there is a shift to using traditional building materials during recent renovations, changes due to circumstances such as client′s preferences together with heavy use of recycled materials mark another turning point in building construction transition. Proper documentation of renovation processes is crucial for future references and comprehensive understanding of the building construction and its development throughout history.

10.5937/kultura1443133p = History and myth in Australian voyager poetry

One of the most significant contributions of the twentieth-century Australian poetry was the invention of the so-called 'voyager poetry'. The term, which refers to poems about mariners, maritime adventures, exploration and discoveries, reached its most complete expression in the oeuvre of Kenneth Slessor, arguably one of the most celebrated Australian poets, who is largely considered to be the first authentically modernist voice of Australia. In presenting his most famous poems, such as 'The Atlas' and 'Five Visions of Captain Cook', and describing the process of literary mythmaking on which they are based, this paper will rely on Roland Barthes's definition of contemporary myth as a second-order semiological system. One of the most prominent features of contemporary myth, according to Barthes, is that it distorts historical reality by transforming history into nature. This paper proposes that Slessor uses the same process of distortion in his voyager poems, rooting them in historically or geographically approved facts, only to render those facts universally acceptable as archetypal situations or mythical categories. Our second proposition is that Slessor's process of mythmaking is ideologically motivated by the rising national sentiment in the aftermath of World War I. Slessor's major poems were written between 1927 and 1932, the period when Australia strove to establish its political and cultural identity independent of the imperialistic British influences. The analysis of the poems aims to show how available historical and geographical data are universalized in Slessor's poetry and how they consequently transform history into nature. Whereas historical truth is lost in the process, universal truth is emphasized as a legitimate expression of the state of the modern man.

COMMUNITY AND ARCHITECTURE: CONTRIBUTION RETROSPECT IN KARACHI DURING THE BRITISH RAJ

Communities play a vital role in the development of any society, both in terms of political and commercial ambiance and culture and social character which contributes in the city formation. Karachi is an excellent example of it. Over the years the city has evolved from wilderness to being the most populous city of the world. It houses many imported traditions, which have mixed with local values over the years. Karachi, in 1900s was dominated by many ethnic communities, which resulted in the rise of a class system, which in turn lead to the emergence of communal enclaves to create a sense of communal values. Until independence of the sub-continent in 1947, these communities worked together and flourish Karachi. Saddar Bazaar, the city centre of Karachi was mainly occupied by these communities. Saddar was laid as a camp by the British in the late nineteenth century and was later used not only as a marketplace, but also consisted supporting functions like storage facilities, religious places, schools, coffee houses, cinemas, bars, billiard rooms, restaurants and residential areas. The merchants who came from India started their commercial activities here. During the Colonial rule, Saddar flousrished not only in terms of trade and commerce, but also in terms of architecture. By the 19th century the British had already established a design language for the architecture of the public buildings of the sub-continent. But after the involvement of the localcommunities, this language was transformed and either hybrid forms were created (i.e. blending of European features with balconies and chajjas of different proportions) or purely local architectural forms based on the requirement of the locals were constructed. The transformation of European architectural language and its ornamentation into local buildings were observed in many structures. Some of them were built by British architects and engineers and others by the local firms under the British influence. This paper documents and analyses two such hybrid design buildings, which reflect the lifestyles of the communities through the built form characteristics, details and formal and spatial characteristics.

The development of the accounting profession in the Holy Land since 1920: cultural memory and accounting institutions

This study provides a history of the Israel accounting profession using a periodization strategy that identifies major shifts in the legal and economic environment of Israel and traces the effect of these changes on the institutional structure of accountancy. Specifically, four periods are identified, each with distinct accounting institutions: British influence (1920–1948), state building (1948–1977), market model (1977–1994), and globalization (1994–present). The focus is on various effects of culture on the development of the profession and how cultural tendencies, reflected in cultural memory and collective identity, interact with the imposition of institutional structures by a foreign power and by integration into a global economy.

