Influence Of Base Research Articles

THREATS AND ADVANTAGES OF INSTITUTIONAL BASIS THAT DETERMINED THE ASYMMETRY OF THE MARKET OF UKRAINE'S TRANSPORT SERVICE

Urgency of the research. The institutional basis that creates the asymmetry of transport markets is due to the disadvantages of the relevant legislative provision, which reorientation of traffic flows in the other direction. Target setting is the analysis of the current legislation for the purpose of assessing the regulatory impact on transport services markets and identifying the conditions that constitute those or other obstacles. Actual scientific researches and issues analysis. Back in the 1980s and 1990s, the theory of asymmetry. Uninvestigated parts of general matters defining. Asymmetry is conditioned by external and internal factors: institutional barriers and lack of institutional support. The research objective. Investigation of the institutional basis's influence on the level of asymmetry of the transport market and identification of the direction of its elimination The statement of basic materials. Considers the content of the institutional basis work that creates the asymmetry of transport markets, which mainly affect the creation of artificial barriers to the free-of-charge ironing of goods in inland waterways of Ukraine. So, analyzed the situation on the domestic transport services market in Ukraine in comparison with other countries of the world. As well as analyzing two major draft laws on inland water transport presented to the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, which will determine and regulate the further situation. Deficiencies and failure to take into account some of the pointsare identified. This will allow the creation of the same conditions for the transport of river transport for national and foreign carriers. What to reduce the level of asymmetry in the domestic transport market of Ukraine. Conclusions. Elimination of the asymmetry of the domestic transport market of Ukraine should be linked to such basic requirements for the development of appropriate institutional arrangements that should be in line with the existing system of international agreements and regulations, as well as create a level playing field for all participants in the water transport market, regardless of ownership.

The Influence of the Light Scenario Dramaturgy on Restorative Quality of Audio-Visual Environment Stimulation

The article applies to the development and expansion of the opportunities inherent in the non-pharmacological medicine, namely, to reduce stress and increase the productivity of the labour. It considers drama basis influence on audio-visual stimulation effectiveness. This kind of stimulation improves working performance and capacity. The group of 40 people was taken as a model. The effectiveness of a dramatic basis in creating an audio-visual environment showed a 38 % increase in comparison with the usual approach.

Heck Reactions with Ultralow Concentration of Transition Metals under Microwave Irradiation

The Heck coupling reactions of aryl halides and olefins were performed under the microwave assistance. Interestingly, the ultralow concentration of transition metals (in ppb) coming from the reactants could catalyze the Heck coupling reactions under microwave irradiation, without addition of any catalysts, ligands and phase-transfer agents. The influences of bases, solvents and temperature were discussed, and the reaction rate was enhanced largely in the mixed solvents of NMP and water due to the solubility of base in water.

Esterification of benzoic acid using Ti3AlC2 and SO42−/Ti3AlC2 ceramic as acid catalysts

Abstract A novel catalyst of SO 4 2 − over Ti 3 AlC 2 ceramic was prepared by an impregnation method. The resulting catalyst exhibited high catalytic activity and selectivity for the esterification of benzoic acid to ethyl benzoate. This study realized 80.4% conversion for benzoic acid and >99% selectivity for ethyl benzoate under 120 °C at 34 h. Various characteristics of the reaction were studied, such as performance of Ti 3 AlC 2 and SO 4 2 − /Ti 3 AlC 2 , the influence of bases, reaction temperature, reaction time, and recycling of the catalyst. In order to further study this reaction system, the XRD and FT-IR of SO 4 2 − /Ti 3 AlC 2 was detected and analyzed. All results indicate that SO 4 2 − /Ti 3 AlC 2 can serve as an acid catalyst.

Allyl-containing polyaryl ethers with perfluorinated mono- and biphenylene fragments

A method for the synthesis of fluorinated allyl-containing bisphenol based on 4,4′-[(2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-1,4-phenylene)bis(oxy)]diphenol has been elaborated. Curable aromatic polyethers have been prepared via polycondensation of the synthesized bisphenol with decafluorobiphenyl. The influence of bases, namely K2CO3 and NaH, on the molecular weights of polymers has been studied, and the conditions of their curing at allyl moieties have been found. Mechanical, physicochemical, and dielectric properties of allylcontaining polymers are dependent on the method of their preparation and curing.

ChemInform Abstract: Influence of Bases and Ligands on the Outcome of the Cu(I)‐Catalyzed Oxidative Homocoupling of Terminal Alkynes to 1,4‐Disubstituted 1,3‐Diynes Using Oxygen as an Oxidant.

