Influence In Italy Research Articles

L’Air italien sur la scène des théâtres parisiens (1687–1715) Barbara Nestola

Soon after the start of his personal reign in 1661, Louis XIV began a campaign to foster a distinctive national cultural identity with the aim of ensuring French artistic hegemony. In the sphere of music this strategy was spearheaded by two genres, the tragédie en musique and the motet à grand chœur, both of which differed radically from anything composed abroad. The success of Louis’s policy depended to a high degree on keeping the influence of Italy at bay, which helps explain why Italian opera, increasingly dominant elsewhere, never gained a foothold in France during or, indeed, well beyond the grand siècle. For much of Louis’s reign this policy had the support of a broad sector of the French musical public, who regarded many aspects of Italian music as over-complex, ostentatious, or otherwise in poor taste. But in the 1690s—a watershed decade—the king’s increasing austerity and his detachment from court entertainments provoked a reaction on the part of the so-called ‘cabale du Dauphin’, made up of certain younger members of the royal family. Among the shifts in attitude they effected was a new openness to Italian music, leading in turn to a proliferation of Italian musical manuscripts in France and an increasing exposure to a range of imported vocal and instrumental genres.

From the end of the Roman land surveying system to the establishment of Medieval geometric modules: Traces of a Byzantine influence in Italy

Le système romain de mesures agraires a rapidement cessé d’être utilisé à la suite de la chute de l’Empire d’Occident. Selon une opinion répandue, il aurait alors été remplacé par des mesures locales adaptées au travail du sol. En revoyant les attestations d’unités de mesure linéaires et superficielles recueillies pour le nord de l’Italie du viiie au xie siècle et plus tard à Rome, le présent article avance plutôt l’hypothèse que ces données révèlent l’influence du système en usage à Byzance, seule puissance souveraine disposant, durant le haut Moyen Âge, d’une autorité incontestable en la matière. Il tend à démontrer que les unités linéaires de l’Italie padane en étaient issues, tandis que l’unité de superficie employée à Rome était une mesure purement byzantine.

Publishing, politics and literary prizes: Nuruddin Farah’s reception in Italy

ABSTRACTIn this article I explore the publication of the translated novels of Nuruddin Farah in Italy. The Somali writer exhibits a strong Italian influence in his work and provides a decisive counter-narrative to historical misconceptions of Italian colonialism. Unfortunately this important voice of the formerly colonised people of Somalia in the land of their former colonial masters has largely been lost. In this article I show that Farah’s work has had limited influence in Italy because of a set of systemic economic and ideological pressures that restricted the publication and reception of his work in an Italy that was politically polarised in its opinion of the Siad Barre regime. Also examined in this article is the influence of the awarding of prestigious literary prizes to Farah and the effect this had of boosting the value of his later work to mainstream Italian publishers as well as the commoditisation of Farah’s works within the framework of specific practices associated with the marketing of African fiction in the West and in Italy.

D'Alembert's paradox, 1900–1914: Levi-Civita and his Italian and French followers

Before the First World War, Tullio Levi-Civita (1873–1941) was already a well-known mathematician in Italy and abroad, in particular in France. Professor at the University of Padua since 1898, he had published important contributions to tensor calculus, theory of relativity, differential geometry, hydrodynamics, and the three-body problem. In 1918, when he moved to the University of Rome, he created an international school of mathematics. In this paper, we focus on d'Alembert's paradox to which Levi-Civita and some of his Italian and French followers contributed remarkable solutions. This case-study is used to illustrate Levi-Civita's approach to hydrodynamics and its influence in Italy and France, especially in the period 1910–1914.

Between Charcot and Bernheim: The debate on hypnotism in fin-de-siècle Italy.

In the late 1870s, a small group of Italian psychiatrists became interested in hypnotism in the wake of the studies conducted by the French neurologist Jean-Martin Charcot. Eager to engage in hypnotic research, these physicians referred to the scientific authority of French and German scientists in order to overcome the scepticism of the Italian medical community and establish hypnotism as a research subject based on Charcot's neuropathological model. In the following years, French studies on hypnotism continued to exert a strong influence in Italy. In the mid 1880s, studies on hypnotic suggestion by the Salpêtrière and Nancy Schools of hypnotism gave further impetus to research and therapeutic experimentation and inspired the emergence of an interpretative framework that combined theories by both hypnotic schools. By the end of the decade, however, uncertainties had arisen around both hypnotic theory and the therapeutic use of hypnotism. These uncertainties, which were linked to the crisis of the neuropathological paradigm that had to a large extent framed the understanding of hypnotism in Italy and the theoretical disagreements among the psychiatrists engaged in hypnotic research, ultimately led to a decline in interest in hypnotism in Italy.