Introducing Torres Strait Island dance to the Australian high school physical education curriculum

This study was carried out within the context of a requirement for every Australian Capital Territory Education and Training Directorate (ACT ETD) high school to include Indigenous perspectives across all areas of the curriculum. For the first time ever in the case study school reported in this article, two Torres Strait Island dances were taught to students from Year 7 to Year 9. Traditionally dance within Physical Education (PE) in the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) has been informed by British and American influences. This paper seeks to problematize the inclusion of Indigenous dance into a Westernized PE curriculum and considers the challenges faced by non-Indigenous Health and Physical Education (HPE) teachers in relation to this, as well as what support is available. It is argued from the findings of this study that it is possible for schools to move beyond traditional PE content and include Indigenous perspectives in a non-tokenistic way. However, it is also argued that such an approach requires Indigenous people to have a central role, and for non-Indigenous teachers to challenge taken for granted mainstream Westernized and racialized teaching practices and discourses.

Anglo-American crossroads: urban research and planning in Britain, 1940-2010

1. Atlantic Interchanges and the British City: Some Key Themes 2. Roads to Reconstruction: The Rockefeller Foundation and the Special Housing Mission in wartime Britain 3. Green Lights for Understanding: the American Contribution to Urban Research in Britain from the1940s to the 1970s 4. Neighbourhoods and Dead Ends: American influences upon the planning of new communities in postwar Britain 5. Roads to Edge City: motorways, Milton Keynes and out-of-town urbanization 6. The Opposite Direction: British influences upon new community planning in North America during the 1960s 7. Avoiding Danger: the USA and the regeneration of the inner city in Britain since 1970 8. Some conclusions and connections

A Typo-Morphological Study: The Cmc Industrial Mass Housing District, Lefke, Northern Cyprus

With the increasing number of universities in the country, research on urban form and architecture—with a focus on historic settlements—has accelerated in Cyprus in the last fifteen years. Lefke, a small traditional medieval town located on north-west Cyprus, warrants a detailed urban morphological study, as its traditional urban pattern has been shaped by a medieval character. Within its overall organic urban pattern, there are well-scaled narrow streets, a number of public buildings and irregularly shaped public spaces at the intersection of streets and/or in front of public buildings. Lefke's morphological characteristics, which have developed throughout many years, have been significantly impacted by British influences, as the Cyprus Mines Corporation (CMC), established in 1916, turned Lefke into an industrial town. The CMC district, which is the first industrial mass housing district in Cyprus, has uniquely impacted Lefke's urban patterns and still defines the morphological characteristics of the town today. Accordingly, this paper first explores urban morphology based on two pioneering morphological studies: Gianfranco Cannigia's theories of typo-morphological understanding, and the evolutionary insights of M.R.G. Conzen. The ultimate goal is to set up a typo-morphological basis for the CMC industrial mass housing district, which will drive future interventions, design and planning policies towards its conservation and sustainability.

Canning, the principle of non-interference and the struggle for influence in Portugal, 1822-5

This article re-examines Anglo-Portuguese relations in the first half of George Canning's second foreign secretaryship. It contends that Canning's determination to maintain British influence in Portugal led him to interfere in its internal affairs much more deeply and constantly than hitherto believed, and that, in doing so, he was motivated by his belief that British predominance in Lisbon was an essential element in the European balance of power. It will be suggested that Harold Temperley's widely accepted portrayal of Canning as a committed isolationist and a firm believer in the principle of non-interference in another state's internal affairs needs serious reconsideration.

