Separatist Movements in Italy (1991–2016): Main Factors and Development Tendencies

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Separatist parties of Northern Italy, South Tyrol, Venice and Sardinia are understudied. The objective of the article is to identify factors and tendencies in the development of separatist movements in modern Italy. Methods: The authors applied the historical neoinstitutionalism, as well as actor-centric approach and the funnel of causality model. The methodology of the historical neo-institutionalism has been modified here through the identification of long-term and shortterm, objective and subjective factors of separatism. The economic, social, political and socio-cultural resources of the separatism actors’ influence in Italy of 1991-2016 have been revealed. The empirical indicators of separatist movement strategies have been selected. Findings: The authors have determined the long-term and short-term factors influencing the choice of institutional structure and policies of separatist movements. The specific traits of the activity of separatist forces in different regions have been defined. The institutional forms of separatist organizations, the reasons for the growth of their public support have been identified. It has been proved that the fragmentation of the Italian party system blurs the line between the organizational forms of a political party and social movement and increases the chances of new regional parties. The political strategies of separatist movements and parties in Italy have been revealed. The Northern League alternates in its activity federalization and separatism strategies, depending on the macroeconomic cycle phases and the ratio of party coalitions. The Venetian independence Party and the Sardinian Action Party, Union of South Tyrol shooters have opted for radical secessionist strategies. Separatist parties and movements are characterized by the growing use of information technologies like online referendums and groups in social networks to promote their strategies. Application/Improvements: political analysis and assessment, comparative analysis of the political parties and movements, improvement of algorithms and conceptual framework of the analysis of modern separatism, teaching of comparative political science and country study at universities.