Influence Of Aerobic Exercise Training Research Articles

Influence of aerobic exercise on inhibitory control of executive functions in children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy: A randomized controlled trial

Objective This study investigates the influence of aerobic exercise training on inhibitory control of executive functions in children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy. Design Single-blind randomized controlled trial. Setting Outpatient Physical Therapy Clinic. Participants Children aged 7–11 with left-sided hemiplegic cerebral palsy with emotional and behavioral dysregulation evidenced by scores >28 on Paediatric Symptom Checklist and GMFCS I or II (n = 60). Intervention Participants were randomly allocated into two equal groups. The control group received standard-of-care physical therapy for 1 h, and the aerobic exercise group received standard-of-care physical therapy for 30 min and moderate-intensity continuous exercise on a bicycle ergometer for 30 min. All groups received treatment three times a week for 12 weeks. Main Measures The Eriksen Flanker test and Stroop Color–Word test were used to assess inhibitory control of executive function at the baseline and after 12 weeks. Results Differences between pre- and post-treatment values in the exercise group showed significant improvement in Flanker response accuracy and Stroop response accuracy (p = 0.001) and significant decreases in Flanker congruent reaction time and Stroop congruent reaction time (p < 0.05). However, there were no significant differences between both groups in Flanker incongruent reaction time and Stroop incongruent reaction time (p > 0.05). Conclusions Aerobic exercise has a promising effect on inhibitory control of executive function in children with left-sided hemiplegic cerebral palsy.

Association between cardiorespiratory fitness and cerebrovascular reactivity to a breath-hold stimulus in older adults: influence of aerobic exercise training.

Cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) to a physiological stimulus is a commonly used surrogate of cerebrovascular health. Cross-sectional studies using blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) neuroimaging demonstrated lower BOLD-CVR to hypercapnia among adults with high compared with lower cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) in contrast to transcranial Doppler studies. However, whether BOLD-CVR changes following chronic aerobic exercise in older, cognitively intact adults is unclear. This study evaluated relations between BOLD-CVR with CRF (V̇o2peak) using a cross-sectional and interventional study design. We hypothesized that 1) greater CRF would be associated with lower BOLD-CVR in older adults (n = 114; 65 ± 6.5 yr) with a wide range of CRF and 2) BOLD-CVR would be attenuated after exercise training in a subset (n = 33) randomized to 3-mo of moderate- or light-intensity cycling. CVR was quantified as the change in the BOLD signal in response to acute hypercapnia using a blocked breath-hold design from a region-of-interest analysis for cortical networks. In the cross-sectional analysis, there was a quadratic relation between V̇o2peak (P = 0.03), but not linear (P = 0.87) and cortical BOLD-CVR. BOLD-CVR increased until a V̇o2peak ∼28 mL/kg/min after which BOLD-CVR declined. The nonlinear trend was consistent across all networks (P = 0.04-0.07). In the intervention, both the active and light-intensity exercise groups improved CRF similarly (6% vs. 10.8%, P = 0.28). The percent change in CRF was positively associated with change in BOLD-CVR in the default mode network only. These data suggest that BOLD-CVR is nonlinearly associated with CRF and that in lower-fit adults default mode network may be most sensitive to CRF-related increases in BOLD-CVR.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Earlier studies evaluating associations between cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) have demonstrated conflicting findings dependent on imaging modality or subject characteristics in individuals across a narrow range of CRF. This study demonstrates that CRF is nonlinearly associated with CVR measured by blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) fMRI in a large sample of middle-aged and older adults across a wide range of CRF, suggesting that conflicting prior findings are related to the range of CRFs studied.

Influence of aerobic exercise training on mice gut microbiota in Parkinson's disease.

Accumulating evidence shows that gut microbial dysbiosis may represent a risk factor for Parkinson's disease (PD). Exercise has a positive effect on microbiota in general. The effect of aerobic exercise training (AET) on the gut microbial environment in PD remains to be explored. Here, we performed the 16S rRNA gene sequencing on feces from sham operated-mice (sham), PD mice model, and mice receiving AET (AET). Results indicated that AET had no remarkable effect on species richness and bacterial diversity of PD mice. The relative abundance of the Bacteroidetes was reduced, while Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Lactobacillaceae, Streptococcaceae, Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, Lactococcus, Lysinibacillus, Pelomonas, and Prevotellaceae_UCG-001 were increased in PD mice compared with those of sham operated-mice, whereas AET partly rescued their abundance. Additionally, the composition proportion of beneficial Lactobacillus_gasseri and uncultured_Erysipelotrichales_bacterium significantly increased in AET mice compared to PD mice. Moreover, discriminative bacteria, such as Bacilli, Lactobacillales, Lactobacillaceae, Lactobacillus, and Lactococcus were identified as a specific taxon in AET mice. Here we provide evidence that AET can improve the gut microbiota of PD mice.