Tai-Burmese-Lao Buddhisms in the ‘Modernizing’ of Ban Thawai (Bangkok): The Dynamic Interaction Between Ethnic Minority Religion and British–Siamese Centralization in the Late Nineteenth/Early Twentieth Centuries

Drawing on extensive Thai literary and oral history sources this article sets out to explain the complex social, political, ethnic and religious framework within which the opening by ‘the Irish Buddhist’ U Dhammaloka of a free, bilingual and multi-ethnic Buddhist school at Wat Ban Thawai, Bangkok in May 1903 acquires a broader and deeper significance. The article documents the mutual relationships between the local Buddhisms of Tai, Burmese and Lao ethnic minorities and the politics of British-Siamese alliance in the period before and during the First World War. It examines the British-Siamese support of these Buddhist communities in Bangkok and explores the British-Siamese use of their diplomatic relationship with the Tai, Burmese and Lao ethnic minorities in Ban Thawai and elsewhere (i.e. across the borders between Siam and Burma) in order to centralize power. It also discusses the anomalous effect of British and French influence in Ban Thawai which allowed local resistance to Siamese centralization and saṅgha reform.

ICD11 and DSM5: The Indian dilemma

The identification of insanity, and its symptoms has been commented upon in south Asia for several millennia. In the traditional Hindu medical texts, Unmada (loss of reason) and bhuta-vidya (literal translation: the knowledge of ghosts) formed a distinct canon within the treatise. Interestingly, the symptom clusters identified (prolonged immobility, predilection to dance and sing or dress outlandishly, talk excessively, extreme fear and suspicion) are quite similar to contemporary times. These ideas were developed further under the Islamic influence, and by the time western medicine arrived in India (18–19th century), the terms paagalpan (Hindi), deewangee (Urdu), and insanity were used as synonyms in medical handbooks (Breton, 1825). The cardinal symptoms of various psychiatric syndromes were well defined under the respective systems, as also the differentiation from mental retardation. The development of Asylums under the colonial influence helped extend the diagnostic gaze further, so that the early definitions of mania (acuta, longa, episodic, etc.) were seen in records by the 1850s and became more elaborate over time. Since medical education by now was almost completely under British influence, the classification of psychiatric disorders reflected very closely the developments in the UK. Terms such as delirium and dementia praecox are seen in the reports within a few years of their use in Europe. Within this, however, certain individual factors were identified. Cannabis was implicated in a large proportion of admissions, and ‘ganja madness’ one of the most common diagnoses. Many early reports commented on the relatively good outcome of admissions, and that patients could often be discharged into the care of their family and friends. However, it was also commented that many suffered terribly from neglect and abuse, and attending to the physical disease often became a priority after admission. Whether these ‘secondary’ causes of malnutrition and chronic infections contribute to the symptoms of psychoses remains unknown, even now. In addition, the marked difference in the prevalence was noted, with rates in India being a fraction of those in the West, and it was suggested that milder forms are simply tolerated and thus not identified as ‘mad’. In addition, many of the wandering beggars, mendicants and holymen could be diagnosed as being mentally ill (though not perceived as such by the populace), according to some British

In Search of a Suitable Model of Penal Code for Afghanistan

During the Moghul rule of what now constitutes India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Afghanistan, the courts there administered the Shariah to the exclusion of Hindu law. Islamic law gave way to English criminal law with the increase of British influence in the Indian sub-continent. Before 1860, English criminal law, as modified to suit local circumstances, was administered in the Presidency-Towns of Bombay, Calcutta and Madras. The draft of the Indian Penal Code was prepared by the First Law Commission, chaired by Thomas Babington Macaulay. Its basis is the law of England. Elements were also derived from the Napoleonic Code and from Edward Livingston’s Louisiana Civil Code of 1825. Finally, the Indian Penal Code was passed into law on 6 October 1860. The Code came into operation on 1 January 1862.

