Influence Of Epinephrine Research Articles

P.0566 Influence of adrenaline and its precursors on the locomotor activity of paramecium caudatum as a new method of preclinical trials

P.0566 Influence of adrenaline and its precursors on the locomotor activity of paramecium caudatum as a new method of preclinical trials

Different influences of adrenaline on the Bray–Liebhafsky and Briggs–Rauscher iodate based oscillating reactions

The influence of adrenaline on two iodate based oscillating chemical reactions, the Bray–Liebhafsky (BL) and Briggs–Rauscher (BR) reactions was investigated. It was observed that the addition of adrenaline has different effects on the examined systems. Its addition to the BR system significantly changes the dynamics, while in the BL system, the presence of adrenaline does not show any effect. In order to find out the cause of such a different response of two similar oscillators, UV/VIS spectroscopy was used. Results obtained from recorded UV/VIS spectra indicated that, from all investigated stable reaction species, adrenaline interacts only with potassium iodate and iodine, which are present in both oscillating reactions. Because of this, the different response of the oscillators cannot be ascribed to the reactions between adrenaline and common iodine (stable and unstable) components. As a result, the considerable response of the BR system to adrenaline may be related to the reactions between adrenaline (or its oxidation products) and non-common derivatives of malonic acid or manganese intermediate species.

The effect of epinephrine on reversing bupivacaine-induced asystole in isolated rat heart

Objective To study the influence of epinephrine on reversing bupivacaine-induced asystole in isolated rat heart. Methods Twenty-four adult male SD rats were randomly divided into four groups according to the table of random number(n=6): group B40, EB40, B50 and EB50. Langendorff isolated heart perfusion model was used. Continuous infusion with 100 μmol/L bupivacaine until asystole had been induced for 3 min, then the model was completed. Group B40, perfused with K-H solution containing 40 μmol/L bupivacaine for 20 min. Group EB40, perfused with K-H solution containing 0.15 mg/L epinephrine and 40 μmol/L bupivacaine for 20 min. Group B50, perfused with K-H solution containing 50 μmol/L bupivacaine for 20 min. Group EB50, perfused with K-H solution containing 0.15 mg/L epinephrine and 50 μmol/L bupivacaine for 10 min, then epinephrine was increased to 0.3 mg/L for 10 min. The situation of recovery of heart beat was recorded and the following cardiac functional parameters were monitored during 20 min perfusion: HR, heart rate-pressure product (RPP) and coronary flow (CF). Results The recovery rate of heart beat(100%) in the group EB40 was higher than which in other groups(0)(P<0.01). The recovery time of heart beat in the group EB40 was (35±9) s and the asystole time after recovery of heart beat was (568±182) s. The CF in the groups EB40 and EB50 were higher compared with the groups B40 and B50 (P<0.01). Conclusions The ability of epinephrine on reversing asystole induced by bupivacaine in isolated rat heart is related to the concentration of bupivacaine. When drug concentration of bupivacaine was 40-50 μmol/L, the ability of epinephrine could not be displayed. Key words: Epinephrine; Bupivacaine; Asystole; Resuscitation

The influence of adrenaline on contractility and excitability of myocardium of rat right ventricle depending on phases of the estrous cycle and pregnancy

Investigated the contractile activity of 34 myocardium strips of right ventricular of 17 nonpregnant rats, including with estrogen (9) and progesterone (8) background, and 17 pregnant rats — at the early (5–10 days; n = 7), middle (11–18 days; n = 7) and late (19–21 days; n = 3) stages. Contractions caused by electrostimuls (5 ms, 20 B, 1 Hz), and their registration was performed using the force transducer. Adrenoreactivity of strips were evaluated by the pattern of inotropic and batmotropic effects of adrenaline (10-9–10-5 g/ml). It has been established that contractility of myocardium is not changed during the estrous cycle. In pregnancy, it does not increase, and even decreases, which is typical for middle and late stages. Adrenoreactivity of myocardium, according to the inotropic effect of adrenaline, did not depend on the phase of the estrous cycle (PhEC), but depended on the presence of pregnancy — in early stages it remained relatively high, and in the middle and late stages — decreased. Excitability of intactmyocardium did not depend on PhEC and the presence of pregnancy. Adrenaline showed positive batmotropic effect. Its expression was dependent on the PhEC (it decreases with the dominance of progesterone background) and the presence of pregnancy (in early stage it increases, and in the middle and late stages — it decreases). It is assumed that changes of adrenoreactivity of the myocardium of the rat right ventricle during pregnancy are due by increasing of the expression of alpha1-, beta2- and beta3-adrenoceptors. Refs 58. Figs 5. Table 1.