Carbon Dioxide Expiration and Performance Fatigability Following Aerobic Exercise Training: A Longitudinal, Observational, Pilot Study.

This study examined the influence of aerobic exercise training (AET) on components of carbon dioxide expiration (VCO2), cardiorespiratory function, and fatigability. Twenty healthy adults completed peak cardiopulmonary exercise (CPX) and submaximal tests before and after a vigorous, 4-week AET regimen. Each test was followed by a 10-min recovery and endurance test at 70% of peak wattage attained during CPX. Fatigability was assessed using testing durations and power output. Respiratory buffering (excess VCO2) and non-buffering (metabolic VCO2) were calculated. Data were analyzed for significance (p<0.05) using regressions and paired t-tests. Significant improvements in all measures of fatigability were observed after AET. A significant increase in excess VCO2 was observed, though not in metabolic VCO2. Excess VCO2 was strongly predictive of fatigability measures. Significant decreases in fatigability are often observed in clinical populations such as obstructive or restrictive lung disease or pulmonary hypertension following AET, even when peak cardiorespiratory function does not appear to adapt. Decreases in fatigability appear to predict longevity with no yet identified mechanism. These results suggest that respiratory buffering and metabolic components of VCO2 may adapt independently to AET, introducing foundational plausibility for an influence of respiratory buffering adaptation to AET on fatigability status.

Aerobic exercise affects sleep, psychological wellbeing and immune system parameters among subjects with chronic primary insomnia.

Chronic primary insomnia is characterized by long-term difficulties in maintaining and initiating sleep, too early waking up, poor mood, fatigue, impaired concentration and poor quality of life. Exercise training is recommended to prevent and alleviate sleep disorders. The aim of the study was to investigate the influence of aerobic exercise training on quality of sleep, psychological wellbeing and immune system among subjects with chronic primary insomnia. Eighty previously sedentary subjects with chronic primary insomnia subjects enrolled in this study, their age ranged from 35-56 years. All participants were randomly assigned to supervised aerobic exercise intervention group (group A, n=40) or control group (group B, n=40). Polysomnographic recordings for sleep quality assessment, Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Profile of Mood States(POMS), Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES), number of CD3+, CD4+, CD8+ T cells count and CD4/CD8 ratio were measured before and at the end of the study after six months. There was a significant increase in the total sleep duration, sleep efficiency and sleep onset latency in group(A) after six months of aerobic exercise training, while, wake time after sleep onset and rapid eye movement (REM) latency significantly reduced after six months of aerobic training compared with values obtained prior to aerobic exercise training. Also, the mean values of BDI, POMS, CD3 count, CD4 count and CD8 count decreased significantly and the mean value of RSES significantly increased in group (A) after the aerobic exercise training, while the results of the control group were not significant. Moreover, there were significant differences between both groups at the end of the study. Exercise training can be considered as a non-pharmacological modalty for modifying sleep quality, psychological wellbeing and immune system among subjects with chronic primary insomnia.

Influence of Aerobic Exercise Training on Cardiac Troponin of University Students in Nnewi South Eastern Nigeria

Influence of Aerobic Exercise Training on Cardiac Troponin of University Students in Nnewi South Eastern Nigeria

Influence of Aerobic Exercise Training on Bone Mineral Status among Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Patients

Influence of Aerobic Exercise Training on Bone Mineral Status among Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Patients

Influence of aerobic exercise training on left ventricular remodeling and neurohumoral response in patients with myocardial infarction

Influence of aerobic exercise training on left ventricular remodeling and neurohumoral response in patients with myocardial infarction

Influence of aerobic exercise training on the neural correlates of motor learning in Parkinson's disease individuals.

BackgroundAerobic exercise training (AET) has been shown to provide general health benefits, and to improve motor behaviours in particular, in individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the influence of AET on their motor learning capacities, as well as the change in neural substrates mediating this effect remains to be explored.ObjectiveIn the current study, we employed functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) to assess the effect of a 3-month AET program on the neural correlates of implicit motor sequence learning (MSL).Methods20 healthy controls (HC) and 19 early PD individuals participated in a supervised, high-intensity, stationary recumbent bike training program (3 times/week for 12 weeks). Exercise prescription started at 20 min (+ 5 min/week up to 40 min) based on participant's maximal aerobic power. Before and after the AET program, participants' brain was scanned while performing an implicit version of the serial reaction time task.ResultsBrain data revealed pre-post MSL-related increases in functional activity in the hippocampus, striatum and cerebellum in PD patients, as well as in the striatum in HC individuals. Importantly, the functional brain changes in PD individuals correlated with changes in aerobic fitness: a positive relationship was found with increased activity in the hippocampus and striatum, while a negative relationship was observed with the cerebellar activity.ConclusionOur results reveal, for the first time, that exercise training produces functional changes in known motor learning related brain structures that are consistent with improved behavioural performance observed in PD patients. As such, AET can be a valuable non-pharmacological intervention to promote, not only physical fitness in early PD, but also better motor learning capacity useful in day-to-day activities through increased plasticity in motor related structures.

