Influence Of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Research Articles

Long-Term Application of Biochar Mitigates Negative Plant-Soil Feedback by Shaping Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Fungal Pathogens.

Negative plant-soil feedback (PSF) arises when localized accumulations of pathogens reduce the growth of conspecifics, whereas positive PSF can occur due to the emergence of mutualists. Biochar, a carbon-rich material produced by the pyrolysis of organic matter, has been shown to modulate soil microbial communities by altering their abundance, diversity, and activity. For this reason, to assess the long-term impact of biochar on soil microbiome dynamics and subsequent plant performance, we conducted a PSF greenhouse experiment using field soil conditioned over 10 years with Vitis vinifera (L.), without (e.g., C) or with biochar at two rates (e.g., B and BB). Subsequently, the conditioned soil was employed in a response phase involving either the same plant species or different species, i.e., Medicago sativa (L.), Lolium perenne (L.), and Solanum lycopersicum (L.). We utilized next-generation sequencing to assess the abundance and diversity of fungal pathogens and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) within each conditioned soil. Our findings demonstrate that biochar application exerted a stimulatory effect on the growth of both conspecifics and heterospecifics. In addition, our results show that untreated soils had a higher abundance of grape-specialized fungal pathogens, mainly Ilyonectria liriodendra, with a relative abundance of 20.6% compared to 2.1% and 5.1% in B and BB, respectively. Cryptovalsa ampelina also demonstrated higher prevalence in untreated soils, accounting for 4.3% compared to 0.4% in B and 0.1% in BB. Additionally, Phaeoacremonium iranianum was exclusively present in untreated soils, comprising 12.2% of the pathogens' population. Conversely, the application of biochar reduced generalist fungal pathogens. For instance, Plenodomus biglobosus decreased from 10.5% in C to 7.1% in B and 2.3% in BB, while Ilyonectria mors-panacis declined from 5.8% in C to 0.5% in B and 0.2% in BB. Furthermore, biochar application was found to enrich the AMF community. Notably, certain species like Funneliformis geosporum exhibited increased relative abundance in biochar-treated soils, reaching 46.8% in B and 70.3% in BB, compared to 40.5% in untreated soils. Concurrently, other AMF species, namely Rhizophagus irregularis, Rhizophagus diaphanus, and Claroideoglomus drummondii, were exclusively observed in soils where biochar was applied. We propose that the alleviation of negative PSF can be attributed to the positive influence of AMF in the absence of strong inhibition by pathogens. In conclusion, our study underscores the potential of biochar application as a strategic agricultural practice for promoting sustainable soil management over the long term.

Impact of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) on nutrient uptake and the growth of <i>C. retusa<?i> and <i>S. occidentalis<?i> under phosphorus stress

This study investigates the influence of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) on the growth of Crotallaria retusa and Senna occidentalis under three phosphorus levels (low, medium, and high). Conducted in the experimental garden of Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, the soil samples were collected from a degraded site at the Institute of Agricultural Research, sieved, and sterilized. Perforated buckets were filled with sterilized soil, and the trench method was employed for AMF application. Three phosphorus levels were tested, and seeds of C. retusa and S. occidentalis were planted in individual buckets. Daily watering and observations were carried out for twelve weeks, measuring seedling height, leaf length, width, and number of leaves. The results indicate that high phosphorus concentration (12g/bucket) constrains the growth of C. retusa, while medium concentration (6g/bucket) enhances shoot length, branches, and leaves. AMF inoculation significantly improves growth attributes, but reduced growth in C. retusa under high phosphorus suggests potential incompatibility between phosphorus and AMF. At week 6, medium phosphorus (6g/bucket) resulted in more leaves (122.17±37.61) than low and high levels. Lowest growth occurred at low phosphorus (0g/bucket). Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi improved overall growth, but high phosphorus hindered C. retusa growth due to potential incompatibility with AMF. Overall, the study highlights the complex interplay between AMF, phosphorus levels, and plant growth, offering insights into optimizing conditions for the cultivation of C. retusa and S. occidentalis.

Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on uptake, partitioning and use efficiency of nitrogen in wheat

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can promote the growth and yield of crops by increasing the use of nutrients. However, the influence of AMF on the uptake, utilization and partitioning of nitrogen (N) from different sources remain uncertain. Therefore, we investigated AMF inoculation on plant biomass, N-uptake (from fertilizers and soil), -partitioning and N use-efficiency (NUE) in two wheat cultivars using 15N isotope labeling in a field and pot experiment. Results showed that AMF inoculation increased both plant biomass and N accumulation, and altered N partitioning in wheat. AMF inoculation significantly increased root N concentration and decreased grain N concentration (GNC) and leaf N concentration. The decrease in GNC by the AMF was mainly attributed to the variations in pre-anthesis accumulated N in vegetative organs and a reduction in the amount of N translocation. AMF significantly increased root dry weight by 13.5–18.2%, N uptake of the root by 25.4–37.2%. The N partitioning ratio in roots increased, but decreased in grains. Further, AMF significantly increased plant uptake of top-dressed 15N-labeled fertilizer by 15.0–17.8%. AMF promoted grain N absorbed from fertilizer (basal and topdressing fertilizer) but reduced its uptake from soil. Importantly, fertilizer N recovery efficiency (FNRE), N utilization efficiency (NUtE) and NUE were higher in AMF than in the control (CK), demonstrating the benefits of AMF inoculation on growth in wheat. Therefore, using AMF as biofertilizers in field conditions may be an effective agronomic practice in order to ensure sustainable production.

Divergent response of maize and soybean rhizosphere to arbuscular mycorrhiza

Maize and soybean are capable of forming symbiotic relationship with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), which enables the plants to overcome P limitations and resist drought effects. The results indicate that the activities of β-glucosidase, chitinase and acid phosphatase in the rhizosphere were double those in the bulk soil, regardless of plant species. Both soybean and maize demonstrated a decrease in β-glucosidase activity. However, chitinase activity displayed a divergent pattern between the two plant species under AMF influence, with a notable 18.5% increase in maize compared to a substantial 44.8% decrease in soybean. The presence of AMF resulted in a 50% reduction in rhizosphere microbial biomass phosphorus (MBP) in soybean, whereas this effect was not observed in maize. The distinct nutrient demands of each plant species appear to regulate the impact of AMF on the characteristics of microbial activities in the rhizosphere.

Effects of Bio-Amendment of Coconut Dust with Empty Fruit Bunch Compost on the Efficacy of Mycorrhizae Under Deficit Fertigation

It has been known that the application of beneficial fungi and compost, has a favourable effect on easing water deficiency stress in plants, hence helping to boost agricultural activities in times of climate uncertainty. In this study, the influence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in combination with oil palm empty fruit bunch compost (EFB) on the growth, yield, and physiology of chilli under deficit fertigation was investigated. Throughout the study, five-week-old chilli seedlings were fertigated daily with 100% and 60% of daily evapotranspiration (ET) readings. Three days after transplanting, 10g of sandy soil containing roughly 120-150 mycorrhizal spores was applied to the root zone. Physiological data such as real-time photosynthesis and stomatal conductance were measured at vegetative, early flowering, fruit setting, and maturity or harvesting stages. Meanwhile, yield and morphological measurements were recorded at the end of the study. It was discovered that the addition of EFB to the coconut coir dust media enhanced the beneficial effects of AMF on all parameters including total biomass, chlorophyll fluorescence Fv/Fm, total chlorophylls, photosynthesis rate and stomatal conductance regardless of fertigation levels. The study also revealed that AMF inoculation alone was less effective than non-inoculation + EFB. In conclusion, it is suggested that incorporation of AMF and EFB compost positively affect the yield, growth and physiology of chilli under deficit fertigation.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi inhibit necrotrophic, but not biotrophic, aboveground plant pathogens: a meta-analysis and experimental study.

