Inflow Of Labor Research Articles

Characteristics of the labor market in Croatia and contemporary external migration

The paper analyzes the characteristics of the labor market in Croatia, the changes in the demographic potential of the working-age population, and the structural determinants of the labor system. The movement of the number of able-bodied, active and inactive population from 2013 until today, points to a trend of decreasing the able-bodied contingent, economic activity and unemployment of the population, and an increase in employment. The analysis showed that the structural problems on the labor market in Croatia are an insufficiency of educational staff, structural unemployment, youth unemployment, and the mismatch between the supply and demand of jobs. Such characteristics of the work system influenced the movement of the determinants of external migration in Croatia, especially after 2013. Simultaneously with the strengthening of emigration, the number of immigrated persons also increases, so that from 2013 to 2022, their number amounted to about 195 thousand of mostly foreign citizens. We can establish that we are talking about free economic migrations and an increased inflow of labor, mostly unskilled workers, which makes up for the lack of domicile workforce.Structural-selective unemployment in Croatia can be analyzed on a general level according to age groups and according to education, and on a specific level, through indicators of the skills mismatch on the labor market. The total unemployment rate in Croatia has experienced a significant decline since 2013, and current unemployment is the lowest in the youngest working age, and the highest in the age over 40. Compared to 2013, the share of unemployed persons with primary and lower secondary education in Croatia is continuously decreasing, the share of unemployed persons with upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education levels is slightly falling (with frequent oscillations), while the share of unemployed persons with tertiary education is increasing. Problems on the labor market in Croatia have been noticeable after the global economic crisis of 2008 and its high unemployment, and in the last ten years also in the areas with a low level of economic activity of the population and a lack of domestic labor for the functionality of certain sectors of activity.On the other hand, the structure of the emigrant contingent, in which the young and able-bodied population predominates, points to the outflow of labor force of medium and high qualification levels. The review of research on recent emigration confirms the complex conditionality of leaving Croatia, and among the main factors a group of economic ones arising from the macroeconomic situation and structural deficiencies in the labor market stands out. In addition to economic factors, other types of factors are strengthening, which is why the continuation of the emigration of the Croatian population and the immigration of the foreign population are likely to be expected. The isolated and presented indicators and trends point to the complexity of the relationship between economic and labor factors, contemporary migration patterns and demographic characteristics of the resident population, in accordance with previous theoretical and empirical knowledge.

Marriage Equality and the Transnational Flow of Skilled Labor: The Impact of Same-Sex Marriage Legalization in the United States on the Inflow of Skilled Labor

This paper examines the impact on skilled labor migration to the United States of same-sex marriage legalization in European countries and US federal recognition of foreign same-sex marriages. Analyzing US Department of Homeland Security data, we find that European legalization decreased skilled labor admissions to the United States by 22 percent, most notably after six years. However, US recognition of foreign same-sex marriages mitigated this effect post-2013, indicating that such legalizations facilitate skilled labor movement between nations.

Research On Effectiveness of Low-Carbon Policies on Labor Mobility

Abstract The internal and external environment of China's development has undergone profound changes, and the promotion of “dual-carbon” has become an urgent need for cracking the outstanding problems of resource and environmental constraints and realizing sustainable development, while labor mobility can bring “demographic dividend” to the region, which is an important part of realizing the dual-carbon goal. This paper focuses on the low-carbon pilot policies, adopts the panel data of 281 prefecture-level cities from 2005 to 2019, and constructs a multi-period double difference model to investigate the effects of low-carbon policies on labor mobility. The study finds that: low-carbon pilot can significantly promote inter-regional labor inflow, and the above conclusion still holds after a series of robustness tests; mechanism analysis shows that the advancement of industrial structure plays a significant positive moderating role, while government expenditures on finance, science and technology play a mediating role. The research in this paper not only provides a new perspective for the evaluation of the effects of low-carbon policies, but also provides a new basis for city branding to attract labor inflow, and the heterogeneity analysis also provides a theoretical reference for the government to formulate talent policies. JEL classification numbers: J61. Keywords: Low-carbon policies, Labor mobility, Multi-period double difference model, Advancement of industrial structure.