Influence of aerobic exercise training on post-exercise responses of aortic pulse pressure and augmentation pressure in postmenopausal women.

Central arterial blood pressure (BP) is more predictive of future cardiovascular events than is brachial BP because it reflects the BP load imposed on the left ventricle with greater accuracy. However, little is known about the effects of exercise training on central hemodynamic response to acute exercise. The purpose of the present study was to determine the influence of an aerobic exercise regimen on the response of aortic BP after a single aerobic exercise in postmenopausal women. Nine healthy postmenopausal women (age: 61 ± 2 years) participated in a 12-week aerobic exercise training regimen. Before and after the training, each subjects performed a single bout of cycling at ventilatory thresholds for 30 min. We evaluated the post-exercise aortic BP response, which was estimated via the general transfer function from applanation tonometry. After the initial pre-training aerobic exercise session, aortic BP did not change significantly: however, aortic pulse pressure and augmentation pressure were significantly attenuated after the single aerobic exercise session following the 12-week training regimen. The present study demonstrated that a regular aerobic exercise training regimen induced the post-exercise reduction of aortic pulse pressure and augmentation pressure. Regular aerobic exercise training may enhance post-exercise reduction in aortic BP.

Influence of Aerobic Training and Detraining on Serum BDNF, Insulin Resistance, and Metabolic Risk Factors in Middle-Aged Men Diagnosed With Metabolic Syndrome

To study the influence of aerobic exercise training on brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), insulin resistance, and lipid profile in middle-aged men diagnosed with metabolic syndrome (MetS). This is an experimental repeated measure study. Subjects participated in aerobic training programs (18 sessions of 25-40 minutes per session) in Guilan University gymnasium and court. A total of 21 middle-aged men (50-65 years old) diagnosed with MetS participated. We randomly divided 21 middle-aged men with MetS into exercise and control groups. The exercise group followed an aerobic training program (18 sessions, 3/wk) at 50% to 60% of V[Combining Dot Above]O2 peak (25-40 minutes per session) and 6 weeks of detraining. Blood samples were collected at baseline, end of the training, and detraining. High BDNF level in patients with MetS and its reduction after chronic aerobic exercise. Aerobic training significantly decreased all the metabolic risk factors, including overall MetS z score, insulin resistance, and lipid profile (P < 0.05). After the detraining period, plasma triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein, and also overall MetS z score remained unchanged (P < 0.05); however, serum BDNF, which was decreased by aerobic training (P = 0.013), restored to the baseline at the end of the detraining (P = 0.018). Improved metabolic risk factors along with decreased serum BDNF in response to aerobic training and the opposite direction during the detraining emphasize the importance of physical activity in the treatment of MetS and prevention of related diseases.

Influence of aerobic exercise training on cardiovascular and endocrine-inflammatory biomarkers in hypertensive postmenopausal women

Given that few studies have examined the interaction between endocrine-inflammatory mediators and aerobic exercise training in hypertensive postmenopausal women, the aim of this study was to investigate whether aerobic exercise training (AET) for twenty-four sessions would alter cortisol, leptin and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) levels. To further analyze endothelium function in response to AET, we also examined redox state as well as NO/cGMP pathway in this population. Eighteen hypertensive postmenopausal women finished this study. AET program consisted of 24 sessions in treadmill, 3 times per week, duration of 30 up to 40 min for each session, for 8 weeks at intensity of 100% of the MLSS according to previous incremental test. Heart rate was monitored in all studied time (resting and during exercise sessions). After 48 h of the last exercise session, blood samples were collected for biochemical analyses (levels of cortisol, leptin, IL-1β, nitrite/nitrate (NOx−), cGMP, malondialdehyde (MDA) and asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA); superoxide and catalase activity). We also measured systolic and diastolic blood pressure. A significant reduction in body mass was observed. As expected, systolic and diastolic blood pressure values were significantly reduced after AET in hypertensive women. We also found a marked increase in NOx− levels as well as cGMP concentration in trained women, approximately 37.7 and 30.8%, respectively. No changes in cortisol, leptin, ADMA and IL-1β levels were observed after AET. Similarly, MDA levels and catalase activity were not affected by AET. In contrast, a marked increase in SOD activity was found (86.6%). In conclusion, our findings show that aerobic exercise training for twenty-four sessions promoted a significant reduction in blood pressure by activating NO/cGMP pathway as well as by promoting an up-regulation of SOD activity without changing in cortisol/leptin levels in postmenopausal hypertensive women.

