Degree Of Influence Research Articles

Research on the image design of clothing patterns

Abstract In order to solve the problem of mismatch between consumers’ personalized needs and clothing pattern design, a method of clothing pattern image design was proposed based on Kansei engineering theory to obtain a perceptual consumer image. Then, a correlation model between clothing pattern design elements and perceptual images of young people was established through the quantitation theory type I, and the mapping relationship between the two and the degree of influence on consumer preference was presented by the diagram method. The paper-cut pattern of a T shirt is taken as an example to verify the feasibility of this research method. The results show that it not only provides designers with clear design indicators and references, but also makes the design process more objective and scientific.

Weathering intermediated temporary labour mobility: social partners in Central and Eastern Europe after EU enlargement

This article highlights the growing significance of intermediated temporary labour mobility, and how it has put further pressure on industrial relations institutions in Central and Eastern Europe since EU enlargement. The social partners’ modest regulatory role has been further challenged and reconfigured by the spread of labour market intermediaries. In their struggle to maintain a degree of regulatory influence in the face of unilateral government regulation and the dominance of intermediaries, social partners have shifted their positions between entrenched consent and antagonism and/or protagonism. Our two case studies of Hungarian temporary agency work in metal manufacturing and posted workers in Slovenian construction show similar labour market pressures on sectoral industrial relations in the two countries, but different responses by social partners, indicating different prospects for national industrial relations. The state has retained the decisive regulatory role in both cases, but the Slovenian social partners, in contrast to their Hungarian counterparts, still have some regulatory influence.

Влияние севооборотов на плодородие выщелоченных чернозёмов Южного Урала

Abstract. The purpose of the research was to establish the degree of influence of crop rotations and mineral nutrition backgrounds on the fertility of leached chernozem. A comparative assessment of the main nutrition elements of humus, nitrogen of easily hydrolyzable, mobile phosphorus of plants in dynamics in the conditions of the northern forest-steppe of the Chelyabinsk region, in various crop rotations on two fertilization backgrounds P and NP was carried out. Methods. The research was carried out in a long-term field experiment on the land-use territory of the Chelyabinsk Research Institute from 1998 to 2021. Humus, total nitrogen and easily hydrolyzable nitrogen were determined in soil samples according to the method of I. V. Tyurin and M. M. Kononova in the modification of V. N. Kudeyarov, mobile phosphorus according to F. V. Chirikov. Results. According to the results of our research, it was found that, on average, over the years of observations 1998–2021, the humus content due to the crop rotation factor changed by 0.2 %, according to the fertilization backgrounds by 0.8 %. The nitrogen content of the total over the years of research increased in all crop rotation options from 20 to 55 %, regardless of the background fertilization. As a result of the conducted studies, it was found that the nitrogen content of the easily hydrolyzed significantly depends on the background of mineral nutrition and the conditions of the year, on average for 1998–2021, the decrease in nitrogen of the easily hydrolyzed was 17–22 %. On average, according to the variants of the experiment for 1998–2021, the process of assimilation of liquid phosphorus against the background of NP is more intensive by 8 %. A strong correlation was established between the productivity of crop rotations and total nitrogen against the background of P in 1998 and 2013, nitrogen easily hydrolyzed in 1998 and 2021, mobile phosphorus for all the years of research. The scientific novelty. Monitoring of the assessment of the state of soil fertility makes it possible to monitor, as well as diagnose the degree of anthropogenic impact, make appropriate adjustments to ensure high productivity of crop rotations in a changing climate.

Reshaping force for deformed casing repairing with hydraulic rolling reshaper and its influencing factors

Hydraulic rolling reshaper is an advanced reshaping tool to solve the problem of casing deformation, which has been widely used in recent years. When it is used for well repair operation, the reshaping force provided by ground devices is generally determined by experience. However, too large reshaping force may destroy the deformed casing, and too small reshaping force may also prolong the construction period and affect the repairing effect. In this paper, based on Hertz contact theory and elastic-plastic theory, combined with the process parameters of shaping, and considering the structural characteristics of the deformed casing and reshaper, we propose a mathematical model for calculating the reshaping force required for repairing deformed casing by hydraulic rolling reshaper. Meanwhile, the finite element model and numerical method of hydraulic rolling reshaper repairing deformed casing are established by using the finite element method, and the reliability of the mathematical model is verified by several examples. On this basis, the control variable method is used to investigate the influence of each parameter on the reshaping force, and the influence degree of each parameter is explored by orthogonal simulation test and Pearson correlation analysis. The research results not only provide an important theoretical basis for the prediction of reshaping force in on-site construction, but also provide a reference for the subsequent improvement of the shaping process.