Industrial Intelligent Infrastructure, Labor Inflow and Integration of the Two Industries—Based on the Empirical Analysis of Guangdong

Industrial Intelligent Infrastructure, Labor Inflow and Integration of the Two Industries—Based on the Empirical Analysis of Guangdong

Socio-Economic Dimension of Human Potential of World Countries in the Digital Space of the Labor Market

The article examines the special socio-economic conditions of human potential, which forms and expands the flow of labor in the international digital labor market. The concept of the socio-economic dimension of human potential based on the unity of its components is presented. The hypothesis of effective use of human potential at all levels of its formation is justified by relevant HRM technologies that align the labor market situation with the rate of modernization of business, state policy, and social institutions, as well as the new nature of the digital economy's growth. It is also demonstrated that, in the context of the informational transformation of the labor market, the concentration, implementation, and effective socio-economic dimension of human potential form a consistent state policy, which is strengthened by the possibilities of territorial decentralization and is aimed at overcoming disparities in the use of human resources, reducing the gap between potential and existing social-economic level of development of the countries of the world. The authors also provide the sectoral structure of employment in Ukraine and the average annual rate of growth of the indicator level in the leading countries with a digital direction of labor market development, as well as comparative socio-economic measurement and forecasting of Germany's effective use of human potential, subject to the expansion of labor inflows and the improvement of the working capacity of active human resources.

Impact of labor and energy allocation imbalance on carbon emission efficiency in China's industrial sectors

Greenhouse gas emission is the focus of global climate change concerns. The change in industrial structure can impact carbon emission efficiency (CEE) by affecting labor and energy input. However, there is an obvious imbalance of labor and energy allocation within China's industrial sectors. Here, we use the super-slacks-based model data envelopment analysis (Super-SBM-DEA) to calculate the CEE of 32 industrial sectors and adopt the Tobit model to analyze the impact of industrial allocation imbalance on CEE. The results show that the overall industry and manufacturing CEE is still at a low level, with an average CEE of 0.53. The industrial sectors with higher CEE are these sectors with advanced innovative technology and low energy consumption. The results of the Tobit model show that the imbalance of labor and energy allocation is the key factor limiting carbon emission efficiency improvement. Furthermore, the imbalance of labor allocation hurts the CEE of labor-intensive sectors. The coefficient of labor allocation imbalance (distL) is −2.483, and the inflow of labor can improve the CEE of non-labor-intensive sectors. The CEE of energy-intensive sectors is sensitive to the imbalance of energy allocation, the marginal impact of energy allocation imbalance (distE) is −2.296. Improving energy efficiency is a key task to reduce carbon emissions in sectors relying on energy input. But for non-energy-intensive sectors, optimizing energy allocation has a limited effect on reducing carbon emissions. This research can provide insights for emerging economies to coordinate carbon reduction and industrial transformation.

The Impact of Housing Rental Market Development on Household Consumption and Its Mechanism: Evidence from 69 Large- and Medium-Sized Cities in China

In recent years, to address the sluggish domestic demand caused by the epidemic, consumption has declined. The General Office of the State Council has introduced a series of policy measures around the improvement and development of the housing rental market. The paper empirically investigates the influence mechanism of the development of the housing rental market on residents’ consumption using relevant data from the 2010–2019 City Statistical Yearbook and the Xi Tai database. It is found that the increase in the scale of housing rentals significantly raises the level of residents’ consumption. Specifically, the increase in the scale of housing rentals can increase government expenditure, firm up residents’ consumption confidence, and thus raise residents’ consumption level; urban labor inflow plays a negative moderating role in the development of the housing rental market to promote residents’ consumption level. The heterogeneity study shows that the improvement and development of the housing rental market in the eastern coastal region has a more significant role in promoting residents’ consumption level, while it is not significant for residents’ consumption level in the central and western regions. The study suggests that to release the vitality of residents’ consumption, government spending should be increased, the impact of inflowing labor on the labor market should be reduced, and the development of the housing rental market should be improved and nurtured.

Brexit: Could France Follow the Lead?