Three Nations, One Common Root: A Historical Comparison of Elementary Music Education in the United Kingdom, the United States, and Australia

Music education is practiced in a variety of different ways around the world that are influenced by the quality of a nation's educational system, the values that society places on music, music's role in the culture, the training and availability of music teachers, and numerous other factors. There are also many similarities in the way music education is practiced from society to society owing to geographical proximity, common religious practices, common political philosophies, or cultural transplanting through colonization, enslavement, diaspora, or immigration. This research focuses on three nations that are geographically disparate but share a common cultural and ethnic root: the United States, the United Kingdom, and Australia. Both the United States and Australia are industrialized nations with high levels of education and influential culture, and former colonies of what was at one time the largest world power: the United Kingdom. Although both were populated with native peoples prior to colonization, Great Britain and other European nations dominated and subjugated those indigenous cultures to the point of minority. While all three nations share cultural and musical commonalities as a result of their British roots, the United States and Australia have grown in unique ways since their respective colonial eras. While parts of both countries were also colonized by the Dutch, French, Spanish, and others, this research will focus on the British influence. Given their commonalities, such as Western values, British folk music, the English language, and similar ways of making vocal and instrumental music, these three countries may share music education practices quite easily. By comparing the development of music education to its current state in these nations it may be possible to uncover ideas and practices that could benefit all. The questions I ask are: a) What similarities and differences exist in the historical development of elementary music education in these three nations? and b) What unique strengths does each country have in music education at this time? I offer comparative discussions of the major developments in elementary music education in the countries, including: the cultural bases of music education, the teaching of singing, the influence of radio and phonograph technology and music appreciation, the broadening scope of elementary music curricula, the influence of Carl Orff and Zoltan Kodaly, changing music philosophies, the growth of multicultural awareness, the development of national curricula, and a profile of who teaches music in each country. In the last section I highlight some of the strengths of these different music education systems and discuss possible factors that may have influenced these strengths. Since the scope of this study is to compare broad trends of music education in all three nations and not to present an in-depth treatment of specific aspects of music education (which could conceivably fill volumes), secondary sources pertinent to each nation constitute a major source of information used here. Primary sources such as national curriculum documents are also considered. Elementary school is broadly defined here as the formal schooling that involves children between approximately five and eleven years of age, most commonly with a single teacher working with a single age group in a class numbering between fifteen and thirty students. It is difficult to precisely define elementary music education; in fact, its changing nature is the very subject of this study. Broadly, it refers to the intentional study of music in an elementary school that is offered to all students in the school without the need for specialized training or experience. Consequently, this study does not focus on band, orchestra, or choral music programs. It can be taught by either a classroom teacher (one who teaches a broad curriculum to a single class full of students of a similar age or academic achievement) or by a music specialist (one who only teaches the subject of music; working with the students of each classroom teacher, often on a rotational basis). …

Depoliticization or Americanization of Japanese Science Studies

In this paper, I will describe the history of Japanese science studies (In the Japanese language, the term “science studies” [Kagaku-ron] is used to indicate a broad area, which covers the history, philosophy, and social studies of science and technology.) from the beginning of the twentieth century to around the mid-1980s, and will argue how depoliticization took place in its history. Japanese science studies was formed under the conspicuous influence of German philosophy before World War II (hereafter WW II), especially in its neo-Kantian tradition. During the military regime, science studies offered a hiding place for Marxists. However, after the end of the Asian-Pacific War, British influence became stronger in the history and sociology of science in two stages. First, logical positivism arrived, in this case, mainly from the USA under the name of “analytic philosophy.” Second, the American influence was furthered by the introduction of Kuhn’s theory of paradigm which unexpectedly depoliticized Japanese science studies. This trend seems to have reflected the course of the Cold War. After the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Disaster, one of the most significant legacies of Cold War Science, we need to review the history of science studies in order to retrieve its “critical” function. Even though this paper focuses on Japan, comparable reflections should be made worldwide.

In Search of a Suitable Model of Penal Code for Afghanistan

During the Moghul rule of what now constitutes India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Afghanistan, the courts there administered the Shariah to the exclusion of Hindu law. Islamic law gave way to English criminal law with the increase of British influence in the Indian sub-continent. Before 1860, English criminal law, as modified to suit local circumstances, was administered in the Presidency-Towns of Bombay, Calcutta and Madras. The draft of the Indian Penal Code was prepared by the First Law Commission, chaired by Thomas Babington Macaulay. Its basis is the law of England. Elements were also derived from the Napoleonic Code and from Edward Livingston’s Louisiana Civil Code of 1825. Finally, the Indian Penal Code was passed into law on 6 October 1860. The Code came into operation on 1 January 1862.

