Influence Of Aeration Research Articles

Influence of Aeration through Turning on Microbial Activity and Decomposition Rate in Vermicomposting

This study was implemented to investigate effects of turning (aeration) on microbiological activity and rate of decomposition in vermicomposting. Aeration is a key element in composting which provides oxygen to the aerobic organisms during composting. Oxygen also has the important function of controlling temperature as well as removing excess moisture and unhygienic gases. If the oxygen supply is limited, the composting process might turn anaerobic, which is much slower and odorous process. Such maintenance of aerobic condition has some additional significance for vermicomposting because the earthworms, which play vital role in this kind of composting, are essentially dependant on availability molecular oxygen in the system. Although some information is available on the beneficial effects of maintaining aerobic conditions in composting chambers through turning the piles during traditional composting yet such information with regard to vermicomposting is not available. In this experiment, therefore, the effect of turning the vermicomposting materials on nature and the behaviour of microorganisms and also on the rate of decomposition were studied. The result of the study will be hopefully helpful for maintaining aerobic condition in the vermicomposting system, thus improving the pace of vermicomposting and the quality of the product.

Effect of regenerated standpipe flow pattern on catalyst transport in fluid catalytic cracking unit

Standpipe is a pipeline that constitutes one of the components in the downstream portion of the catalyst circulation loop in a fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) unit, facilitates catalyst transportation between reactor and regenerator. This study measured pressures of the regenerated standpipe on a 1.0 Mt/a FCC unit to elucidate the underlying cause of the observed catalyst transportation. The results indicated that multiple flow patterns coexist within the standpipe, rather than a single dense-phase flow. The characteristic parameters of the static and dynamic pressure were intimately connected to the aforementioned flow patterns. The dynamic pressure data indicated that pressure dominant frequency and amplitude could employed in the identification of flow patterns. The packed bed flow had a pressure frequency ranging from 0 to 3.3 Hz, and a dominant frequency amplitude of 0.8, 1.8 and 2.2 Hz, allowed diagnosis of poor catalyst transport. The study demonstrated that the standpipe structure and catalyst mass flow rate were the key factors affecting gas-solid flow degassing by allowing for multiple flow patterns in the standpipe. The influence of aeration on the flow patterns was also discussed here, with an improper aeration rate resulting in reaction temperature fluctuations ranging from 0.5 to 23 °C.

Exploring Extremophiles from Bulgaria: Biodiversity, Biopolymer Synthesis, Functional Properties, Applications.

Bulgaria stands out as a country rich in diverse extreme environments, boasting a remarkable abundance of mineral hot waters, which positions it as the second-largest source of such natural resources in Europe. Notably, several thermal and coastal solar salterns within its territory serve as thriving habitats for thermophilic and halophilic microorganisms, which offer promising bioactive compounds, including exopolysaccharides (EPSs). Multiple thermophilic EPS producers were isolated, along with a selection from several saltern environments, revealing an impressive taxonomic and bacterial diversity. Four isolates from three different thermophilic species, Geobacillus tepidamans V264, Aeribacillus pallidus 418, Brevibacillus thermoruber 423, and Brevibacillus thermoruber 438, along with the halophilic strain Chromohalobacter canadensis 28, emerged as promising candidates for further exploration. Optimization of cultivation media and conditions was conducted for each EPS producer. Additionally, investigations into the influence of aeration and stirring in laboratory bioreactors provided valuable insights into growth dynamics and polymer synthesis. The synthesized biopolymers showed excellent emulsifying properties, emulsion stability, and synergistic interaction with other hydrocolloids. Demonstrated biological activities and functional properties pave the way for potential future applications in diverse fields, with particular emphasis on cosmetics and medicine. The remarkable versatility and efficacy of biopolymers offer opportunities for innovation and development in different industrial sectors.