The Nave Italia and the Politics of Latinità: Art, Commerce, and Cultural Colonization in the Early Days Of Fascism

During 1924 the Nave Italia visited every Latin American city with a significant Italian community. This ship carried industrial and artisanal products, and numerous artworks by commercially successful but aesthetically conservative Italian artists. The Italia aimed to establish commercial partnerships with the emerging markets of Latin America, and to extend the political influence of Italy across the Atlantic. To do so, the organizers emphasized the concept of latinità, suggesting a common heritage shared by Italy and Latin America. This paper analyzes the artistic content of the Italia and how it manifested the ambiguities of Fascism’s project of cultural colonization of Latin America. While most visitors of the Italia did not notice any anticipations of Fascism in the artworks on view, the Mexican Muralists did. I argue that their violent reaction towards the art on the Italia indicates the presence of embedded traces of Fascism in the apparently inoffensive aesthetic of the decorative objects and artworks sent to Latin America.

Ossian and Visual Art: Mislaid and Rediscovered

AbstractThe pioneering Ossian exhibitions held in Paris and Hamburg in 1974 focused on the response of northern European artists to James Macpherson's work. A broader perspective is considered here, which includes recent research on the Ossianic dimension of both the English landscape painter J. M. W. Turner and his close contemporary the Italian sculptor and graphic artist Luigi Zandomeneghi. A fresh view is taken of the importance to southern European artists of Cesarotti's translation of Ossian into Italian in 1763, and of the sustained influence in Italy of the image of Ossian attributed to the eighteenth‐century Scottish artist Alexander Runciman.

Separatist Movements in Italy (1991–2016): Main Factors and Development Tendencies

Background/Objectives: Separatist parties of Northern Italy, South Tyrol, Venice and Sardinia are understudied. The objective of the article is to identify factors and tendencies in the development of separatist movements in modern Italy. Methods: The authors applied the historical neoinstitutionalism, as well as actor-centric approach and the funnel of causality model. The methodology of the historical neo-institutionalism has been modified here through the identification of long-term and shortterm, objective and subjective factors of separatism. The economic, social, political and socio-cultural resources of the separatism actors’ influence in Italy of 1991-2016 have been revealed. The empirical indicators of separatist movement strategies have been selected. Findings: The authors have determined the long-term and short-term factors influencing the choice of institutional structure and policies of separatist movements. The specific traits of the activity of separatist forces in different regions have been defined. The institutional forms of separatist organizations, the reasons for the growth of their public support have been identified. It has been proved that the fragmentation of the Italian party system blurs the line between the organizational forms of a political party and social movement and increases the chances of new regional parties. The political strategies of separatist movements and parties in Italy have been revealed. The Northern League alternates in its activity federalization and separatism strategies, depending on the macroeconomic cycle phases and the ratio of party coalitions. The Venetian independence Party and the Sardinian Action Party, Union of South Tyrol shooters have opted for radical secessionist strategies. Separatist parties and movements are characterized by the growing use of information technologies like online referendums and groups in social networks to promote their strategies. Application/Improvements: political analysis and assessment, comparative analysis of the political parties and movements, improvement of algorithms and conceptual framework of the analysis of modern separatism, teaching of comparative political science and country study at universities.

Epistemological issues in the history of Italian psychiatry: the contribution of Gaetano Perusini (1879-1915).

In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, Italian psychiatry was characterized by its emphasis on an organic explanation of mental illness. 'Cerebral mythology' was a major influence in Italy, at least until the second half of the twentieth century, often at the expense of the development of psychology. In this context, a few psychiatrists adopted a different epistemological perspective, based on a more 'integrative' view of their discipline. In particular, Gaetano Perusini stands out. He promoted the concept of psychiatry as a science which embraced many different fields, thus emphasizing the theme of pluralism, which is still debated today in the philosophy of science and psychiatric practice.