EFFECTS OF EXERCISE THERAPY AT THE INTENSITY OF ANAEROBIC THRESHOLD FOR CARDIOPULMONARY FUNCTION IN PATIENTS WITH AMI AFTER PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTION

ObjectivesThe purpose is to investigate the feasibility and safety of aerobic exercise prescription from the individually-based results of cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) and influence of aerobic exercise training for cardiopulmonary...

Influence of Aerobic Exercise Training on MRI Determined Patellar Tendon Properties in Older Women

Influence of Aerobic Exercise Training on MRI Determined Patellar Tendon Properties in Older Women

The influence of aerobic exercise training on the double product break point in low-to-moderate risk adults

The double product is the product of the heart rate and systolic blood pressure. The double product break point (DPBP) is a physiologic threshold that occurs at similar exercise intensities to that of the ventilatory threshold (VT). The influence of aerobic exercise training on the DPBP has not yet been examined. The purpose of this study was to examine whether aerobic exercise training (ET) increases the exercise intensity at which the DPBP occurs, and whether it increases in a similar fashion to the VT. Seven males and 11 females, all sedentary (mean ± SD: age = 29.9 ± 10.5 years) underwent supervised cardiopulmonary exercise testing using a cycle ergometer ramp protocol at baseline and after 8 weeks of vigorous ET on a cycle ergometer. The VT was determined by gas analysis and the V-slope method. Experienced observers using standardized instructions visually determined the DPBP. Following ET, VO(2 peak), maximal workload, and body composition variables all showed significant positive changes. The VO(2) at which the DPBP and VT occurred increased significantly from baseline to follow-up (P < 0.001). At baseline and at follow-up, the DPBP and VT did not differ. The DPBP and VT were significantly correlated to each other at both time points. Results suggest that the DPBP responds to ET in a similar fashion to that of the VT, and may be an easier and more useful marker of the VT for exercise training purposes.

Effect of Physical Training and Caloric Restriction on Stress Oxidative and Lipid profile in Wistar Rats

Aerobic exercise training and caloric restriction are associated to a lower stress oxidative (OS). However, a few studies have examined the concurrent effects of both conditions on OS, antioxidant activity and lipid profile. PURPOSE: To examine the effect of 5 weeks of aerobic exercise training (swimming) and caloric restriction on oxidative stress, antioxidant activity and lipid profile in Male Wistar rats. METHODS: Twenty-four male Wistar rats (age = 2.5 months old) were randomly assigned to one of four groups and treated as follows: (1) non-exercise + no-caloric restriction (CON), (2) exercise+ no-caloric restriction (AENCR), (3) non-exercise + caloric restriction (NAERC), or (4) exercise+ caloric restriction (AECR) group. The physical training consisted of swimming for 30 minutes, 4 times per week during 5 weeks. Blood samples were collected from the rat supraorbitaria region at the first week after adaptation period and at 2nd, 3rd, and 5th week (24 hours after the last training session). Lipid peroxidation was determined by measuring levels of thiobarbituric reactive acid substance (TBARS), measuring indirectly by malondialdehyde (MDA). Total antioxidant activity (TAA) was measured using the radical monocation of 2.2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS•+) generated by oxidation of ABTS with potassium persulfate and reduced in the presence of donating-hydrogen antioxidants. ANOVAs were used to examine the influence of aerobic exercise training and caloric restriction by group on the difference in OS, TAA, and lipid profile between the fifth and first week. Alpha was set a-priori at p < 0.05 and corrected using the Bonferroni technique for multiple comparisons. RESULTS: The combined effect of both physical training and caloric restriction decreased basal lipid peroxidation in rat plasma (p= 0.05), while TAA stayed similar to the levels before the intervention. CONCLUSIONS: These results might suggest that aerobic exercise training along with caloric restriction reduce the magnitude of basal stress oxidative.

Influence of aerobic exercise training and relaxation training on physical and psychologic health following stressful life events.

An experiment was conducted to determine whether aerobic exercise training or relaxation training would be effective for reducing the deleterious effects of life stress on physical and psychologic health. Over 1000 college students were surveyed, and 55 of those who reported experiencing a high number of negative life events over the preceding year were assigned to an aerobic exercise training condition, a relaxation training condition, or a no-treatment control condition. Physical and psychologic health were assessed with self-report measures before, halfway through, immediately following, and 8 weeks after the 11-week training (and control) period. Heart rate data collected during a treadmill test indicated that the aerobic exercise training was effective for improving cardiovascular fitness. Psychologic measures indicated that the exercise training condition was more effective than the other two conditions for reducing depression during the first 5 weeks of training. No differences were found among the conditions on self-report measures of physical health. These findings suggest that aerobic exercise training may be useful for reducing the severity and duration of depressive reactions following stressful life change.