Microbial mutualists can profoundly modify host species ecology and evolution, by extension altering interactions with other microbial species, including pathogens. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) may moderate infections by pathogens, but the direction and strength of these effects can be idiosyncratic. To assess how the introduction of AMF impacts the incidence and severity of aboveground plant diseases (i.e. 'disease impact'), we conducted a meta-analysis of 130 comparisons derived from 69 published studies. To elucidate the potential mechanisms underlying the influence of AMF on pathogens, we conducted three glasshouse experiments involving six non-woody plant species, yielded crucial data on leaf nutrient composition, plant defense compounds, and transcriptomes. Our meta-analysis revealed that the inoculation of AMF lead to a reduction in disease impact. More precisely, AMF inoculation was associated with a decrease in necrotrophic diseases, while no significant impact on biotrophic diseases. Chemical and transcriptome analyses suggested that these effects may be driven by AMF regulation of jasmonic acid and salicylic acid signaling pathways in glasshouse experiments. However, changes in plant nutritional status and secondary chemicals may also regulate disease impact. These results emphasize the importance of incorporating pathogen life history when predicting how microbial mutualisms affect disease impact.

Causal Analysis Between Rice Growth and Cadmium Accumulation and Transfer under Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation

Cadmium (Cd) contamination in rice has been a serious threat to human health. To investigate the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on the Cd translocation in rice, a controlled pot experiment was conducted. The results indicated that AMF significantly increased rice biomass, with an increase of up to 40.0%, particularly in root biomass by up to 68.4%. Notably, the number of prominent rice individuals also increased, and their plasticity was enhanced following AMF inoculation. AMF led to an increase in the net photosynthetic rate and antioxidant enzyme activity of rice. In the AMF treatment group, the Cd concentration in the rice roots was significantly higher (19.1%‒68.0%) compared with that in the control group. Conversely, the Cd concentration in the rice seeds was lower in the AMF treatment group, indicating that AMF facilitated the sequestration of Cd in rice roots and reduced Cd accumulation in the seeds. Path coefficients varied across different treatments, suggesting that AMF inoculation reduced the direct impact of soil Cd concentration on the total Cd accumulation in seeds. The translocation of Cd was consistently associated with simultaneous growth dilution and compensatory accumulation as a result of mycorrhizal effects. Our study quantitatively analyzed this process through path analysis and clarified the causal relationship between rice growth and Cd transfer under the influence of AMF.

Влияние на микоризни гъби върху растежните прояви при различни черешови сортове в района на Кюстендил

The influence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the EC fertilizer Dynocarb MYC on the growth of 16 newly introduced cherry cultivars for the Kyustendil region - Primulat, Early Lorry, Sweet Lorry, Lorry Bloom, Big Lorry, Giant Red, Firm Red, Giorgia, Folfer, Early Star, Simcoe, Canada Giant, Skeena, Katalin, Sweetheart, Ferrovia, Bigarreau Burlat and Van was monitored. It was established that applying Dynocarb MYC positively affected the growth properties of the trees in all investigated cultivars. Regarding trunk diameter (cm²), differences compared to controls were positively demonstrated in Skeena, Firm Red, Early Star, Giant Red and Lorry Bloom. Растениевъдни науки, 2023, 60(5) Bulgarian Journal of Crop Science, 2023, 60(5) https://doi.org/10.61308/NYAB1154 77 For the other cultivars, the differences were insignificant, but the tendency was positive. The trees of the treated variants were proven to be higher in the cultivars Early Lorry, Firm Red, Early Star, Sweetheart, Ferrovia, Skeena, Katalin, Lorry Bloom, Bigarreau Burlat, and Van. In the treated cultivars, a greater average length of annual shoots was found in the cultivars Early Lorry, Firm Red, Early Star, Sweetheart, Ferrovia, Skeena, Katalin, Lorry Bloom, Bigarreau Burlat and Van.

Effect of AM Fungi on Infectivity of Pythium Aphanidermatum in Curcuma Longa L.

