Influence Of Aflatoxin B1 Research Articles

Aflatoxin B1 exposure exacerbates chemokine receptor expression in the BTBR T+ Itpr3tf/J Mouse Model, unveiling insights into autism spectrum disorder: A focus on brain and spleen

ObjectiveAutism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by significant difficulties in social interaction, communication, and repeated stereotypic behaviour. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is the most potent and well-known mycotoxin in various food sources. Despite its propensity to generate significant biochemical and structural changes in human and animal tissues, the influence of AFB1 on ASD has yet to be thoroughly studied. Mounting evidence indicates that chemokine receptors play a crucial function in the central nervous system and are implicated in developing several neuroinflammatory disorders. Chemokine receptors in individuals with ASD were elevated in the anterior cingulate gyrus astrocytes, cerebellum, and brain. MethodsThe BTBR T+Itpr3tf/J (BTBR) mice are inbred strains that exhibit strong and consistently observed deficits in social interactions, characterized by excessive self-grooming and limited vocalization in social contexts. We examined the impact of AFB1 on CCR3-, CCR7-, CCR9-, CXCR3-, CXCR4-, and CXCR6-expressing I-A/I-E+ cells in the spleen of the BTBR mouse model of autism. We evaluated the mRNA levels of CCR3, CCR7, CCR9, CXCR3, CXCR4, and CXCR6 chemokine receptors in the brain. ResultsThe exposure to AFB1 in BTBR mice resulted in a significant rise in the number of I-A/I-E+CCR3+, I-A/I-E+CCR7+, I-A/I-E+CCR9+, I-A/I-E+CXCR3+, I-A/I-E+CXCR4+, and I-A/I-E+CXCR6+ cells. Furthermore, exposure to AFB1 increased mRNA expression levels of CCR3, CCR7, CCR9, CXCR3, CXCR4, and CXCR6 in the brain. ConclusionsThese findings highlight that AFB1 exposure increases the expression of chemokine receptors in BTBR mice, indicating the necessity for further research into AFB1's role in the development of ASD.

MORPHOFUNCTIONAL CHANGES IN RAT LUNGS UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF AFLATOXIN B1

Morphofunctional changes in the lungs of rats under the influence of aflatoxin B1 were studied. The data obtained indicate that aflatoxicosis causes marked regressive changes due to pulmonary insufficiency, which are accompanied by massive destruction of lung cells, the presence of altered fields of view of emphysema, diffuse inflammatory foci, as well as an increase in the number of mast cells.

Activity of resveratrol on the influence of aflatoxin B1 on the testes of Sprague dawley rats

Twenty eight male Sprague Dawley rats (aged 3 months) were used in the study. The animals were given feed and water as ad libitum. Sprague dawley rats were randomly divided into 4 groups as 7 rats in each group. Except for the control one, aflatoxin B1 (7.5 μg / 200 g), resveratrol (60 mg / kg) was administered to rats of 3 other groups. At the end of the 16th day, blood, semen and tissue specimens were taken by decapitation under ether anesthesia. When we evaluate the spermatological parameters, it is understood that resveratrol has a statistically significant difference in terms of sperm motility and viability (membrane integrity) compared to the control group and aflatoxin B1 administration groups, indicating a protective effect on spermatological parameters. In terms of pathological parameters - histopathological examination - in the control and resveratrol groups, seminiferous tubules were observed to be in normal structure. In the group treated with aflatoxin, the regular structure of the spermatogenic cells deteriorated and the seminiferous tubules became necrotic and degenerative. In the group treated with Afb1 + res, the decreasing of necrotic and degenerative changes were determined compared with in the group treated with aflatoxin. As immunohistochemical examination, cleaved caspase 3 expression was found to be very low in the control and resveratrol groups. Cleaved caspase 3 expression was severely exacerbated in seminiferous tubules in aflatoxin group but cleaved caspase 3 expression level decreased in Afb1 + res. In the biochemical direction, resveratrol has been shown to inhibit the adverse effects of aflatoxin on antioxidant levels and to show a protective effect. For this purpose, the use of resveratrol with antioxidant activity was investigated in preventing or ameliorating damage to aflatoxin B1. It has been concluded that resveratrol effectively prevent the aflatoxin-induced testicular damage and lipid peroxidation. It has also been shown that resveratrol has protective effects on sperm motility and viability.

EFFECT OF ACUTE INTOXICATION WITH AFLATOXIN B1 ON THE ANTIOXIDANT SYSTEM IN RED BLOOD CELLS AND LUNG CELLS OF WHITE RATS

Contamination of agricultural products with mycotoxins is a widespread phenomenon that is manifested in many countries. Among mycotoxins, which significantly affect human and animal health, aflatoxins produced by Aspergillus micromycetic fungi (mainly A. flavus) are of serious concern because of their high toxicity and carcinogenicity. The aim of our study was to investigate the effect of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) on intracellular metabolism in laboratory animals. The dynamics of the lipid peroxidation (LPO) and activities of antioxidant system enzymes (superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase) in lung cells and erythrocytes of white rats were analyzed within 14 days after administration of AFB1 (dose 1/10 LD50). The results of the study have shown the activation of the LPO processes and a decrease in the activity of enzymes of the antioxidant system in the cells of rats of the experimental groups. In general, the obtained results suggest the development of oxidative stress in the lungs cells and erythrocytes of animals under the influence of aflatoxin B1.