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.

Influence of Bases and Ligands on the Outcome of the Cu(I)-Catalyzed Oxidative Homocoupling of Terminal Alkynes to 1,4-Disubstituted 1,3-Diynes Using Oxygen as an Oxidant

The efficient Cu(I)-catalyzed oxidative homocoupling of terminal alkynes in the presence of a base using an amine as a ligand and oxygen as an oxidant yields the symmetrical 1,3-diynes with yields of up to 99%. The outcome of the couplings critically depends on the proper choice of base and ligand as well as reaction conditions. Best results were observed with 2.0 mol % CuCl, 1.5 mol % TMEDA or DBEDA, and DBU or DABCO in acetonitrile.

Synthesis of 1,3-Disubstituted Symmetrical/Unsymmetrical Ureas via Cs2CO3-Catalyzed Transamination of Ethylene Carbonate and Primary Amines

Cs2CO3-catalyzed transamination of primary amines and ethylene carbonate proceeds to form 1,3-disubstituted symmetrical/unsymmetrical ureas in excellent yields. The effect of different reaction parameters such as influences of bases, temperature, and reaction time were investigated for the title reaction.

Influence of bases on hydrothermal synthesis of titanate nanostructures

A hydrothermal treatment of titanium dioxide (TiO2) with various bases (i.e., LiOH, NaOH, KOH, and NH4OH) was used to prepare materials with unique morphologies, relatively small crystallite sizes, and large specific surface areas. The experimental results show that the formation of TiO2 is largely dependent on the type, strength and concentration of a base. The effect of the nature of the base used and the concentration of the base on the formation of nanostructures were investigated using X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, transmission and scanning electron microscopy, as well as surface area measurements. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and potassium hydroxide (KOH) were both used to transform the morphology of starting TiO2 material.

Cesium carbonate catalyzed efficient synthesis of quinazoline-2,4(1H,3H)-diones using carbon dioxide and 2-aminobenzonitriles

An efficient protocol for the synthesis of quinazoline-2,4(1H,3H)-diones derivatives from 2-aminobenzonitriles with carbon dioxide using catalytic amount of cesium carbonate has been developed. 6,7-Dimethoxyquinazoline-2,4(1H,3H)-dione, which is one of the key intermediate for the synthesis of several drugs (Prazosin, Bunazosin and Doxazosin) was synthesized. The effect of different reaction parameters like influences of bases, solvent, temperature, CO2 pressure and reaction time were investigated for the title reaction.

Selective Oxidation of Cyclohexane to Cyclohexanone Catalyzed by Phenanthroline–CuCl2 Complex

A highly efficient oxidation of cyclohexane to cyclohexanone is accomplished over phenanthroline–CuCl2 catalyst in relatively mild conditions. This study realized nearly 100% selectivity for cyclohexanone at 24.4% conversion of cyclohexane. The reaction has been studied by various parameters like performance of copper(II) salts, effect of solvents, influence of bases, the ratio of o-phenanthroline: CuCl2, and reaction time. In order to further study this reaction system, the possible mechanism was proposed.

New Calix[4]arene Based Hydroxystyryl Cyanine Dyes

Calix[4]arene derivatives bearing one or two hydroxystyryl cyanine chromophores at the wide rim of the macrocycle have been synthesized. The influence of bases and Li+ on the UV–Vis spectra of the compounds obtained has been investigated.

Kinetics and mechanism of the reaction of N‐chlorosuccinimide with I− and OH−

AbstractIn this kinetic study of the reaction between the iodide ion and the N‐chlorosuccinimide, we have found that the reaction is first order in N‐chlorosuccinimide: namely, first order with respect to the iodide ion and first order with respect to the proton concentration. Based on the experimental results, we propose a mechanism consistent in Cl+ transfer from the N‐chlorosuccinimide to the iodide ion. We have found that the reaction presents general acid catalysis with a Brönsted exponent value of 0.10. In addition, given that the N‐chlorocompounds are not stable in aqueous solution, we have carried out a study on the influence of bases in the presence of N‐chlorosuccinimide. We have found that the reaction is first order in hydroxide ion, as well as in the 1,1,1,3,3,3‐hexafluoroisopropanoxide ion and the 2,2,2‐trifluorethoxide ion, which shows that the reaction is general‐base catalyzed. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 37: 243–252, 2005

ESTIMATING THE IMPACT OF VEGETATION BURNING ON SOIL MORPHOLOGY IN THE PLATEAUS OF NORTHEASTERN MOZAMBIQUE VIA A LABORATORY TEST