Curcuma longa L. (Turmeric) a perennial herb belongs to Zingiberaceae. It’s highly grown for its remarkable medicinal uses. Apart from medicinal properties and importance; Turmeric has not been emphasized much with respect to agricultural view. Sustainable agriculture is need of hour and hence it must be brought in practice on large scale. Arbuscular Mycorrhizal (AM) fungi has mutually beneficial relationship with the roots and support plants during biotic and abiotic stress. The function of AM fungi in different morphological parameters when Turmeric under biotic stress shows scanty records so far. Existing research studies are intended to evaluate an influence of AM fungi on Turmeric plant during biotic stress. During this investigation Turmeric plants were assessed for Growth and Vigour Index, relative mycorrhizal dependency, some biochemical contents and fresh weight of the rhizome. Statistical analysis of the results obtained showed strongly significant results.

Influence of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi on the Growth and Development of Micropropagated Rubus fruticosus ‘P45’ Plants during Acclimatization

Influence of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi on the Growth and Development of Micropropagated Rubus fruticosus ‘P45’ Plants during Acclimatization

Multiomics reveals Claroideoglomus etunicatum regulates plant hormone signal transduction, photosynthesis and La compartmentalization in maize to promote growth under La stress

Rare earth elements (REEs) have been widely used in traditional and high-tech fields, and high doses of REEs are considered a risk to the ecosystem. Although the influence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in promoting host resistance to heavy metal (HM) stress has been well documented, the molecular mechanism by which AMF symbiosis enhances plant tolerance to REEs is still unclear. A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the molecular mechanism by which the AMF Claroideoglomus etunicatum promotes maize (Zea mays) seedling tolerance to lanthanum (La) stress (100 mg·kg−1 La). C. etunicatum symbiosis significantly improved maize seedling growth, P and La uptake and photosynthesis. Transcriptome, proteome, and metabolome analyses performed alone and together revealed that differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to auxin /indole-3-acetic acid (AUX/IAA) and the DEGs and differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) related to ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, natural resistance-associated macrophage proteins (Nramp6), vacuoles and vesicles were upregulated. In contrast, photosynthesis-related DEGs and DEPs were downregulated, and 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3-phosphate (PI(3)P) was more abundant under C. etunicatum symbiosis. C. etunicatum symbiosis can promote plant growth by increasing P uptake, regulating plant hormone signal transduction, photosynthesis and glycerophospholipid metabolism pathways and enhancing La transport and compartmentalization in vacuoles and vesicles. The results provide new insights into the promotion of plant REE tolerance by AMF symbiosis and the possibility of utilizing AMF–maize interactions in REE phytoremediation and recycling.

Effects of Septoglomus constrictum and Bacillus cereus on the competitive growth of Ageratina adenophora.

Beneficial microorganisms play a pivotal role in the invasion process of exotic plants, including arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and Bacillus. However, limited research exists on the synergistic influence of AMF and Bacillus on the competition between both invasive and native plants. In this study, pot cultures of Ageratina adenophora monoculture, Rabdosia amethystoides monoculture, and A. adenophora and R. amethystoides mixture were used to investigate the effects of dominant AMF (Septoglomus constrictum, SC) and Bacillus cereus (BC), and the co-inoculation of BC and SC on the competitive growth of A. adenophora. The results showed that inoculation with BC, SC, and BC + SC significantly increased the biomass of A. adenophora by 14.77, 112.07, and 197.74%, respectively, in the competitive growth between A. adenophora and R. amethystoides. Additionally, inoculation with BC increased the biomass of R. amethystoides by 185.07%, while inoculation with SC or BC + SC decreased R. amethystoides biomass by 37.31 and 59.70% compared to the uninoculated treatment. Inoculation with BC significantly increased the nutrient contents in the rhizosphere soil of both plants and promoted their growth. Inoculation with SC or SC + BC notably increased the nitrogen and phosphorus contents of A. adenophora, therefore enhancing its competitiveness. Compared with single inoculation, dual inoculation with SC and BC increased AMF colonization rate and Bacillus density, indicating that SC and BC can form a synergistic effect to further enhance the growth and competitiveness of A. adenophora. This study reveals the distinct role of S. constrictum and B. cereus during the invasion of A. adenophora, and provide new clues to the underlying mechanisms of interaction between invasive plant, AMF and Bacillus.