Ontario’s Plowden Report: British influence on Canadian education in the 1960s

Treading in the footsteps of past generations, Ontario policy advisers journeyed throughout the United Kingdom in the summer of 1966 to directly understand the educational reforms that were being undertaken in that country. On their return, these consultants brought back a number of innovations for discussion with their parent committee in the hopes of possible adaptation by the province. When their final submission was tabled two years later, the ‘Hall-Dennis Report’ (as it became popularly known) went on to reflect the tone for education in the province for a generation. This study examines the impact that Britain’s educational policies in the 1960s, and especially the ‘Plowden Report’ of 1967, may have had on the recommendations found in the Hall-Dennis Report. As well, it ties these two reports to the longstanding legacy of British influence on the Ontario education system1. 1A first version of this work was presented at the History of Education Society Conference, held in London, 26–28 November 2010. Thanks are expressed to the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada for its support of this endeavour.

‘Superior to anything I had seen in the States’: the ‘Thatcherisation’ of Republican strategy in 1980 and 1984

The collaboration and exchange of ideas and tactics between American and British political parties is a well-established and accepted fact of political life. This article examines a previously marginalised aspect of the transatlantic relationship in the Margaret Thatcher–Ronald Reagan epoch, namely the extent to which the Conservative Party's electioneering in 1979 and 1983 influenced the presidential campaigns to elect Ronald Reagan in 1980 and 1984. Just as Thatcher and Reagan shared a ‘special relationship’ in foreign affairs, their respective campaigns also had much in common as each sought to secure power in similar circumstances. Whereas previous work has focused on the extent of the ‘Americanisation’ of British political campaigns, the extent of British influence, particularly that of Thatcher and of the Conservative Party's innovations, has been a relatively neglected issue. Thus, this article contributes to the ‘Americanisation’ debate by proposing that Republican electioneering in the 1980s was ...

Out in the outback: Queering nationalism in Australian film comedy

ABSTRACTThe ‘ocker film’ was one of the defining subgenres of the revitalized Australian cinema of the 1970s. Characterized by bawdy humor and roguish escapades, these picaresque films satirically perpetuated an image of folksy Australian masculinity that countered and antagonized a queered image of British masculinity. To this end, these popular comedies rebuked the lingering British cultural influence in Australia while underscoring its distinctive humor and cultural identity, albeit one that was often sexist, anti-intellectual, and homophobic. In the 1990s, a series of Australian film comedies took up (and took on) the ocker tradition to revise this problematic image of Australian masculinity. In this essay, I argue that The Adventures of Priscilla, Queen of the Desert (Elliott, 1994) re-appropriates and revises the ocker tradition, especially its pervasive heteronormativity. Though it falters in its treatment of women and ethnic minorities, Priscilla promotes a message of diversity that queers what I call the ‘andronationalism’—that is, masculinized nationalism—touted in the ocker film tradition to envision a more modern and more inclusive image of Australia.

Phonological Features of China English

This article builds on previous studies of China English by investigating the use of a number of phonological features by twelve students from mainland China. The students were studying at a university in Hong Kong, and came from different regions of China. They were recorded reading a standardized passage and certain aspects of feature use were analyzed. Patterns of variation in some of the features identified in previous studies, such as the substitution of the palato-alveolar fricative /ʒ/, are confirmed as being related to the regional origin of the students. The study also describes some features that have received less attention in previous studies, such as diphthong shortening and the simplification of final consonant clusters. The possible influence of British and American English on some aspects of the students’ pronunciation is also briefly considered. Although some knowledge of these features is believed to be useful for educators, the article outlines some of the drawbacks that may result from the premature association of such features with so-called “emergent varieties” of English.