Plant nutrients recovery from aflatoxin B1 contaminated corn through co-composting

Climate change and incorrect agronomic practices in crop management, before and after harvesting, can cause an increase in the annual quantity of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) contaminated corn production. The aim of this study was to evaluate the suitability of AFB1 contaminated corn for composting, in order to recover plant nutrients and degrade AFB1.Two different mixtures were prepared (mixture PS comprising 12% contaminated corn + 40% pig slurry + 40% wood chips + 8% cereal straw w/w and mixture OFMSW comprising 14% contaminated corn + 43% municipal organic solid waste + 43% wood chips w/w) and treated through static composting using passive aeration. During composting, several parameters were analysed to assess the possible influence of AFB1 on the process. The quality of the final compost was also evaluated and the AFB1 residues were determined through HPLC.The evolution of the composting was not affected by AFB1 and the mycotoxin concentration was strongly reduced at the end of the process (the AFB1 removal was 85.7% and 97.3% in mixture PS and OFMSW, respectively). The final composted material was characterised by high agronomic quality and, thus, composting may represent a suitable strategy to recover plant nutrients from aflatoxin B1 contaminated corn.

Influences of Aflatoxin B1 on main intestinal bacteria communities and enzyme activities in mice

Intestine microbiota and enzyme activities have crucial effects on host's health and behavior. In order to provide evidences for the toxicology of Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) on human’s health objectively, the influence of AFB1 on intestine microbiota and enzyme activities was conducted. Thirty-two Kunming mice were randomly placed into control group, low-dosage group, middle-dosage group, and high-dosage group after being fed for 4 days adaptively. Then they were fed intragastrically with 0.4 mL of 0 mg/L, 2.5 mg/L, 4 mg/L, and 10 mg/L of AFB1 solutions, twice a day for 62 days. Following this, the intestine contents were collected and the microorganisms and enzyme activities were analyzed. The results showed that the number of bacteria in the low-dosage (p = .024), the middle-dosage (p = .016) and the high-dosage (p = .000) groups and the number of Bifidobacterium spp. in the high-dosage group (p = .001) increased significantly in comparison with the control group. Compared to the control group, the activities of amylase in all AFB1 groups increased significantly (p = .000), the activities of xylanase (p = .005) and cellulase (p = .002) increased also in the high-dosage group. These results indicated that AFB1 destroyed the intestinal microecological balance and increased the activities of intestinal enzymes, but there were no significant effects on the weight of mice.

Rutin increases neural crest stem cell survival against damage caused by aflatoxin B1

The neural crest (NC) corresponds to a collection of multipotent and oligopotent progenitors endowed with both neural and mesenchymal potential. The derivatives of the NC at the trunk level include neurons and glial cells of the peripheral nervous system, melanocytes, smooth muscle cells and some endocrine cells. The present work investigated, for the first time, the influence of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and the flavonoid rutin on the survival and proliferation of NC and NC-derived melanocytes. Quail NC cell cultures were treated with AFB1 (30 μM) and/or rutin (20 μM) for 6 days. Cell viability was assessed by MTT and trypan blue analyses and cell proliferation by BrdU staining. Melanocytes were identified by immunocytochemistry against the melanocyte-specific cellular marker MelEM. The AFB1 treatment decreased both NC cell viability and proliferation. The total number of MelEM-positive cells was also reduced after this treatment, an effect partially prevented by the addition of rutin. On the other hand, rutin added alone did not influence the NC cell population. Our results demonstrated that rutin increases the survival of the NC after damage caused by AFB1. However, additional studies are needed to better understand the mechanisms involved in AFB1 and rutin interactions.

Influence of aflatoxin B1 on copy number variants in human leukocytes in vitro

BackgroundAflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a mycotoxin produced by Aspergillus spec. The latter are worldwide contaminants of food with mutagenic and carcinogenic activities in animals and humans. AFB1 was shown to have deleterious effects on metabolism of eukaryotes in many model systems, including the ability to inhibit DNA replication. An agent that disturbs DNA replication may also have the potential to induce de novo DNA copy number variations (CNVs).ResultsBlood samples of three clinically healthy carriers were treated in vitro with AFB1 and chromosome preparations were subjected to parental origin determination fluorescence in situ hybridization (pod-FISH). Probes able to visualize CNVs in 8p21.2 and 15q11.2 were applied. In this setting here for the first time an influence of AFB1 on molecular-cytogenetically detectable CNVs could be shown.ConclusionsThe obtained results indicate that: (i) pod-FISH is a single cell directed, sensitive and suitable method for the analysis of mutagen induced CNVs, (ii) AFB1 has the potential to induce in vitro instability of known CNVs in human leukocytes.