Влияние адреналина на структуру и механические свойства поверхности лимфоцитов человека

The authors have established the influence of adrenaline on the structure and mechanical properties of the surface of human lymphocytes and lymphocytes from patients with chronic leukemia. With the method of atomic force microscopy, the authors have revealed that under the influence of adrenaline there is a difference in the topography of lymphocytes’ surface in both groups. Under the influence of adrenalin load the surface of lymphocytes in healthy donors becomes roughened, but the lymphocytes’ surface in patients with chronic leukemia is ruffled. At the same time, adrenaline decreases elastic properties of cells. The effects of adrenalin load on the cell identified in the study are imortant for understanding of the pathogenesis of the functional status accompanied by a change in the microrheological properties of blood.

Influence of Epinephrine and Medetomidine on Systemic Absorption of Lidocaine Applied Epidurally in Anesthetized Swine

Abstract Epinephrine and alpha 2 agonist drugs are often used with epidural anesthesia to minimize local anesthetic systemic absorption, as well as to prolong the duration of the block. The aim of the current study was to determine by which extent epinephrine and medetomidine influenced lidocaine systemic absorption rate following epidural application. This was achieved by monitoring the serum lidocaine concentration in a porcine model. During general anesthesia, the first group received epidurally plane lidocaine, the second received lidocaine containing epinephrine (1 : 80.000), and the third lidocaine with medetomidine (15 μg/kg). Venous blood samples were taken before and 5, 10, 20, 30, 45, 60 and 90 minutes following epidural administration of the anesthetic. The effects of epinephrine and medetomidine were comparable. They both failed to cause a significant decrease in serum lidocaine concentration (p&gt;0.05). In these settings we were unable to demonstrate a greater capacity of these two adrenergic agonists for reducing lidocaine systemic uptake and, accordingly, its systemic toxicity potential.

Effect of propranolol, histidine, and trimethylhydrazine propionate on the capacity of epinephrine to change the rate of erythrocyte agglutination.

We studied the effects of analogues of endogenous sensitizer of β-adrenergic receptors histidine (10(-4) g/ml) and mildronate (10(-5) g/ml) and endogenous β-adrenoreceptor blocker propranolol (10(-6) g/ml) on adrenoreactivity of erythrocytes in men assessed by changes in the rate of erythrocyte agglutination under the influence of epinephrine (10(-10)-10(-6) g/ml). Epinephrine increased the rate of agglutination, which attested to predominance of α1-adrenoceptors. Propranolol enhanced the effect of epinephrine, while histidine and mildronate reduced it. Hence, endogenous modulators of adrenoceptors can modify adrenoreactivity of erythrocytes and probably other cells, and erythrocytes can serve as indicator of instant adrenoreactivity of body cells.

The mechanism of change in the rate of agglutination of human erythrocytes under the influence of adrenaline

In the study of red blood cells of 80 men found that adrenaline (10(-10) - 10(-6) g/mL) and phenylephrine (10-(10) - 10(-6) g/mL) dose-dependently increase the speed of agglutination of red blood cells, according to the decrease in agglutination of the start time and ginipral (10(-10) - 10(-7) g/mL), on the contrary, decreases it. The effect of adrenaline and phenylephrine is blocked by nicergoline (10(-6) g/mL), increased obzidan (10(-6) g/mL) and does not change under the action ofyohimbine (10(-6) g/mL) and atenolol (10(-6) g/mL). These data indicate that the speed of agglutination increases with activation alpha1-adrenergic receptor (AR) and decreases in the activation of beta2-AR, while the activation of alpha2- and beta1-AR does not affect it. Trifluoperazine (10(-6) g/mL) as the calmodulin antagonist, barium chloride (10(-6) g/mL) as a blocked of Ca(2+)-dependent K(+)-channels and indomethacine (10(-6) g/mL) as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase and phospholipase A2 inhibit the ability of adrenaline to increases the speed of agglutination of red blood cells. This suggests that the effect of adrenaline caused an increase in erythrocyte entry of Ca2+, activation of calmodulin, cyclooxygenase, phospholipase A2 and the release of K+ from red blood cell through the Ca(2+)-dependent K+ channels, which is regarded as a manifestation of eryptosis. Indirectly, this means that more efficient activation of alpha1-AR and beta2-AR, respectively, increases or, conversely, decreases the rate of eryptosis.