Effect and Mechanism of Micro-Nano Aeration Treatment on a Drip Irrigation Emitter Based on Groundwater

The problem of emitter clogging has become the main obstacle restricting the application and promotion of drip irrigation technology. Studying the process of emitter clogging helps improve irrigation efficiency and save water resources. A large number of researchers have tried to solve the problem of emitter clogging from many perspectives. However, the influence of micro-nano bubbles as well as generated blockage on the clogging process of drip irrigation systems is less studied. Here, the influence of aeration on emitter clogging was studied by adding micro-nano bubbles to groundwater. Four different emitters were selected. Two treatments, micro-nano aeration and non-aeration, were set up, with a total of eight sets of experiments, running for 1500 h. The degree of emitter clogging was quantitatively characterized using the discharge ratio variation (Dra). The Christiansen uniformity coefficient (Cu) and statistical uniformity coefficient (Us) were used to evaluate the influence of emitter clogging on the performance of the drip irrigation system. Compared with the non-aeration treatment group, the Dra of aerated E1–E4 decreased by 64.74%, 54.22%, 64.20%, and 94.69% in 800 h, respectively. At the same time, the Us of the aerated E1–E4 decreased by 100%, 60.05%, 92.32%, and 100%, while the Cu of aerated E1–E4 decreased by 76.64%, 53.79%, 74.11%, and 100% compared with the unaerated group. The Cu and Us of all emitters under the aeration treatment were smaller than those comparison group. As for the blockage, the main components were typical physical blockage SiO2 and chemical blockage CaCO3. Most of the blockages in the non-aeration treatment group are 5–10 μm in length, while those in the aerated treatment group were generally less than 5 μm. Aeration treatment made the blockage more broken and dense and more likely to accumulate in the flow channel, obstructing the flow of water and thus intensifying the clogging process. As a result, micro-nano aeration treatment increased the risk of emitter clogging, accelerated the development of blockage in the emitter, and disturbed the uniformity of the entire drip irrigation system. This study provides a reference idea for solving the problem of blockage in drip irrigation systems.

Influence of aeration, plants, electrodes, and pollutant loads on treatment performance of constructed wetlands: A comprehensive study with septage

This study reports the performance of non-aerated and aerated unplanted, planted, microbial fuel cell planted wetlands for stabilizing septage and treating the drained wastewater. The wetland systems of this study were dosed with septage for a relatively shorter period, i.e., 20 weeks, followed by 60 days of sludge drying period. The sludge loading rates across the constructed wetlands ranged between 259 and 624 kg total solids (TS)/m2 per year. Organic matter, nitrogen, and phosphorus concentration of the residual sludge ranged between 8512 and 66,374 mg/kg, 12,950 and 14,050 mg/kg, 4979 and 9129 mg/kg, respectively. The presence of plants, electrode, and aeration improved sludge dewatering and decreased the organic matter and nutrient concentration of the residual sludge. The heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb, Mn, Ni, and Zn) concentration of the residual sludge fulfilled the guidelines for agricultural reuse in Bangladesh. Chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammoniacal nitrogen (NH4-N), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), and coliform removal percentages from the drained wastewater ranged between 91 and 93 %, 88 and 98 %, 90 and 99 %, 92 and 100 %, and 75 and 90 %, respectively. NH4-N removal from the drained wastewater depended upon aeration. The sludge treatment wetlands achieved metals removal percentages (from the drained wastewater) ranging between 90 and 99 %. Physicochemical and microbial routes in accumulated sludge, rhizosphere, and media contributed to pollutants removal. Input load and organic removal increment (from the drained wastewater) were positively correlated; nutrient removal showed a contradictory trend. The non-aerated and aerated microbial fuel cell planted wetlands produced maximum power densities ranging between 66 and 3417 mW/m3. Because of the shorter experimental duration, this study revealed preliminary but new information on the macro and micro pollutants removal pathways in septage sludge wetlands (with and without electrode) that could be utilized to design pilot or full-scale systems.

Effects of Aeration on Pollution Load and Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Agricultural Drainage Ditches

Human activities input a large amount of carbon and nitrogen nutrients into water, resulting in inland freshwater becoming an important source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Agricultural drainage ditches are the main transport route of non-point source pollution. Understanding the rules for how greenhouse gas emissions from drainage ditches impact the environment can help to accurately estimate the greenhouse effect of agricultural systems. However, current research mainly focuses on the effect of different measures on the migration and transformation process of pollutants in drainage ditches. The process of greenhouse gas emissions when the non-point source of pollution is transported by drainage ditches is still unclear. In this study, the influence of aeration on the pollution load and GHG emission process of a drainage ditch in a paddy field was explored. The following conclusions were drawn: Aeration reduced the content of nitrate nitrogen in the water but had no significant effect on the content of ammonium nitrogen and it reduced the chemical oxygen demand (COD) of water by 24.9%. Aeration increased the potential of hydrogen (PH), dissolved oxygen (DO) and oxidation–reduction potential (ORP) of water and reduced the total organic carbon content, microbial carbon content and soluble carbon content of the soil in the sediment. Aeration reduced the N2O and CH4 emission fluxes and increased the CO2 emission fluxes in the drainage ditch, but it reduced the greenhouse effect generated by the drainage ditch by 33.7%. This study shows that aeration can reduce both the pollution load and the greenhouse gas emission flux in drainage ditches.