Symbiosis of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Lycium barbarum L. Prefers NO3− over NH4+

Nitrogen (N) is an essential nutrient that plants require and is, most of the time, limited in different terrestrial ecosystems. Forming symbioses with plants, arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi improve mineral element uptake and the net primary production of plants. Recent reports have suggested that AM fungi mediate N uptake in plants. However, there are fewer studies on the influence of AM fungi on the response of Lycium barbarum, a medicinal plant in northwest China, under different N-addition conditions. In this study, the effect of Rhizophagus irregularis, N forms (NO3− and NH4+), and N levels (1.5, 7.5, 15, 30 mM) on the performance of L. barbarum was evaluated through a pot experiment. The application of R. irregularis significantly improved L. barbarum biomass, net photosynthetic rate, and root tissue viability under adequate NO3− and NH4+ supplies, and mycorrhizal plants showed better performance under NO3− supply. AM colonization enhanced N acquisition under adequate NO3− supply and strongly induced the expression of LbAMT3-1 in L. barbarum roots. Based on these results, we propose that NO3−-dominated N supply favors mycorrhizal symbiosis to a greater extent than NH4+; this study provides a basis for maintaining beneficial AM symbiosis during nitrogen fertilizer use in arable land.

Restoring Soil Cover and Plant Communities with Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi as an Essential Component of DSS for Environmental Safety Management in Post-Industrial Landscapes

Large areas become unsuitable for full-fledged life after mining activity. To improve the state of environmental safety of post-industrial landscapes and the rational use of disturbed territories, a Decision Support System (DSS) should be created. This system should also contain proposals for restoring the soil cover and plant communities that are proposed in this article. The purpose of this study is to determine the influence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on the process of vegetation formation in the post-industrial landscape of a sulfur quarry. During reclamation works in human-made ecotopes, vegetation has already formed there in a certain way due to natural succession processes. We assessed the level of vegetation self-restoration and, on the basis of the obtained data, the need and direction of phytoreclamation in relation to specific ecotopes. The set of restoration of soil cover and plant communities makes it possible to solve the problem of reusing post-industrial landscapes. The positive effect of the treatment of seedlings with a spore remedy of arbuscular, mycorrhizal fungi on the studied breeds’ height increase was observed. In the process of the revitalization of disturbed landscapes through the mycorrhization of planting material, there is a tendency to restore and increase phytodiversity at the floristic and coenotic levels.

Influence of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi, Seaweed Extract and Nano-Zinc Oxide Particles on Vegetative Growth, Yield and Clusters Quality of ‘Early Sweet’ Grapevines

Influence of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi, Seaweed Extract and Nano-Zinc Oxide Particles on Vegetative Growth, Yield and Clusters Quality of ‘Early Sweet’ Grapevines

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi provides enhanced development and reduced mite incidence in Phaseolus vulgaris L. by direct root colonization and via the common mycorrhizal network

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are important to agriculture due to positive effects on development and resistance to attack by herbivores in agricultural crops. AMF can affect a single plant by directly colonizing its roots and two or more plants through the common mycorrhizal network (CMN). This work aimed to analyze the influence of AMF on the development of Phaseolus vulgaris and on the incidence of the mite Tetranychus urticae in bean plants colonized directly by mycorrhizal propagules or linked by the CMN. The root systems of two plants were either separated by an impassable barrier so that one or both plants could be colonized by the mycorrhizal propagules without forming the RMC, or they were separated by a steel mesh that allowed the outer hyphae of the AMF on the roots of one of the plants to colonize the non-mycorrhizal roots of the other plant and form the RMC. The mite infestation occurred first on one plant and at the end of the experiment on all. Percentage of mycorrhizal colonization, dry mass of aerial part and roots, number of reproductive structures and mite incidence were analyzed. The colonization by the mycorrhizal propagules and the hyphae of the MRC positively influenced the vegetative and reproductive development of P. vulgaris and resulted in lower mite incidence on the leaflets of the plants. Therefore, direct colonization of P. vulgaris roots by AMFs and via CMR improves plant development and resistance of bean plants to T. urticae mite infestation.