Operational Status Evaluation of Smart Electricity Meters Using Gaussian Process Regression With Optimized-ARD Kernel

Operational Status Evaluation (OSE) is essential for the health management of Smart Electricity Meters (SEM). This paper develops a machine learning-enabled OSE method for SEM. Specifically, the Gaussian Process Regression (GPR) is developed for modeling analysis, where an Optimized Automatic Relevance Determination (OARD) kernel is first used. Though the conventional ARD kernel structure can capture the potential mapping relationship between running time, temperature, humidity, and Measurement Error (ME), it cannot extract the influence degree of different stresses on the ME. To address this problem, an OARD kernel structure is proposed to identify the contribution of each part in ARD structure to the target data. Furthermore, the quartiles line instead of 95% confidence interval is exploited to enhance the performance of GPR for long-term prediction. Combining the two above improvements, a novel OSE model is established for the future-oriented long-term operation of the SEM. It is the first-known data-driven application that utilizes the GPR with OARD kernel to perform OSE for SEM. Actual SEM datasets collected from both dry and hot region are used for model validation and prediction. The results demonstrate that the proposed GPR model with OARD Matern52 kernel outperforms other conventional kernel approaches in the aspect of interpretability. More importantly, the operational status of the SEM in future can be assessed via the proposed OSE framework.

Numerical investigation and design of CFST columns strengthened by CFRP grid-reinforced ECC under eccentric compression

Carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) and engineered cementitious composites (ECC) have become universal materials for strengthening structural members, and their effectiveness in improving the mechanical behavior of concrete-filled steel tube (CFST) columns has been verified by experiments in previous studies. However, how the CFRP, ECC and CFST columns work together, and the mechanical mechanism of the strengthened column is still unclear. Therefore, to further reveal its mechanical behavior and working mechanism, combined with the experimental results of the CFST columns strengthened with CFRP textile grid-reinforced ECC, a detailed numerical analysis was conducted based on a series of finite element (FE) models in this paper. The load-displacement curve, N-M curve, lateral displacement, stress distribution, the contribution and influence degree of each part of materials to the load-bearing capacity of the strengthened columns were investigated. Finally, taking into consideration the confinement effects of the CFRP grid and the ECC on concrete, a novel theoretical model was established and verified. As a result, the concrete contributes approximately 60% to the peak load of the strengthened column. Under small eccentricity ratio, the mechanical behavior of the CFRP grid can be fully realized. The yield strength of the steel tube and the compressive strength of the concrete have a highly significant effect on enhancing the load-bearing capacity of the strengthened column. The theoretical model proposed in this study can accurately predict the load-bearing capacity of the strengthened columns under eccentric compression, thus offering valuable insights for the design and research of such strengthened columns.

Measuring Spatiotemporal Civil War Dimensions Using Community-Based Dynamic Network Representation (CoDNet)

Civil war exhibits complex geospatial trends over time, which may be missed by models that rely on count-based operationalizations. Here, the spatial and temporal correlation values of monthly civil war events are transformed into their influence degree symbol, which measures geospatial concentration, spread, and intensity of civil war. We then measure variation in these degrees over time to identify relevant spatiotemporal civil war aspects. The network model is constructed using 0.5 degree grid locations as nodes, counting nearby and over time connections. We then extract the temporal community structure behind the data. We use ground-truth data to visualize how our measures correlate with observed patterns, thereby illustrating our method provides accurate depictions of geospatial civil war dynamics. We also evaluate the impact of several indicators highlighted by past research and our community-based spatiotemporal measures and comparing it to the preprocessed count indicator. Our findings indicate that the relationship between state capacity and climate stress show opposite correlations with civil war as those identified by studies that use count-based indicators. Counterintuitively, our results show that conflict intensifies and spreads in locations where the state is stronger and where climate conditions are improved.