Aerated drip irrigation increased the emitter clogging risk of the Yellow River water drip irrigation

AbstractThe influence of aeration on the emitter clogging of Yellow River water drip irrigation was evaluated, and reasonable measures to slow down the emitter clogging were investigated. A short‐cycle intermittent irrigation test and sediment settlement test were performed under the conditions of aeration and no aeration. The results showed that aeration accelerated the settlement of sediment at the inlet of the flow channel, increased the clogging rate of the flow channel inlet and exacerbated the clogging of the emitter. With the decrease of sediment particle size, aeration increased sediment deposition and emitter clogging. With the increase fencing inlet area, the effect of aeration on sediment settlement and emitter clogging decreased. Under aeration conditions, the upward position of the emitter outlet significantly reduced the mass of emitter blockage and increased the emitter flow compared with the downward positioning of the outlet. Thus, the recommendation is to select an emitter with a large area of fencing inlet, and the outlet of the emitter should be positioned upwards in order to improve the anticlogging performance of the emitter for Yellow River water aerated drip irrigation.

Catalytic reduction of hazardous acid orange 10 dye by BiVO4/TiO2 nanocrystalline heterojunction and influence of aeration, FeSO4, H2O2 and FeCl3 on removal efficiency: A novel and environmentally friendly process

Bismuth vanadate in combination with titanium dioxide were synthesized by hydrothermal method and its photocatalytic activity was investigated under visible light irradiation for acid orange 10 (AO10) dye removal. The 10% BiVO4/TiO2 showed the highest catalytic activity in comparison with 20, 30, 40 and 50% BiVO4/TiO2 ratios. The removal of AO10 azo dye in aqueous solutions was studied in laboratory-scale experiments using 25 removal processes and their removal efficiencieswere evaluated, separately. The results showed that the amount of de-colorization for each oxidation process is completely different. The order of the investigated processes in removing the dye after 90 min is as follows: LED < TiO2 < BiVO4 < 10% BT/without LED < BiVO4/ LED < 50% BT < 40% BT < 30% BT < 20% BT < UV/H2O2 < 10% BT < 5a-10 %BT < 5F-10 %BT < 10a-10 %BT < 50F-10 %BT < 20a-10 %BT < 10F-10 %BT < 20F-10 %BT < 20H-10 %BT < 40H-10 %BT < 50H-10 %BT < 20a-20F-10 %BT < 20a-20F-50H-10 %BT. Among the above processes, 20a-20F-50H-10 %BT had the best removal performance and can be suggested for using in real conditions. Coagulation/precipitation process was done using 5 mg/L of FeCl3 as post-treatment reaching efficiency of 100% in the studied system.

Bioconversion study for xylitol and ethanol production by Debaryomyces hansenii: aeration, medium and substrate composition influence

Debaryomyces hansenii has been employed to study, initially, the influence of the oxygen availability on D-xylose to xylitol fermentation, as this parameter is considered as one of the most critical variables for this bio alcohol accumulation. Apart from the air supplied in the fermentation process through the stirring vortex (0.0 v/v/min), additional aeration rates (0.1–2.0 v/v/min) effects were discussed. Furthermore, a change in the fermentative medium composition as well as a comparative analysis of D. hansenii behavior with respect to fermentation of D-glucose and D-xylose mixtures solutions, with the aim of producing both xylitol and ethanol bioproducts, were performed. For these purposes, specific growth rates, biomass productivities, specific substrate-uptake rates, overall biomass yields, specific xylitol formation rates and overall xylitol yields values have been calculated, applying a differential method to the kinetic data. Aeration influence was clearly evinced since a faster D-xylose metabolism, for aeration values close to 1.0 v/v/min, was noted. This yeast exhibited a sequential substrate consumption, firstly D-glucose and then D-xylose. The maximum xylitol yield (0.32 kg kg– 1) was obtained for 0.5 v/v/min airflow, remarking a significant reduction of this parameter for both above and below the quoted air supply value.