Politicians and scholars generally agree that the UK’s withdrawal from the European Union (‘Brexit’) is a unique phenomenon caused by a specific combination of domestic political, economic and social factors, which cannot recur in any other EU country, at least in the foreseeable future. The paper challenges these assumptions by advancing two hypotheses. Firstly, the author argues that Eurosceptic sentiments are almost as common in France as they once were in the UK, and, secondly, that it exactly in France where the next referendum on membership in the European Union could take place. In order to support these hypotheses, in the first section the author examines the main causes and the background of Brexit. The author identifies four key factors: 1) growing discontent of the local population with social and economic issues, which the supporters of Brexit ascribed to the inflow of cheap labor from Eastern Europe; 2) concerns about the possibility of losing national sovereignty as the power of EU supranational bodies increases; 3) support for Brexit on the part of certain political elites; 4) post-imperial syndrome. The second section shows that similar objective trends and public sentiments are developing in France, although can take different forms. As in the UK, certain segments of the French population show growing concern about the prospect of losing national sovereignty given the country’s declining influence within the EU, and call to curb immigration (mainly from North Africa). Additionally, what makes France’s case really unique is that both rightand left-wing eurosceptics are consistently strengthening their influence in the Fifth Republic. All this imposes greater demands on the current president-euroenthusiast E. Macron: his failure may provoke a systemic crisis within the EU, which it might not endure.

Research on the Impact of Heterogeneous Labor Inflows on the Economic Growth of Regions on Both Sides of the Hu Huanyong Line

Research on the Impact of Heterogeneous Labor Inflows on the Economic Growth of Regions on Both Sides of the Hu Huanyong Line

Accounting for employee flows

AbstractThis paper examines employee flows and the association with firm earnings and interest rates. We use administrative employer–employee matched panel data from Denmark spanning 17 years and hence exploit actual data on employee arrivals (labor inflows) and departures (labor outflows). Three main findings emerge. First, we condition by firms’ economic conditions. Departures predict earnings increases for prior‐year loss firms, while they predict earnings decreases for prior‐year profit firms, suggesting that this conditioning can help explain the mixed results in the literature. Arrivals predict earnings increases, though only for prior‐year profit firms. These effects are stronger for high‐paid employees than for low‐paid ones. Second, the effects of departures are generally larger than the effects of arrivals, consistent with departures disrupting operations. Third, we find that lenders price employee flow information but only for departures of high‐paid employees, despite the predictive ability of the flow of other employees for future earnings. Overall our results suggest that employee flows predict firm financial performance but are only partially priced by lenders.

Exploring the role of china’s civilized cities in attracting foreign direct investment. A way forward to sustainable socioeconomic development

The cities dynamics and structures can be vital to attract foreign direct investment. Therefore, foreign investors prefer cities where they are confronted to lower volume or none of unexpected happening. The civilized locality is likely to be supportive in the operations of any business activity rendered by local or foreign firms. As the “highest honor” in the selection of cities, civilized cities have an important impact on attracting foreign direct investment. The paper attempts to evaluate the civilized cities as a quasi-natural experiment, and uses the staggered difference-in-difference model to evaluate the effect and mechanism of civilized cities evaluation on the FDI of selected cities. The results show that the honorary title of civilized city has a reputation of cumulative effect, and can significantly increase the scale of foreign direct investment in the city independent of the brands of low-carbon city, smart city, innovative city and pilot free trade zones. The three main ways to attract foreign investments can be materialized through enhancing urban infrastructure, attracting labor inflow and improving science and technology innovation.

Does labor mobility follow the inter-regional transfer of labor-intensive manufacturing? The spatial choices of China's migrant workers

There is a close interactive relationship between industrial transfer and labor mobility. Previous studies on China roughly determined whether industrial transfer and labor mobility are evolved in the same direction according to macro data, paying less attention to the analysis of mechanisms and heterogeneity. Based on the Chinese Industrial Enterprise Database and China Migrants Dynamic Survey, this study is the first to match data on the individual spatial selection of migrant workers with those on urban labor-intensive manufacturing transfer, use a logistic model to discuss the effects of industrial transfer on labor mobility, and reveal the heterogeneity of cities with different economic locations, as well as the heterogeneity of migrants with different educational backgrounds. The regression results show that overall, with the increase in industrial transfer-outs, the inflow probability of migrant workers increases, and decreases with the increase in industrial transfer-ins. Nevertheless, there is a significant difference in the impact of labor-intensive manufacturing transfer on the choice of labor inflows between the central and the peripheral cities of urban agglomerations, as well as other cities outside an urban agglomeration. Highly educated migrant workers are not significantly affected by labor-intensive manufacturing transfer-ins. These findings are helpful for the relevant decision making.

Labor mobility and corporate investment—Evidence from a Quasi-natural experiment in China

This paper studies how labor supply affects corporate investment by exploiting an exogenous policy relaxation of urban household registration (hukou) in China. We find that following the staggered hukou policy change, low-skilled labor inflow leads to an increase in the capital expenditure of local firms, consistent with the complementarity hypothesis of low-skilled labor and physical capital. The results are stronger for firms that are less automated and more labor intensive and for regions with lower household income. Our findings suggest that labor mobility induced by labor market friction reduction stimulates corporate investments.