Distinct toxic effects, gene expression profiles, and phytohormone responses of Polygonatum cyrtonema exposed to two different antibiotics

The excessive usage of veterinary antibiotics has raised significant concerns regarding their environmental hazard and agricultural impact when entering surface water and soil. Animal waste serves as a primary source of organic fertilizer for intensive large-scale agricultural cultivation, including the widely utilized medicinal and edible plant, Polygonatum cyrtonem. In this study, we employed a novel plant stress tissue culture technology to investigate the toxic effects of tetracycline hydrochloride (TCH) and sulfadiazine (SDZ) on P. cyrtonema. TCH and SDZ exhibited varying degrees of influence on plant growth, photosynthesis, and the reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging system. Flavonoid levels increased following exposure to TCH and SDZ. The biosynthesis and signaling pathways of the growth hormones auxin and gibberellic acid were suppressed by both antibiotics, while the salicylic acid-mediated plant stress response was specifically induced in the case of SDZ. Overall, the study unveiled both common and unique responses at physiological, biochemical, and molecular levels in P. cyrtonema following exposure to two distinct types of antibiotics, providing a foundational framework for comprehensively elucidating the precise toxic effects of antibiotics and the versatile adaptive mechanisms in plants.

Совершенствование принципов автоматизированного планирования многономенклатурных технологических процессов механообработки

The scientific principles of improving the system of automated planning of technical processes in the conditions of multiproduct machining industries are viewed. The study of modern approaches to automation of design and implementation of machining processes taking into account the production situation, is carried out. The use of the system of automated planning of multiproduct machining processes is justified, because its basic procedure includes a possibility of real-time interaction between subsystems design and implementation of technical processes, where the key place is occupied by a database on the technological capabilities of equipment and tooling. The interrelation of the system of automated planning of multiproduct machining processes with subsystems for assessing production manufacturability, monitoring technological equipment state, control and measuring procedures and assembly, is shown. The principle of designing multiproduct machining processes, generated for a given range of parts, taking into account the condition and capabilities of the production system, is presented. It is proposed to use the value of the total manufacturing time of a given range of parts as a generalized criterion for the efficiency of the production system. Ranking technique of design procedures according to the degree of influence of the decisions made on the generalized criterion of efficiency of the production system, is described. A model, based on genetic algorithms, is characterized, allowing the system being automatically adjusted to the conditions, changing during the design process. As a result, the efficiency of technological preparation of diversified production increases due to the rational distribution of manufacturing process for machining operation of parts to existing production facilities. The development of the work is aimed at increasing the level of design automation of machining processes and obtaining feedback on the current state of the production system.

Method of Construction of a Fuzzy Cognitive Map of the Competitiveness of a Machine-Building Enterprise

The purpose of research is to evaluate the factors influencing the competitiveness of machine-building enterprises and to develop a methodology for fuzzy cognitive mapping (FCM) to analyze these factors.Methods. Data analysis and modeling methods, including FCM, were used in this study to formalize the relationships between factors and their influence on the competitiveness of machine-building enterprises. Data related to factors affecting competitiveness, such as technological level, product quality, price level, innovation potential, and managerial experience, were analyzed.Results. The study resulted in the development of an FCM methodology to analyze the relationships between factors and their influence on the competitiveness of machine-building enterprises. The factors influencing competitiveness, including technological level, product quality, price level, innovation potential, and managerial experience, were evaluated. Key factors with the greatest impact on competitiveness were identified, and the degrees of influence of each factor on competitiveness were established using a scale to formalize the strength of influence.Conclusion. The results of the study demonstrate that the FCM method is an effective tool for analyzing the competitiveness of machine-building enterprises. It allows for uncertainty and vagueness in the input data and provides a better understanding of the relationships between conceptual variables. The developed FCM methodology can be used to make informed decisions to improve enterprise competitiveness. Overall, the study confirms the importance of analyzing factors influencing competitiveness and demonstrates that FCM can help to represent a complex system and its relationships in a more visual and understandable form. This can be useful for enterprise management in making informed decisions to improve company competitiveness and increase market share.

Regional Analysis of Dominant Factors Influencing Leaf Chlorophyll Content in Complex Terrain Regions Using a Geographic Statistical Model

Chlorophyll is a vital indicator of vegetation growth; exploring its relationship with external influencing factors is essential for studies such as chlorophyll remote sensing retrieval and vegetation growth monitoring. However, there has been limited in-depth exploration of the spatial distribution of leaf chlorophyll content (LCC) and its influencing factors across large-scale areas with varying climates and terrains. To investigate the primary influencing factors and degrees of various environmental factors on LCC, this study employed the Geodetector Model (GDM) and the LCC satellite products in Sichuan Province in 2020 to investigate the impact of relationships between nine environmental factors (meteorology, topography, and vegetation types) and the ecosystem LCC at a regional scale. The results indicated the following: (1) Elevation (q-value = 49.31%) is the primary factor determining photosynthesis in Sichuan Province, followed by temperature (46.10%) and vegetation types (40.73%). The impact of topographical factors on LCC distribution is higher than that of meteorological factors and vegetation types in terrain with complex topography. The elevation effectively distinguishes the variations in climate factors and vegetation types. (2) Combining the influencing factors pairwise increased the combined q-values. The combination of elevation with other factors yielded the highest combined q-value. (3) The q-values for all influencing factors are higher in winter and spring and lowest in summer. Different influencing factors exhibited more substantial constraints on vegetation photosynthesis during winter and spring, significantly reducing influence during summer. (4) The different primary factors drive or constrain vegetation photosynthesis in different climate zones due to their distinct temperature and humidity characteristics. The findings of this study provide a basis for future research on vegetation change analysis and dynamic monitoring of vegetation LCC in different terrains.