An influence of adrenaline (1:80,000) containing local anesthesia (2% Xylocaine) on glycemic level of patients undergoing tooth extraction in Riyadh

ObjectiveAim is to compare the glycemic level among patients before, and after local anesthesia containing adrenaline 1:80,000 among patients who need dental extraction. Materials and methods60 patients were randomly selected including 30 healthy and 30 with a diabetes history for this study in Riyadh city. First the blood glucose level was measured before administering local anesthesia containing adrenaline after taking their history with glucocheck according to instructions, then blood Sugar level was recorded after administering local anesthesia containing adrenaline 1:80,000 concentrations. Blood sugar level was also checked 5min after the tooth extraction procedure. ResultsThere were no significant results found after the administration of local anesthesia containing adrenaline in both healthy and diabetic patients (p>0.05). However, change of significance (p<0.05) was noticed in diabetic patients who had not taken their hypoglycemic medication; there was a rise in their blood glucose level after extraction. ConclusionThe study concluded no significant effect on the glycemic level of patients after the administration of local anesthesia containing adrenaline 1:80,000 in healthy and diabetic patients whether hypoglycemic medication was taken or not but a rise in blood sugar level was found among diabetic patients who did not take their hypoglycemic medications undergoing tooth extraction.

Mechanism of increasing the rate of agglutination of human erythrocytes under the influence of adrenaline and its relation to eryptosis

Mechanism of increasing the rate of agglutination of human erythrocytes under the influence of adrenaline and its relation to eryptosis

Ultrasonographic measurement of spleen volume in horses

Ante-mortemmeasurement of spleen size may be valuable to understand and study hemodynamic changes during exercise and in clinical determination of splenomegaly. The hypotheses were that spleen volume can be calculated from transcutaneous ultrasonographic measurements in live standing horses; and that the spleen volume is proportional to blood volume, maximal under the influence of detomidine and minimal under the influence of epinephrine. Eight donated horses free of splenic disease were studied. Ultrasonographic spleen volume and Evans blue dye-dilution blood volume were measured before (baseline) and after intravenous administration of detomidine and epinephrine (separately). Spleen volume was calculated using a standard ellipsoid formula (VOLstandard) and with the formula modified for the unique shape of the equine spleen (VOLmodified). Horses were euthanised using pentobarbital sodium, spleens removed immediately and measurements repeated on the removed spleen. Descriptive statistics, correlation and regression analysis were performed. Mean VOLstandardwas 31.4±9.8 litre at baseline, 34.0±10.5 litre after detomidine, and 5.4±3.1 litre after epinephrine. VOLmodifiedwas 25.1±9.1 litre at baseline, 27.4±9.6 litre after detomidine, and 4.2±2.4 litre after epinephrine.Post-mortemspleen volume was 14.1±4.6 litre and was correlated with VOLstandard(r=0.86,P=0.006) and VOLmodified(r=0.87,P=0.004). Blood volume was correlated with VOLstandard(r=0.81,P=0.014) and VOLmodified(r=0.78,P=0.02). Packed cell volume after epinephrine was correlated with VOLstandard(r=0.95,P&lt;0.001) and VOLmodified(r=0.96,P&lt;0.001). When compared to baseline, spleen volume was smaller after epinephrine (P=0.009) but not larger after detomidine (P=0.12). Blood volume after epinephrine was larger than after detomidine (P=0.009). The study demonstrated that splenic size, under various pharmacological influences, can be calculated from ultrasonographic measurements in the live standing horse. Packed cell volume after epinephrine was the best indicator of spleen volume.