Comic Medievalism: Laughing at the Middle Ages by Louise D’Arcens (review)

louise d'arcens, Comic Medievalism: Laughing at the Middle Ages. Cambridge: D.S. Brewer, 2014. Pp. x, 209. isbn: 978-1-84384-380-1. $95.Not only did the Middle Ages have their own richly comic seam, but post-medieval studies of the period often treat it as a source of fresh humor. Louise D'Arcens' aim is to identify what is thought funny about the Middle Ages, and to show how this has influenced modern ideas about both the Middle Ages and modernity. The subject is vast, and D'Arcens has wisely decided to focus on only a few aspects; a comprehensive study would have had to include, for example, some evaluation of T.H. White's influential novel, The Sword in the Stone, and its later metamorphoses on stage and screen. That said, her historical range is wide-from Chaucer to now -and takes samples that include early modern chivalric satire, eighteenth century verse, Victorian burlesque, Marxist farce, medievalist cinema, contemporary comichistorical books, television documentaries and heritage tourism sites.The opening chapter ('The Cervantean Paradigm; Comedy, Madness, and Meta-Medievalism') aptly illustrates the ambivalence that informs Cervantes' use of medieval parody and farce, for, as Michael Scham argues, 'Cervantes delights in the very material he travesties' (37).A variant ambivalence is traced in chapter 2 ('Scraping the Rust from the Joking Bard: Chaucer in the Age of Wit'), which describes how the revivers of interest in Chaucer regarded him either as embodying a lost medieval comic outlook or as forming a link in a much longer, European post-Horatian tradition. In both cases the perceived shortcomings in his versification and endemic ribaldry were thought to require 'polishing' (67).Chapter 3 ('Medievalist Farce as Anti-Totalitarian Weapon: Dario Fo as Modern Giullare') provides a masterly examination of Fo's role as a modern Marxist activist who believes that he is reviving a traditional/medieval anarchic folk-humor which had the power to encourage social revolt. Yet, despite claims for his great influence in Italy, and on Pasolini's films in particular, Pasolini would dismiss Fo's work as 'bourgeois anti-bourgeois theatre' (84).Chapter 4 ('Pre-Modern Camp and Faerie Legshows: Travestying the Middle Ages on the Nineteenth-Century Stage') then reveals that the desire to present authentically costumed historical drama, especially Shakespearean, led to a fascination with medieval topics. Though these were often grossly burlesqued, the audience probably felt an affectionate complicity with the presentation, and laughed with it rather than at it. …

European Influences: Edwin Muir, Kafka, and the Spirit of Italy

Starting from Orkney-born Edwin Muir’s article “North and South,” published in the American Freeman magazine in 1922, this essay will explore Muir’s involvement with the life and thought of Europe throughout his life and his work as poet, novelist, translator, and critic; and his particular fascination with what he saw as the philosophical difference between the European peoples of the north and the south in relation to their contrasting perceptions of Time and the idea of Fate in human lives. The essay will discuss Muir’s relationship with the work of Franz Kafka, whose novels Muir and his wife Willa were the first to translate into English, and the effect of this relationship with Kafka and the city of Prague on his own poetry. It will also explore the contrasting southern influence of Italy, and the city of Rome where Muir went as Director of the British Council Institute in 1949. The paper will conclude with a consideration of what it is in Muir’s poetry and thought which marks him out as the European modernist poet the later Seamus Heaney considered him to be, and which also makes him a poet of continuing relevance to our own times.