Seasonal influences on preferences for urban blue-green spaces: Integrating land surface temperature into the assessment of cultural ecosystem service value

Rapid urbanization has triggered conflicts between blue–green space and other city infrastructure, challenging urban planning efforts to improve city residents' well-being. Cultural ecosystem services (CESs) improve mental and physical wellness by offering access to blue–green space via aesthetic or recreational experiences, but these offerings fluctuate; seasonal differences and contributing factors are unclear. We divided urban green space representation into Changfeng Park (CF) in the city core district, Miracle Park (QJ) in the nearby suburb, and Wusong Paotaiwan Wetland Park (WPW) in the far suburb. We combined social media data regarding CESs with the SolVES model and innovatively considered land surface temperature (LST) as an environmental factor affecting CESs. The study demonstrated that (1) seasonal changes significantly influence CES provision in WPW and QJ via landscape dynamics and landscape-related cultural activities. In the more universally designed CF Park, CES seasonal variations were smaller. (2) LST affected CES experiences at both spatial and temporal scales, with higher degrees of influence in summer and in the WPW, potentially due to Shanghai's seasonal high temperatures and humidity and unique landscape features, respectively. (3) These findings can help create seasonally-adaptable blue–green areas that satisfy the demands of urban residents.

Analysis of Factors Influencing Consumers' Satisfaction with Online Fresh Food Shopping

With the development of Internet technology, more and more people choose online shopping, resulting in an increasing amount of online review data. It is crucial to mine information about users' feelings from these reviews to obtain factors that affect customer satisfaction. This article uses crawler technology to obtain the review data of JD supermarket hairy crabs. After data preprocessing, it extracts five characteristic factors that affect satisfaction, including logistics, specifications, taste, freshness and quality. Then, it uses a Likert scale to quantify and score the data, and establishes a customer satisfaction factor model based on Bayesian network, which is compared with a neural network model. Evaluation criteria include accuracy, precision, and recall. The research results show that the customer satisfaction model based on Bayesian network has the best measurement effect, which can output the influence degree and correlation of each factor on satisfaction, and provide relevant suggestions for producers and other stakeholders.

Organic geochemical, petrographic and palynological characterization of claystones of the Palaeogene Toraja Formation, and oil seeps in the Enrekang Sub-basin, south Sulawesi, Indonesia: Implications for hydrocarbon source rock potential

An organic geochemical, petrographical, and palynological evaluation was conducted on 30 claystone outcrop samples of the Toraja Formation, along with a geochemical analysis of an oil seep in the Enrekang Sub-basin. The aim of the study was to determine the correlation between oil and source rock in terms of age, depositional environment, organic material sources, and maturity level. The total organic carbon content of the claystone samples varies from 0.03 to 4.52 wt%, which are classified as poor to excellent. The claystones are immature to post-mature with a mixture of Type Ⅱ and Ⅲ kerogen. Their vitrinite reflectance values range from 0.47 to 4.52 %Ro. The samples of Toraja Formation rock and the oil seep source rock might have a similar depositional environment, a deltaic marine depositional setting with high oxidizing conditions. Organic material sources for rock and oil samples are dominated by terrestrial input. The oil is inferred to have originated from the Paleogene source rocks, which correlates in age with the Toraja Formation. The recovered palynomorphs from the studied rock samples suggest a late Eocene to Oligocene age with a strong terrestrial influence of shallow marine depositional setting. The biomarker analysis shows that the rock samples have a more substantial contribution from the terrigenous higher plants, while the oil sample indicates a higher degree of marine influence. The maturity levels are also different between the oil (peak mature) and the analyzed rock samples (immature). It is inferred that the oil seep source rock is equivalent to the analyzed rock sample but more mature, having been deposited under more marine conditions. The oil seep source rock is not exposed and is located in the deeper part of the basin. A deeper marine facies (i.e. distal delta front and prodelta facies) in front of the distributary mouth bar within a delta is interpreted as the source rock of the oil seep sample.