Optimization and validation of keratinase production by Bacillus aerius NSMk2 in a stirred tank reactor using response surface methodology

Keratinase is a robust enzyme that is produced in the presence of keratin substrates. This enzyme has been recognized for its applications in waste management, leather and detergent industries. Our group has isolated a potential keratinase producing strain of Bacillus aerius NSMk2 from poultry dump soil, and its hide dehairing and stain removal applications have been studied. Considering commercial applicability of keratinase, the present study reports the keratinase production in a stirred tank reactor (5 l). Central composite rotatable design of response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to study the effect of most influencing process variables, i.e., aeration (0.5–1.5 vvm), agitation (150–350 rpm) and incubation period (24–48 h) on keratinase production. The quadratic model predicted 15 experimental runs, and the influence of independent variables and their interaction on keratinase production were interpreted using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and t-test statistics. Coefficient of determination (R2) value close to 1 and Fisher F-value of 3743.77 showed good fit of experimental data to second-order polynomial equation. A reasonable agreement between experimental and predicted values showed the accuracy of deduced model. Applying the desirability function, aeration rate of 1.0 vvm, agitation rate of 276.88 rpm and incubation period of 33.68 h supported maximum keratinase production (318.38 U/ml). Confirmatory experiments were performed to evaluate the accuracy of desirability function. Maximum keratinase activity of 318.11 U/ml close to predicted value (318.38 U/ml) validates the model. The present study provides useful guidelines for large-scale production of keratinase that can be used for various commercial applications.Article highlightsKeratinase production was optimized in a stirred tank reactor by RSM.The influence of aeration, agitation and incubation period on keratinase production was studied.A significant increase in keratinase production was observed at 1.0 vvm aeration and 276.88 rpm agitation after 33.68 h.

Removal of Imidacloprid from Water by Microalgae Nannochloropsis sp. and Its Determination by a Validated RP-HPLC Method

The large-scale use of pesticides is one of the main causes of the dramatic degradation of our environment. Pesticides such as imidacloprid (IMID) have been linked to declines in bee health and toxicity to other beneficial insects. They pose a threat to human health due to their persistence in the environment and accumulation in the food chain. Therefore, it is essential to test possible environmentally-friendly solutions for their elimination. The present study evaluates the efficiency of microalgae Nannochloropsis sp. for the removal of IMID from synthetic wastewater. The influence of aeration, light, and the presence of UV radiation on the degradation of IMID were factors considered in the study.A rapid RP-HPLC method was developed and validated for the analysis and quantification of IMID in the context of bioremediation with microalgae. Nannochloropsis sp. removed 4.39µg mL-1 from an initial content of 9.59µg mL-1(reaching approximately 50%) of IMID in the first 20h. This study demonstrated that the removal of IMID by the marine microalgae Nannochloropsis sp. is both effective and light-dependent.

INVESTIGATION OF FERMENTATION CONDITION FOR PRODUCTION ENHANCEMENT OF POLYHYDROXYALKANOATE FROM CHEESE WHEY BY PSEUDOMONAS SP.

A newly acquired polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) producing Pseudomonas sp. was characterized based on 16S rRNA gene sequences (1,423 bp) and identified as P. Putida SS9. This strain P. putida SS9 was considered in respect of its potential for achieving maximum production of PHA under controlled volumetric oxygen transfer coefficient (kLa) using inexpensive substrate, cheese whey. The significant parameters such as pH, temperature, nitrogen source concentration were studied in shake flask. The influence of aeration and agitation on kLa and production of PHA was studied in stirred tank fermenter. Maximum PHA concentration of 5.98 and 4.33 g/l was obtained using cheese whey medium (CWM) and mineral salts medium (MSM) respectively. Further, the properties of PHA were analyzed by Differential scanning calorimetry, Thermal gravimetry analysis. The structure of the compound was elucidated by Fourier transform infrared and Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The findings suggested that the cheese whey could be a most excellent alternative carbon source for PHA production using P. putida SS9 and thus it could effectively replace the synthetic mineral salts medium under optimum kLa. The nucleotide sequence proclaimed in this work will emerge in the GenBank nucleotide sequence database under accession number MF403057.