Influence of the human blood serum on contractility and β-adrenoreactivity of the isolated human myocardium

On strips of the isolated myocardium of right hearts auriculum of the 43 patients with ischemic illness of heart and 9 patients with heart diseases of various ethyology at statement venous canule during aorto-coronary shunting, estimated influence of adrenaline (10(-9)-10(-4) g/ml) on amplitude caused by electrostimulus (1H, 5ms, 25-30 V) contractions, and also inotropic and adrenomodulation activity of serum blood (in dilution 1 : 10000, 1: 1000, 1 : 500, 1: 100, 1 : 50, 1: 10 and 1 : 5) nonpregnant women. Direct dependence of amplitude of contraction on size of fraction of of blood emission on Teyholts is revealed. It means, that strips of right auriculum myocardium reflect contractility of a left ventriculum myocardium. Adrenaline in concentration 10(-7)-10(-6) g/ml dependent of dose raised amplitude of the caused contraction not influencing it in concentration of 10(-9) and 10(-8) g/ml (the constant of dissotiation has 2 x 10(-7) g/ml), that as a whole, speaks about decrease in efficiency of activation beta-AP. Blood Serum in dissolutions 1 : 10000-1 : 50 did not influence on amplitude of contraction, and in dissolutions 1 : 10 and 1 : 5 strengthened it, that speaks presence in blood the endogenous activator of myocyte contractility (EAMC). Serum showed beta-adrenomodulation activity that speaks presence in it endogenous sensitizer of beta-adrenoreceptors (ESBAR) and endogenous blocker of beta-adrenoreceptors (EBBAR). In particular, in experiences with adrenaline in subthreshold concentration (10(-8) g/ml) serum showed ESBAR-activity (in dissolutions 1 : 1000, 1 : 500, 1 : 100 and 1 : 50), and in experiences with adrenaline in as much as possible effective concentration (10(-6) g/ml) serum showed ESBAR-activity (in dissolutions 1 : 50 and 1 : 10) and EBBAR-activity (in dissolutions 1:500) Hence, containing in blood serum endogenous modulators of beta-adrenoreactivity - ESBAR and EBBAR can modulate efficiency of beta-adrenoreceptors activation of human cardiomyocytes. It speaks about perspectivity of application of ES BAR analogues in cardiology.

Glycemic Control in the Intensive Care Unit and during the Postoperative Period

Glycemic Control in the Intensive Care Unit and during the Postoperative Period

The influence of adrenaline on plasma testosterone in adult and newborn male rats.

In adult male intact and adrenalectomized rats a significant decrease of plasma testosterone was found following five days of subcutaneous treatment with adrenaline. LH was significantly decreased in adrenalectomized, adrenaline treated males. Plasma testosterone was also found to be diminished in the male offspring of females treated with adrenaline during pregnancy. In view of these findings catecholamines may also play a role in the stress-induced drop of plasma testosterone in adult animals as well as in the production of androgen deficiency in male fetuses and newborns of stress-exposed pregnant females.

The effect of caffeine on glucose kinetics in humans – influence of adrenaline

While caffeine impedes insulin-mediated glucose disposal in humans, its effect on endo-genous glucose production (EGP) remains unknown. In addition, the mechanism involved in these effects is unclear, but may be due to the accompanying increase in adrenaline concentration. We studied the effect of caffeine on EGP and glucose infusion rates (GIR), and whether or not adrenaline can account for all of caffeine's effects. Subjects completed three isoglycaemic-hyperinsulinaemic clamps (with 3-[(3)H]glucose infusion) 30 min after ingesting: (1) placebo capsules (n= 12); (2) caffeine capsules (5 mg kg(-1)) (n= 12); and either (3) placebo plus a high-dose adrenaline infusion (HAdr; adrenaline concentration, 1.2 nM; n= 8) or (4) placebo plus a low-dose adrenaline infusion (LAdr; adrenaline concentration, 0.75 nM; n= 6). With caffeine, adrenaline increased to 0.6 nM but no effect on EGP was observed. While caffeine and HAdr decreased GIR by 13 (P < 0.05) and 34% (P < 0.05) versus the placebo, respectively, LAdr did not result in a significant reduction (5%) in GIR versus the placebo. Due to the fact that both caffeine and LAdr resulted in similar adrenaline concentrations, but resulted in different decreases in GIR, it is concluded that adrenaline alone does not account for the effects of caffeine and additional mechanisms must be involved.

Fibrinogen conformation and platelet reactivity in relation to material-blood interaction: effect of stress hormones.