The Impact of Spatial Changes on the Assessment of CCTV Effects: An Example of the Green Light Project in Detroit

The assessment of closed-circuit television (CCTV) as an infrastructure designed to improve the policing environment has gained widespread attention. The effect of CCTV is influenced not only by the time of installation, however, but also by locations, making it challenging to assess accurately from a single dimension. Existing studies have analyzed the differences in assessment results due to the period of installation, but little has been said about the sensitivity of assessment results to spatial changes. Moreover, existing assessment results rarely consider the varying degrees of influence that CCTV might have in different locations. To address these issues, we use the weighted displacement quotient (WDQ) algorithm to assess the effect of 603 CCTVs installed by the Green Light Project in Detroit from 2016 to 2019. This assessment examines the sensitivity of the WDQ algorithm to spatial changes, particularly when the radius of the target area is altered. We also optimize the matching algorithm and consider the spatial heterogeneity of CCTV’s effects in the assessment process. The results show that over 50 percent of the CCTVs installed have a diffusion of benefits on crime reduction (WDQ > 0), and the assessment results obtained using the WDQ algorithm are highly sensitive to spatial changes. These findings provide valuable insights for subsequent assessments of CCTV, and for the optimization of CCTV installation and layout to enhance their effect.

Quantitative Characterization and Disturbance Law of Key Parameters Influencing Deformation of Overlying Strata during Strip Filling in a Goaf

Strip filling mining in a goaf is of great significance for solving the ‘three under’ coal-pressure and mining-area ecological environment problems in Central and Eastern China, but the disturbance characteristics of filling parameters on overlying rock are not clear at present. Taking the geological conditions of the CT30101 working face in Mahuangliang coal mine and the short-wall interval strip filling as a background, the strength parameters (cohesion and friction angle), deformation parameters (elastic modulus and Poisson’s ratio), and structural parameters (strip width and spacing) of the filling body were selected as experimental factors, and the maximum settlement of the direct roof and the ground surface was taken as the evaluation index. The influence degree of each factor was quantitatively characterized via a variance analysis and an F test, and the main control factors of the strip filling overburden settlement were proposed. The roof and surface displacement, the stress evolution law of the filling body, and the shape change of the surrounding rock plastic zone under different levels of main control factors in the entire process of mining filling coupling were analyzed in detail. The results showed that the cohesion of the backfill had a highly significant impact on the direct roof settlement, the strip spacing and the friction angle of backfill had a significant impact on it, the cohesion of the backfill and the strip spacing had a certain impact on the surface settlement, and the two had a cross-coupling effect. In the process of mining and filling, the stress evolution of the filling body was extremely complex, and it finally presented a saddle shape that was high on both sides and low in the middle; the majority of the strata and the filling body primarily exhibited shear damage, with a small amount of tensile failure zones appearing only in the direct roof and mid-section of the filling body. The above conclusions have a certain guiding significance for the optimal design of strip filling in a goaf.

Impact of Diverse Rainfall Patterns and Their Interaction on Soil and Water Loss in a Small Watershed within a Typical Low Hilly Region

Assessing the impact of varied rainfall patterns on soil and water loss within a hilly watershed over an extended temporal scope holds paramount importance in comprehending regional runoff and sediment traits. This study utilized continuous rainfall and sediment data spanning from 2013 to 2021, and the K-means clustering method was employed to analyze rainfall types. Subsequently, the rain-type characteristics underwent further analysis through LSD, and a multiple linear regression equation was formulated. The result showed that: within the Qiaotou small basin, rainfall, maximum rainfall intensity within 30 min (I30), and rainfall erosivity exhibited notable effects on sediment yield and loss. The water-sediment attributes of 305 rainfall events were characterized by rainfall below 100 mm, I30 of less than 35 mm/h, a runoff coefficient below 0.5, and sediment content under 0.6 g/L. According to the characteristics of different rainfall types and the degree of influence on water and sediment in small watersheds, 305 rainfall events in the basin were divided into three types by the K-means clustering analysis method: A (heavy rainfall, moderate rain), B (small rainfall, light rain), and C (medium rainfall, heavy rain). The most frequent rain type observed was B, followed by C, while A had the lowest frequency. Despite the lower intensity of B-type rainfall, it holds significant regional importance. Conversely, C-type rainfall, although intense and short, serves as the primary source of sediment production. The multiple regression equation effectively models both sediment yield modulus and flood peak discharge, exhibiting an R2 coefficient exceeding 0.80, signifying significance. This equation enables the quantitative calculation of pertinent indicators. Sediment yield modulus primarily relies on sediment concentration, runoff depth, and rainfall, while peak discharge is significantly influenced by runoff depth, sediment concentration, and I30. Furthermore, the efficacy of various soil and water conservation measures for flow and sediment reduction correlates with I30. Overall, the impact of different measures on reducing flow and sediment increases with a higher I30, accompanied by a reduced fluctuation range.