Investigating the Potential of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Mitigating Water Deficit Effects on Durum Wheat (Triticum durum Desf.)

Wheat is one of the main staple cereal crops worldwide. However, drought-induced stress is one of the factors limiting wheat productivity, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. The present study aims to investigate the influence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on wheat plant growth under water-deficit conditions. Three Algerian durum wheat varieties—Mohamed Ben Bachir (MBB), Boussellem (BS) and Waha (W)—were grown with (+AMF) or without (−AMF) under water-deficit and non-stress conditions. Morphological, physiological, and biochemical responses to AMF inoculation under water deficit were quantified. The results showed improved morphological parameters (height of the aerial part (HAP), internode length (LIN), aerial part dry weight (APDW), root dry weight (RDW), length of the ear (LE)), and chlorophyll content in AMF-inoculated plants under water-deficit conditions compared to control plants (−AMF). Moreover, soluble protein content (SPC) and membrane stability index (MSI) significantly increased with AMF inoculation under water deficit by 18% and 10%, respectively, while the proline content decreased after AMF inoculation. In addition, the water deficit significantly increases peroxidase (POD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and catalase (CAT), but +AMF decreases them considerably in all studied varieties. The results suggest that AMF inoculation can lead to optimized durum wheat production under arid and semi-arid conditions and provide a basis for further studies on its effects under field conditions.

Influence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on low molecular weight soluble compounds in the rhizosphere soil of black locust seedlings grown in cadmium-contaminated soils under elevated CO2 scenarios

Influence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on low molecular weight soluble compounds in the rhizosphere soil of black locust seedlings grown in cadmium-contaminated soils under elevated CO2 scenarios

Influence of Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and Pseudomonas in the activity of Phosphatase enzyme in maize (Zea mays) in response to cadmium contamination

Influence of Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and Pseudomonas in the activity of Phosphatase enzyme in maize (Zea mays) in response to cadmium contamination

Influence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on biological control of coffee leaf rust (Hemileia vastatrix BERK. & BROOME)

Inoculating plants with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) protects host plants against biotic stressors such as diseases. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the biological control of coffee leaf rust (CLR) infections. The research involved two varieties of coffee (Caturra and Pache) and three inocula of AMF: Moyobamba (Acaulospora mellea, Acaulospora sp.1, Glomus geosporum, Glomus sp.1, and Glomus sp.2), El Dorado (Acaulospora rugosa, Acaulospora spinosissima, Acaulospora lacunosa, Glomus sinuosum and Ambispora appendicula) and Huallaga (Acaulospora mellea, Acaulospora sp.1, Acaulospora sp.2, Glomus macrocarpum and Glomus sp.2), in addition to a control treatment without application of AMF (non-AMF). Inoculation of vegetatively propagated coffee plants with AMF was observed to induce tolerance to CLR. The incidence of CLR in non-AMF coffee plants was 43.7 %, while in the coffee plants subjected to the inocula Moyobamba, El Dorado and Huallaga, the incidences were 22.1, 22.7 and 13.2 %, respectively. Likewise, the severity in non-AMF coffee plants was 34.8 %, while in the coffee plants subjected to the three kinds of inocula, the severities were 21.1, 20.4 and 12.0 %, respectively. Thus, mycorrhizal inoculation of coffee plants at the nursery stage reduces the negative effect of CLR infection after the plants are taken to field conditions, representing a sustainable option for their biological control.