The performance of many biomaterials in hemocompatibility tests is altered when blood is drawn from stressed subjects. A salient physiological response during stress is one in which hormones are released into plasma by the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis. We investigated the influence of basal and stress levels of epinephrine and beta-endorphin on the conformation of fibrinogen (Fbg), both in saline solution (under physiological conditions) and after its adsorption to polyethylene (PE), by FT-IR spectroscopy. Moreover, as Fbg is one of the major mediators of platelet adhesion, the behavior of platelets in contact with PE was also evaluated as a function of the two different hormone concentrations. Epinephrine was found to affect Fbg conformation and to increase platelet adhesion to PE at stress level. Basal and stress levels of beta-endorphin did not significantly affect the Fbg conformation and only induced adhesion of isolated platelets to the PE surface. A direct relationship was therefore found between Fbg conformation and platelet behavior. The response of platelets was affected by the stress status of donors through the influence of epinephrine on Fbg conformation.

Enhanced platelet aggregation with TRAP-6 and collagen in platelet aggregometry in patients with venous thromboembolism

The role of platelet hyperaggregability as a possible risk factor for venous thromboembolism is not well defined. Some authors described enhanced maximal platelet aggregation in platelet aggregometry as a contributing factor for arterial and venous thrombosis. This syndrome has been termed “sticky-platelet syndrome” (SPS). The diagnosis of SPS is based on the demonstration of platelet hyperaggregability in aggregometry after stimulation with epinephrine (EPI) and/or adenosine diphosphate (ADP). We investigated platelet hyperaggregability in platelet-rich plasma (PRP) of patients ( n=34) with unexplained venous thromboembolism in comparison to healthy individuals ( n=53). For analysis, platelet aggregometry was performed and the influence of epinephrine, adenosine diphosphate, collagen (Coll) and thrombin receptor-activated peptide (TRAP-6) as agonist were determined. Compared to the control group, patients with venous thromboembolism showed an enhanced maximal platelet aggregation with low concentrations of TRAP-6 (2 μM) and collagen (0.05 μM). In contrast, we could not detect an increased platelet aggregation with EPI or ADP. Our results indicate that platelet hyperaggregability may represent an independent risk factor in patients with otherwise unexplained venous thromboembolism. In our study, low concentrations of TRAP-6 and collagen are superior to EPI and ADP to define platelet hyperreactivity in platelet aggregometry.

Influence of epinephrine and norepinephrine on intestinal villous blood flow during endotoxemia

Purpose: The objective of this study was to determine the effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine on mucosal villous blood flow in a normotensive model of endotoxemia. Materials and Methods: Thirty-two anesthetized rats were laparotomized, and a jejunal portion was exteriorized and opened by an antimesenteric incision. The jejunal segment was fixed on a plexiglass stage with the mucosal surface upward. Microcirculatory parameters were assessed by intravital videomicroscopy. The animals were randomly assigned to receive one of four treatments: infusion of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharides (LPS, 2 mg/kg/h) without catecholamine pretreatment (LPS group); or infusion of LPS with epinephrine pretreatment (0.2 μg/kg/min, start 30 minutes before LPS infusion) (E group), or infusion of LPS with norepinephrine pretreatment (0.2 μg/kg/min, start 30 minutes before LPS infusion) (NE group). The control group did not receive either catecholamines or LPS. Mean diameter of central arterioles (D A) and mean erythrocyte velocity within the arterioles (V E) were measured 30 minutes before and at 0, 60, and 120 minutes after induction of endotoxemia. Mucosal villous blood flow was calculated from D A and V E. Results: LPS infusion alone and norepinephrine plus LPS infusion led to a significant vasoconstriction of central arterioles, which was associated with a similar decrease in mucosal villous blood flow. Epinephrine infusion alone led to a vasodilation and an increase in villous blood flow within the first 30 minutes. After induction of endotoxemia, D A returned to baseline values and villous blood flow was as low as in the LPS and the norepinephrine group after 120 minutes. Conclusion: In this experimental rat model, the catecholamines epinephrine and norepinephrine in a dosage of 0.2 μg-kg −-·min −1 neither diminish nor improve mucosal villous blood flow during the early phase of endotoxemia.

Markers of large granular lymphocytes (LGL) under the influence of epinephrine in vitro

Markers of large granular lymphocytes (LGL) under the influence of epinephrine in vitro

Markers of large granular lymphocytes (LGL) under the influence of epinephrine in vitro

Markers of large granular lymphocytes (LGL) under the influence of epinephrine in vitro