Basic psychological needs and GRIT in Peruvian university students

IntroductionThe present quantitative study of predictive design aims to determine the influence of basic psychological needs and some socio-demographic variables on GRIT, in a sample constituted by scholarship students financed by PRONABEC from a private university in Lima.MethodsThe GRIT Scale and Basic Psychological Need Satisfaction and Frustration Scale were applied to 865 students, 54.7% were female, the ages fluctuated between 16 and 47 years of age, 74.5% were residents in Lima.ResultsThe results demonstrated that Basic Psychological Need’s satisfaction has a positive influence on GRIT. On the other hand, there is a negative relationship between the GRIT dimensions (consistency and perseverance) and BPN frustration. In addition, women and first generation students showed higher GRIT levels.DiscussionThis research confirms a high degree of influence of the competence needs satisfaction dimension on the GRIT and the influence of sociodemographic variables in achieving objectives.

A planting optimization strategy to improve the carbon sink benefit for urban green-Taking the communal green of Nanjing Forestry University as an example

This research study identified the communal green at Nanjing Forestry University as an example and focused on the carbon sink benefits of the plant communities. Firstly, the representative plant communities in the communal green were investigated, and the parameters of the plant communities were established so that the carbon sink benefits of each plant community could be quantified. Secondly, by applying correlation analysis to study the influence degree of varied plant community factors on the benefits of carbon sink, it was found that the canopy closure, diameter class structure and tree density showed significant positive correlation; the correlation between community density and daily carbon sequestration per unit area was significant; the correlation between community density and carbon storage per unit area showed none significance; and the correlation between the proportion of trees and shrubs and the carbon sink benefits was of no significance. Thirdly, regression analysis was used to study the curve trends of the carbon sink benefits of the plant communities, from which it was concluded that increasing canopy density, average plant height, average crown width and tree density will improve carbon sink benefits. Increasing the average DBH would achieve positive effects for increasing daily carbon sequestration per unit area only at the early stage of the community growth. The plant community density showed positive effects on the increase of the daily carbon sequestration per unit area within a limited range. Since most regression formulas resulted in S-curves, certain threshold bottlenecks were found existed of improving the carbon sinks benefits by increasing the plant community factors. Finally, the characteristics of plant communities with high carbon sink benefit were summarized to provide theoretical references for forming a planting optimization strategy of urban green.

Rule-making by executive authorities: problems of theory and practice

The article examines problematic issues of rule-making by executive authorities, which are aimed at improving and ensuring the effectiveness of rule-making activities, which is an effective condition for the successful formation of the legal system of Ukraine, taking into account the state-legal reform, as well as the current level of its development.
 When implementing state-legal reform, the needs of rule-making have their own peculiarity, since the legal regulation of social relations cannot be imagined without normative-legal acts of executive authorities. As a result, it can be seen that the main task in this area is to improve and optimize the forms of implementation of their rule-making activities and to determine the degree of legal influence on social relations.
 In Ukraine, until recently, due attention was not paid to the problems of sub-legal norm-making. In some areas, they were covered only fragmentarily. As a result, the practice of implementing rule-making activities remains ineffective, since the activities of executive authorities are largely disorganized, and the creation of a new system is extremely slow and contradictory.
 It was determined that rule-making is a special activity of the state, in the person of specially authorized subjects of power, which are aimed at the normative consolidation of public needs and interests and the provision of appropriate conditions for the realization of the rights and freedoms of citizens and their effective protection, which is carried out by creating a system internally agreed normative legal acts with the aim of increasing the effectiveness of regulation of social relations in Ukraine.
 It is noted that the most fully reveal the content and purpose of the rule-making activity of the executive authorities, its main principles and special features, which contribute to the actual reflection of social regularities in legal prescriptions.
 Proposals regarding the improvement of legal regulation of the rule-making activity of the executive authorities were provided.