Catholics in the Irish Parliament: Daniel O'Connell and his influence in Italy

SUMMARYDaniel O'Connell (Cahersiveen 1775–Genoa 1847), Irish politician and patriot, fought for Catholic emancipation, and to repeal the penal laws discriminating Irish Catholics and the 1800 Act of Union between Great Britain and Ireland (effective from 1 January 1801). Believing firmly in non-violence, he defended the representation of Irish Catholics in parliament as the most appropriate instrument to support their rights. His thoughts and actions were widespread and known in Italy and Europe while some Catholics were arguing about a possible reconciliation between religion and freedom and on the resulting openness to the principles of democracy and to the problem of representation. The Theatine Gioacchino Ventura (1792–1861) from Palermo, one of the leaders of the Sicilian revolution of 1848, was a great admirer of O'Connell, so much so that after his death he delivered a funeral eulogy at Sant'Andrea della Valle Church in Rome. Ventura, recognized among the precursors of the current liberal and democratic Italian Catholic movement, shared the causes embraced by O'Connell and he considered him to be the first mediator between Church and modern society. He believed that O'Connell was a champion of liberalism who had succeeded in combining nationalistic reason with freedom, the right to vote and the eligibility of Catholics. Following Ventura, Luigi Sturzo (1871–1959), another member of the Italian Catholic movement and founder of the first Catholic party (PPI), was inspired by the political experience of O'Connell, considering him to be the forerunner of constitutional Catholics on the continent. Sturzo worked for the inclusion of Catholics in the state political structures, contributing to the realization of full democracy.

La legazione di Ferrara del Cardinale Giulio Sacchetti (1627-1631) (review)

La legazione di Ferrara del Cardinale Giulio Sacchetti (1627-1631). Edited by Irene Fosi with the coUaboration of Andrea Gardi. Two volumes. [CoUectanea Archivi Vaticani, 58.] (Vatican City:Archivio Segreto Vaticano. 2006. Pp. Ivi, 341. £75,00.) In 1598 the Duchy of Ferrara, which theoreticaEy had always been subject to papal authority, passed to direct papal rule when the last Este duke in the direct line died without heirs. The papacy left local governmental structures and elites intact, but exerted overaU control though a legate. In December I626 the papacy appointed Cardinal Giulio Sacchetti (1587-1663) to be legate to Ferrara. From a Florentine Republican family which had moved to Rome in the 1530's, Sacchetti obtained a doctorate in canon and civE law from the University of Pisa, became a priest, and entered the papal diplomatic service as a supporter and creature of the Barberini family. He was papal nuncio to Spain (I624-I626), where he developed a strong antipathy against Spanish influence in Italy, and was made a cardinal in I626. He entered Ferrara onApril 15, 1627, and left on July 12, 1 631. Legations normaUy lasted three years; the outbreak of plague caused the papacy to extend his term. Papacy and legate communicated by letter: Rome sent instructions and the legate responded on a weekly, sometimes daEy basis. These two substantial volumes contain 1,531 letters exchanged between the legate and the papacy, the latter usuaUy represented by the cardinal secretary of state, Francesco Barberini, the nephew of Pope Urban VIII. After his legation was finished, Sacchetti was legate to Bologna, 1637-1640, and might have become pope in 1644 or 1655, had Spain not vetoed his candidacy. As legate Sacchetti exercised both spiritual and temporal authority. As spiritual ruler he oversaw the bishops of the nine dioceses in the Ferrara state, heard appeals from those convicted of violating canon laws, and conceded matrimonial dispensations. But temporal government was far and away the larger part of his job. As governor of every aspect of the Ferrarese state, the legate had the power of appointing and removing public officials, punishing rebels, convoking local assemblies, and doing anything else necessary for the maintenance of public order and papal authority. In practice, he worked with communal organs, feudatories, and local elites; he often mediated. The responsibiEties were heavy; Sacchetti had to ensure that there was enough grain, oE, and wine for the people in a time of scarcity. He had to provide for the security of the state and to fend off threats. This was no easy task, as Venice continuaUy violated Ferrara's sovereignty and interfered with Ferrara's access to the Po River. The letters provide valuable information about the issues and practices of governance of a smaU state in the old regime. The legate also represented papal interests and papal diplomacy in northern Italy. The dominating crisis in Sacchetti's tenure was the War of the Mantuan Succession. On December 25, 1627, Vincenzo II Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua and Monferrato, died without heirs. Carlo Gonzaga-Nevers, of a cadet branch of the family and supported by France, dashed to Mantua and seized power in mid-January 1628. The Habsburgs, who had a long and strong connection with the Gonzaga through feudal ties, marriage aUiances, and military service, preferred a candidate from another cadet branch. The succession mattered a great deal to both France and Spain, because Mantua and Monferrato were strategic military positions in northern Italy. …

From Mantua to Madrid: The License of Desire in Giulio Romano, Correggio and Lope de Vega's El castigo sin venganza