Laboratory simulations were used to study the potential influence of bases (K + , Mg ++ , Ca ++ ) reaching soil via the burning of natural vegation-a common practice of shifting agriculture-on the genesis of argillic horizons and the evolution of Oxisols to Ultisols on the plateaus of Cabo Delgado (NE Mozambique). The effect of such a practice on the gradual enrichment with sand of the soils on slopes and in the bottom of valleys and dambos imbedded in the plateaus was also examined. The results suggested that the burning of natural vegetation before the establishment of shifting agriculture on plateaus in the province of Cabo Delgado causes the pH of the topmost soil layer to rise and facilitates its disaggregation. This, in turn, results in clay illuviation to subsurface horizons, as well as the erosion of fine sand by runoff water and its accumulation on slopes and in valley bottoms, all of which will have major implications on soil morphology and evolution.

Not Too Close for Comfort

CHEMISTRY Gold can exist as a negative ion in certain compounds, and in this and other properties it resembles the halogens, especially iodine. Mudring and Jansen have found another parallel between halogens and gold; under the influence of bases, gold can disproportionate into Au+ and Au−. They

Enhanced rectal absorption of amphotericin B lyophilized with glycyrrhizinate in rabbits.

The influence of bases and additives in the formulation for rectal absorption of amphotericin B (AMB) lyophilized with dipotassium glycyrrhizinate (GLYK) was investigated using rabbits in relation to an in vitro release test. The release of AMB from the fatty base of Witepsol or a medium chain triglyceride (MCT) was markedly faster than that from the hydrophilic base of macrogol. The addition of polyoxyethylene (2) lauryl ether (POE(2)LE) into the fatty bases led to a marked increase in the release rate, whereas POE(9)LE or sodium lauryl sulfate resulted in a significantly lower release rate. Animals received rectally each of seven AMB formulations of Witepsol H-15, macrogol, MCT with surfactants and aqueous solution. The absorption of the AMB lyophilized mixture with GLYK at a 1:9 molar ratio from a MCT base was significantly superior to that from macrogol. The addition of POE(2)LE into the MCT base resulted in a marked increase in bioavailability, showing the highest bioavailability of 4.9%. High serum levels of over 100 ng/ml of serum were maintained for 24 h following administration. The lowest bioavailability was 0.32% for the macrogol suppository. There was a good correlation between the release rate of AMB from the formulations and bioavailability. These results suggest that an AMB rectal formulation may provide a promising therapeutic alternative to infusion, taking into account the serum level of AMB exceeding the minimal inhibitory concentration of the infecting organism.

Autohetarylation of 4,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-2chloro-3-cyanopyridine ? An unexpected transformation in the presence of bases

Under the influence of bases, the 4-6-dimethyl-5-nitro-2-chloro-3-cyanopyridine molecule was found to undergo autohetarylation with the formation of a doubled molecule. Based on RSA data, it was found that such a process takes place exclusively at the methyl group in the 4 position.

Synthese von spirocyclischen Isothiazoliumsalzen und deren basenkatalysierte Umsetzung zu Thianthrenen

Synthesis of Spirocyclic Isothiazolium Salts and their Base Catalysed Reaction to Thianthrenes N-Phenyl-substituted isothiazolium salts 1 with active 7-methylene group react under the influence of bases to the spirocyclic isothiazolium salts rac-cis- and rac-trans-4; the salts trans-4 are not stable and react to the thianthrene derivatives rac-trans-6. Thus, a very simple separation of diastereoisomeric salts rac-cis- and rac-trans-4 is possible. The influence of donor and acceptor substituents in the phenyl group of 1 on the diastereoselective synthesis of 4 and 6 was studied. The structure of rac-cis-4 and rac-trans-6 was confirmed by X-ray analysis.

ChemInform Abstract: Disproportionation of Bis(fluoroalkyl)phosphites to Tris(fluoroalkyl) phosphites by Influence of Bases.

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.

Comparative study on the influence of bases on (3- [formula omitted] synthesis

A series of preparations of (3- N- [ 11C]methyl)spiperone in several basis conditions by means of an automated system incorporating an “on-line” methylation is reported. The radiochemical yield was observed to be strongly affected by the water content. For all the preparations the reaction temperature was 80°C and the reaction time 5 min. The influence of these two parameters on the radiochemical yield for the synthesis utilizing methanolic tetrabutylammonium hydroxide has been briefly examined.