Influence of aflatoxin B1 on mRNA levels of acute-phase proteins and oncoproteins in albino rat liver

Background: The effect of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) administration on expression of genes coding for acute-phase proteins, and nuclear protooncogenes c-fos and c-jun, and alpha-fetoprotein gene has been studied in rats. Methods: AFB1 was administered to male Albino Oxford (AO) rats as a single intraperitoneal dose (1 mg/kg body weight). The expression of genes for albumin, cystein protease inhibitor, fibrinogen, haptoglobin, a1-acid glycoprotein and for c-Fos, c-Jun and alpha-fetoprotein in rat liver was measured by Northern hybridization. Results: The mild increase in the levels of mRNA for acute-phase proteins after AFB1 administration was observed during the first 24 hours. The exceptions were the mRNA levels in liver for cystein protease inhibitor, which were 50%, decreased as compared to the control values. In addition, mild increase of the expression of c-fos protooncogene with two peaks were noted at three (1.3 fold) and 72 hours (1.5 fold) after injection AFB1 to rats. The expression of nuclear protooncogene c-jun at 1 hour and 72 hour after acute poisoning was 2.6 fold and 3.7 fold increased as compared to control values, respectively. The mRNA levels in liver for the alpha-fetoprotein reached a maximum at 1 hour after AFB1 injection and it was 1.8 times higher than the levels in the livers of nontreated animals. Conclusion: Single administration of AFB1 induced increased transcription of c-jun and c-fos genes while typical acute-phase response was not found.

Changes in hepatic cytosolic glutathione S-transferase activity and expression of its class-P during prenatal and postnatal period in rats treated with aflatoxin B1

The effect of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) on the expression of glutathione S-transferase-P (GST-P) which is the major isoform of GST in developmental stages has been investigated in rat liver during prenatal and postnatal stages. Following administration of AFB1 (0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0 or 4.0 mg/kg bw) injected I.P on day 8.5 of gestation the number of dead or reabsorbed fetuses and malformed embryos were recorded. Then the fetal livers were processed for measurement of total GST and GST-P activities, using 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB) and ethacrynic acid (ETA) as substrates respectively. RT-PCR using rat GST-P specific primers was performed on mRNA extracted from livers. Besides, the effects of AFB1 on hepatic GST and GST-P were assessed in groups of suckling rats directly injected with the toxin. The results show that a single dose of AFB1 (1.0 or 2.0 mg/kg bw) caused approximately 50-60% depletion in fetal liver GST towards CDNB. Postnatal experiments revealed that liver GST (using CDNB as substrate) was significantly induced (approximately 40%) in suckling rats injected with a single dose of AFB1 (3.0 mg AFB1/kg) 24 h before killing. Liver GST-P expression was unaffected due to AFB1 exposures of rats before and after the birth. This finding was substantiated by western blotting and RT-PCR techniques. These data suggest that AFB1-related induction in rat liver total GST after birth may be implicated in protective mechanisms against AFB1. In contrast, inhibition of this enzyme in fetal liver following placental transfer of the carcinogen may explain high susceptibility of fetal cells to trans-plancental aflatoxins. Furthermore, lack of influence of AFB1 on GST-P expression in developmental stages can role out the involvement of this class of GST in AFB1 biotransformation.

Influence of aflatoxin B1 on the kinetic disposition, systemic bioavailability and tissue residues of doxycycline in chickens

1. Disposition kinetics of doxycycline (doxy) was studied in healthy chickens and chickens experimentally intoxicated with aflatoxin B1 by intravenous, oral or intramuscular (i.m.) injection, in a single dose of 15 mg/kg body weight. In addition, the tissue distribution and residual pattern of the drug were determined in healthy and intoxicated chickens. 2. The maximum serum concentrations of doxy were reached 1.97 and 2.37 h after oral, and 1.57 and 2.92 h after i.m. dosage in healthy and aflatoxic birds, respectively. 3. The volumes of distribution and total body clearances were higher in aflatoxic birds (1.75 l/kg and 14.61 ml/kg/min) than in healthy chickens (0.93 l/kg and 4.6 ml/kg/min). Data relating to intravenous injection were analysed using a two-compartment open model curve fit. 4. Lower values of systemic bioavailability were observed in intoxicated birds (30.9 and 33.9%) than healthy ones (43.7 and 57.3%) after oral and i.m. administration, respectively. 5. The highest concentration of doxy residues were present in liver, kidney and serum followed by heart and muscles. Doxy residue concentrations in edible tissues was below the EEC limit 6 d after cessation of oral or i.m. medication with 15 mg/kg body weight twice daily for 5 successive days.

Influence of aflatoxin B1 on seed germination, seedling growth, chlorophyll and carotenoid contents of mustard (brassica juncea L. var. pusa bold) seeds

Five different concentrations (100, 250, 500, 1000 and 2000 μg/L of aflatoxin B1 were found to be inhibitory to seed germination and seedling growth (root and shoot lengths) of mustard seeds (variety Pusa bold). These also lowered the levels of chlorophyll and carotenoids in the emerging leaves during seedling growth. The inhibitory effect was correlated with the concentration of applied toxin.

Influence of aflatoxin B1 on growth, photosynthetic oxygen evolution and regreening of Chlorella fusca

Influence of aflatoxin B1 on growth, photosynthetic oxygen evolution and regreening of Chlorella fusca