This essay focuses on Lope de Vega's strangely problematic tragedy El castigo sin venganza (1631) and the reasons for possible censorship. In order to better understand the play's political mysteries, it will be argued that the Italian setting (Ferrara) both hides and reveals the actual location of the action: the city of Mantua. The appearance in the play of the Gonzagas, the ruling family of Mantua, confirms this and sets the action at the time of the War of Mantuan Succession (1628-30). The war had been triggered by the death of the last of Vincenzo, who died without an heir. While this moment marked Spain's declining influence in Italy, the naming of a Gonzaga as first Duke of Mantua a century earlier by Charles V stands as the pinnacle of Spanish influence and the moment of greatest artistic flowering in Mantua. In a doubling of history, both of these moments are presented in the play. While the latter foregrounds Spain's defeat, the earlier one allows the spectator to transform mythological allusions into artistic canvases by Correggio and Giulio Romano. These ekphrases form a permissive museum of pagan sensuality in which the main characters of the play mirror themselves. While Correggio's Ganymede and Giulio Romano's decorations for the permissive Palazzo del Te, where Federigo Gonzaga feasted with his mistress, reflect the forbidden sexualities at play, Giulio's Hall of Giants seems to lash out against license, as Jupiter tries to contain those that threaten his heavenly Court. The bloody denouement, although seeming to delimit the zones of licit desire, actually problematizes the relationship between eros and power, thus enriching the images with a deeper textuality. Lope's is indeed a play that storms the walls of heaven, of the Court, as it searches for a new erotic and political freedom to say and picture that which was forbidden. (FAD)

Jedenastowieczne echo sporu o tytuł patriarchy ekumenicznego

Chronicler Rodulf Glaber has written about a Byzantine legation to Rome in ca. 1024. The envoys were to demand consent, on behalf of the patriarch and the emperor, to use the title ecumenical by the bishop of the Empire’s Capital city. Glaber’s account does not seem reliable. Still, despite some scholars’ doubts, it is believed that the legation really took place. Far-sighted plans of restoring influence in Italy and Sicily may have made Emperor Basil II take up negotiations with Rome. Yet, it was unlikely for the patriarch to seek the Pope’s consent to use the title that his predecessors had used for five hundred years. Even in the era of a fierce argument about that title, which took place during the pontificate of Gregory the Great (590-604), patriarchs did not find the Pope entitled in any way to decide about it. It is possible that the envoys brought a letter, signed by patriarch Eustacius as ecumenical patriarch, which forced Pope John XIX to express his opinion about it. According to Glauber’s account the demand of the Greeks would rouse indignationin the West and conseąuently the legation left Romę without success.

La fabrique de l'Atelier : les trajets italiens de Ferdinand Springer (1926-1939)

The fabric of the Atelier : the Italian journeys of Ferdinand Springer (1926-1939). The influence of Italy in Ferdinand Springer's work allows not only to assess the ascendancy of contemporary Italian painting but also to broach the issue of surrealism and metaphysical painting. In addition to the «Old Masters», Ferdinand Springer's two main references are Carlo Carrà and Giorgio Morandi. Morandi's «anti-rhetoric of the everyday» contrasts with Carlo Carrà's metaphysical painting which multiplies the references to a reflection on art and the wider dialogue between modernity and memory. Ferdinand Springer's production clearly enjoys the merger of these two characteristics ; he persistently bestows the «anti-rhetoric of the everyday» with features of metaphysical painting having found, in Italy, the «unrealising» origin of the «disquieting strangeness». His painting is thus marked by syncretism, halfway between the familiar and the bizarre, always abetting the emergence of unclear identities.

Britain and the Reconstruction of the Post-Fascist Italian Armed Forces, 1943-48

This article looks at British efforts to reconstruct the Italian armed forces in the post-Fascist period. It also examines the aims of this undertaking, highlighting two in particular. These were the rebuilding of the Italian forces so as to be able to avert internally inspired communist subversion of the pro-Western Italian government, and the perpetuation of British influence in Italy in the postwar period. The article also identifies the obstacles the British faced in their efforts to implement their plans for the reconstruction of the Italian armed forces, namely the all-pervasive American influence in Italy, the negative legacy from the 'co-belligerency' period and the financial constraints facing Britain during this period.