Influence of aeration induced by piers on the starting position of the flow aeration and extreme pressures in stepped spillways

ABSTRACT The operation of stepped spillways is limited by a range of discharges due to the risk of occurrence of the cavitation phenomenon and erosion on its steps. Since there is a demand for spillways with the possibility of overflow of greater discharges, the designs seek to increase the air concentration of the flow, which can occur through the installation of piers in the spillway in order to protect the structure from the above mentioned damage. The aim of this work is to analyze flow characteristics and extreme minimum and maximum pressures with non-exceedance probability of 0.1% and 99.9% acting next to the step edges of the spillway with aeration induced by piers through an experimental analysis in a physical model. Based on the results obtained, flow behavior was defined and equations for predicting the extreme pressures that occur along the stepped spillway with aeration induced by piers were proposed.

Electrochemical process employing scrap metal waste as electrodes for dye removal

In the present study, efficiency of electro-coagulation-flotation (EC-F) process using waste metal scrap of Al and Fe collected from construction and demolition waste of Indian Institute of Technology Madras (IIT M) campus for the removal of double azo bond dye Acid Red 66 (AR66) was studied. The key operating parameters such as current density and electrical conductivity were optimized individually with an initial dye concentration of 50 mg/L, at pH 7. Different electrode combinations and connection modes (parallel MP-P, series (MP-S, BP-S)) were tested, at pre-optimized conditions, in order to achieve better removal of AR66 dye with minimum energy consumption. Series connection in bipolar electrode mode (BP–S) showed better COD reduction from 164 mg/L to 26.2 mg/L with complete decolourization (BDL). Hybrid electrode system of Fe–Al–Fe–Al–Fe–Al showed maximum reduction of COD from 164 mg/L to 11.3 mg/L along with 86.3% TSS reduction and complete decolourization. LC-MS analysis showed the formation of intermediates with m/z 195, m/z 210.6 and m/z 159.3 due to the destruction of AR66 dye during electrolysis. Highest current efficiency (CE φ = 107%) was observed in case of hybrid electrode system compared to Al (φ = 30.1%) and Fe (φ = 98.3%) electrode system at similar operating conditions. Compared to the same electrode material as anode and cathode, use of appropriate hybrid electrode combination can improve the removal efficiency and reduce the energy consumption (ENC). The influence of aeration on the performance of the system was also studied. Aeration significantly improved the COD removal efficiency (98.3%) along with complete decolourization (100%). The use of waste metal scrap as electrodes reduced the overall cost of the treatment process from 1.6 $/m3 to 0.06 $/m3. Using waste metal scrap as electrodes not only reduces the metal accumulation in the environment but also reduces the cost of EC-F process.

The Effects of Operational Conditions in Scaling Up of Xylanase Enzyme Production for Xylitol Production

The biological route to produce xylitol from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches (EFBs) comprises of EFBs pretreatment, enzymatic hydrolysis, fermentation, and downstream separation of the produced xylitol. Due to the specificity in the hemicellulose composition of EFBs, a xylanase enzyme that has a high affinity to EFBs is required to hydrolyze the EFBs into xylose. In this research, the influences of aeration, humidity, and mixing in xylanase production were mapped. The xylanase production was performed by Aspergillus fumigatus ITBCCL170 in a solid-state fermentation using a tray fermenter with EFBs as the substrate. The optimal configuration was further scaled up into xylanase production using 1000 g of EFBs as the substrate. The results showed that the highest enzyme activity was 236.3 U/g EFB, obtained from the use of humid air airflow of 0.1 LPM, and mixing was performed once a day. The scaling up resulted in a lower xylanase activity and call for a better design of the fermenter.Keywords: aeration, humidity, mixing, OPEFBs, tray fermenter, xylanase, xylitol

Application of a stable Ag/TiO2 film in the simultaneous photodegradation of hormones

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe natural hormones estrone (E1) and 17β‐estradiol (E2) and the synthetic hormone 17α‐ethynylestradiol (EE2) are excreted daily by humans and may reach water and wastewater treatment plants, which do not efficiently remove these estrogens. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficiency and reusability of Ag/TiO2 films as catalysts for simultaneous degradation of the hormones E1, E2 and EE2 in aqueous medium by heterogeneous photocatalysis and the contribution of reactive oxygenated species. The influence of aeration on the system and the effects of estrogen concentration and Ag/TiO2 film area were also evaluated in the photodegradation process.RESULTSThe photocatalytic degradation assays showed efficiency higher than 97% for E2 and EE2 (10 μg L−1) after approximately 3.5 h and above 95% for E1 (100 μg L−1) after 4.5 h. It was observed that hydroxyl radical is the main reactive oxidant species in the photodegradation process, responsible for 87, 86 and 79% degradation of E1, E2 and EE2 respectively.CONCLUSIONThe treatment process applied using the Ag/TiO2 films proved to be very stable and efficient for the simultaneous degradation of the studied hormones up to 305 h of reaction period, obtaining a percentage of degradation above 90%. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry

Influence of aeration, agitation and process duration on fungal inulinase production from paneer whey in a stirred tank reactor

In present study, inulinase production was carried out from paneer whey using Penicillium oxalicum BGPUP-4 in a stirred tank bioreactor. In preliminary experimentation in shake-flask fermentations, maximum (38.58 IU/mL) inulinase production was obtained from clarified paneer whey. Therefore, it was selected for inulinase production at bioreactor level. Probabilistic tool was used to optimise process variables for inulinase production in bioreactor. At optimal combination of process variables (agitation 180 rpm, aeration 0.98 vvm and fermentation time 5 days), maximum inulinase production obtained in stirred tank reactor was 80.2 IU/mL. Approximately 2-fold increase in inulinase production was obtained in comparison to shake-flask fermentations. A statistical evaluation of designed model predicted it significant. The findings of the present study show paneer whey as cost-effective substrate for the production of inulinase by P. oxalicum BGPUP-4 in a stirred tank reactor. Literature survey reveals, this is first report on inulinase production from paneer whey based medium.

Correction: Rebollo, J.J., et al. Experimental Analysis of the Influence of Aeration in the Energy Dissipation of Supercritical Channel Flows. Water 2019, 11, 576

The authors wish to make the following corrections to this paper [...]

Influence of Expansion on Properties and Microstructure of Calcium Silicate Composite Material

The aim of the research was verification of influence of aeration and influence of aluminum powder on microstructure and physical mechanical properties of calcium silicate composite material. At the same time, influence of various dosages of alternative raw materials on porous structure of the composite was examined. Tested raw materials are not the ones commonly used in the technology of manufacture of calcium silicate composites, for example chamotte blocks, Lining of silica and foundry sand. It was found that influence of aeration of calcium silicate composite causes reduction of compressive strength by roughly 85%. At the same time, volume weight drops by 50%. As a consequence of the expansion, intensity of diffraction lines of tobermorite detected by X-ray diffraction analysis is reduced because of reaction of aluminum powder with calcium hydroxide. It was found that there is dependency between the amount of replacement of silica sand with foundry sand and silica, and intensity of tobermorite diffraction lines, where the intensity of the diffraction lines was reduced with increased amount of replacement.

Experimental Analysis of the Influence of Aeration in the Energy Dissipation of Supercritical Channel Flows

Energy dissipation structures play an important role in flood risk management. Many variables need to be considered for the design of these structures. Aeration has been one of the more studied phenomena over the last years, due to its influence in the performance of hydraulic structures. The purpose of the work presented in this article is to experimentally characterize the effects of aeration on boundary friction in supercritical and fully turbulent flows. The physical model used to analyze the aeration effects consists of a spillway chute 6.5 m high and a stilling basin of 10 m length and 2 m high. A pump and compressor supply the water-air mixture and are controlled at the entrance by valves and flowmeters. The ensuing channel is monitored to determine the velocity profile and air concentration of the flow into the stilling basin. The average values of both variables and Manning’s coefficient along the channel are used to determine the relation between air concentration and energy dissipation by friction. A velocity increase with greater air entrainment has been found in all scenarios since friction is the main energy dissipation mechanism in open channels flow. Finally, an equation is proposed to characterize this evolution based on the results obtained.