The existentialist dimension of fascism

Since the beginning of the 20th century political and economic upheavals in Europe have been accompanied by the development of existentialist thought. In the interwar period this trend occurred first in Germany, but it spread quickly across the European continent and gained influence in Italy, Spain and France as well as in Latin American countries. The question of the existence and the survival of the nation seemed to be mirrored in respectable philosophical concepts which in turn allowed some intellectuals to justify their adherence to right-wing ideologies. In the light of present developments in the world, and particularly in Eastern Europe, a similar phenomenon seems to be emerging and, with Marxist ideology being widely discredited, there is a tendency to regard ethnic tensions and right-wing political movements as merely a natural reaction of the masses based on the fear of the cultural and racial ‘otherness’ of the neighbour who threatens the existence of the nation and prevents it from enjoying freedom and a high standard of living.’ The purpose of this paper is not to show that existentialism equals fascism, but to investigate the links between both and explore the common social and psychological roots. It is hoped that this investigation will help define more clearly the nature of fascism and contribute to a fuller understanding of why, how and in which circumstances fascist ideas develop. The discussion about the connection between existentialism and fascism has so far been limited to Martin Heidegger’s involvement with National Socialism. The whole issue is thus reduced not only to the ideas and personality of just one individual and his followers but also to one particular form of fascism, i.e. German National Socialism. The fact that existentialist thinking since World War II has been mainly associated with Jean-Paul Sartre, who had attached himself to the political left in France, has made it difficult to analyse objectively the essence of this philosophy. There is no doubt that Martin Heidegger was the most significant figure in philosophical terms; that nobody questions any longer his dubious involvement with National Socialism or that his philosophical thoughts first formulated in his famous book ‘Being and Time’, published in 1927, lent themselves to being exploited by National Socialist ideologues.2 Yet, what seemed to be missing is a fundamental, general, analysis of existentialist thinking in a clearly established historical context as opposed to a philosophical debate about the works of individuals. Without indulging in a complex philosophical discourse we can define

American History: The View from Italy

Each time the subject arises of relations between Italy and the United States, 1945 is inevitably seen as a watershed. It is since that date that American influence in Italy has become decisive, initially in military and affairs, and then more gradually in cultural matters and lifestyles. This does not mean that the United States was totally absent from the Italian scene up until 1945. American presence and influence, however, were indirect and made themselves felt in the guise of a political myth or of a 'social myth. Ever since the end of the eighteenth century, the United States has represented diversity and to some extent has appeared as a challenge to Italian society. The American system, for example, exercised a strong, albeit subterranean, influence during the decades of struggle that led to the unification of Italy. Both the federal structure and the democratic features of the United States provided topics of discussion for Italian patriots who sought to form a united country from a group of previously existing states.1 Discussion of the United States, however, was generally based on superficial knowledge the Milanese patriot Carlo Cattaneo was the exception that proves the rule and, as a result, American influence had only an ideological and mythical quality. After the unification of Italy in 1860, social, political, and intellectual elites in Italy showed little interest in the United States, considering it to be a peripheral and uninfluential nation. This attitude even survived the wave of emigration to America and United States intervention in the First World War. The official ideology of liberalism until World War I, and subsequently that of the Fascist regime, viewed American democracy with a mixture of suspicion, loathing, and haughtiness, judging it to lack tradition as well as any adequate theoretical framework capable of guiding its actions. Italian culture, struggling to accomplish rapid modernization therefore turned with growing interest to Germany, and to a lesser extent to France, quite immune to the attraction of the American model. Naturally, this situation was reflected in the field of historical studies. After the famous works by Carlo Botta and Francesco Compagnoni 2written at the beginning of the nineteenth century in a and intellectual climate characterized by the first stirrings of the Risorgimento American history was largely neglected. Academic historiography, brought into being following the unification of Italy, adopted a markedly Eurocentric outlook and

Family Size and Influence in Italy and Australia

SynopsisDo Italians have big families? Despite popular belief, the evidence today says no. Questionnaires administered to high school students in Italy and in Queensland, Australia show that the Italians come from smaller families than do the Queenslanders. Adolescents from both countries see their parents as having little influence over their future lives. The Italian girls rate themselves as being more influential than do the Queensland girls. Boys and girls from both countries still cite marriage and family as their major goals in life.