Population aging and labor mobility in Japan

By combining the static and dynamic computable general equilibrium models, this paper explores the dynamic impact of future demographic changes on the Japanese economy with a particular focus on multisector production and overlapping generations. Several numerical results were obtained. First of all, the sectoral real GDPs of the aging-related sectors are expected to continue to increase due to the higher demand generated by the elderly, while the total real GDP is forecasted to start to decrease from year 2036 due to the shrinking population. Secondly, calculations show that nearly 60 million more workers will be needed in the private long-term care sector in year 2049 than in year 2018. Thirdly, if a 90 percent inflow of additionally needed labor force to the medical services sector were to be obstructed, the total real GDP would shrink by 0.064 percent. If the same inflow obstruction were to occur to the private long-term care sector, the total real GDP would shrink by 0.030 percent. Fourthly, while a negative impact of the inelastic labor mobility was seen in almost all simulations, the impact of an obstruction in the medical service sector was found to be positive for the pharmaceutical sector due to substitution effect. Finally, the inelastic labor mobility will not only reduce the Japanese economic performance but also welfare, the extent of which depends on the duration of labor immobility. Thus, it is crucial for future economic growth as well as welfare of aging Japan that the additionally needed labor inflow to all aging-related sectors occurs smoothly.

Миграции из Южной Азии в Западную Европу: истоки, тенденции, перспективы

The article is concentrated on the phenomenon of Indian and South Asian migration to the countries of Western Europe. Initially, migration flows from this region were an inalienable part of metropolis–colonies interrelationship and were sustained on the notion of free and unrestricted movement of human resources from South Asia to the British Isles. After the dissolution of the British Empire and gaining independence, the inhabitants of India and South Asia, in search for a “happier life” overseas, set their course for the United Kingdom and Western Europe, where later migrants were put under rigorous political control. However, the flows of those seeking economic prosperity and political asylum remained intensive and became subject to methodical social regulations in Western Europe. Equilibrium of this kind was put to a severe test when the migration crisis of 2015 and 2016 broke out. Only the most advanced groups of migrants could adjust themselves to the newly emerged reality as demonstrated by the cases of the Netherlands and Italy. The Dutch government has restricted the inflow of low-skilled labour, while encouraging skilled immigration. Indian labour force is generally employed in IT, consultancy, engineering or management. Local and national governments work together with private partners to make the lives of these newcomers easier. High-skilled migrants are welcome as new citizens. Most Indians in Italy have settled in the north of the country and work in agriculture. Indians are considered industrious, business-minded, hard-working and law-abiding. The Indian migrant community has integrated successfully into Italian economic and social life. The author argues that the Dutch and Italian practice of handling the Indian migrants could be critically absorbed in Russia that is keen to attract the “demographic dividend” from outside.

Labor mobility and labor market flexibility in the era of coronacrisis: Kazakhstani and foreign experience

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused tremendous damage not only to the economies of developing and developed countries but also to the world's most valuable asset known as human capital. One of the most significant consequences of the coronavirus crisis has been its massive impact on international migration. Moreover, migration processes contribute to the increased flexibility of the world labor market, which has only intensified under the influence of the coronavirus crisis. Kazakhstan, as an active participant in global migration processes, has felt the impact of the consequences of the coronavirus crisis, which affected the inflow and outflow of skilled labor to the local labor market. This article provides an analysis of the consequences of the coronavirus crisis on external migration processes in Kazakhstan, as well as the flows of labor migrants to the country's labor market. In addition, the authors consider the foreign experience in regulating migration in a number of countries. The author came to the conclusion that in the post-pandemic period flexible forms of employment can become a source for attracting professionals from abroad, as well as slowing down the outflow of domestic qualified specialists abroad.

Germany's recruitment of workers from Turkey, 1960–1973 – Some remarks

Germany's recruitment of workers from Turkey, 1960–1973 – Some remarks

How Do City Size and Immigration Policies Affect Labor Mobility?

This paper uses the micro data from the National Health Commission’s “China floating population dynamic monitoring survey” (CMDS) project, and uses probit and Ivprobit models to analyze the impact of policy selection on Labor mobility Decision-making under different city sizes. The results show that: (1) the larger the city size, the more conducive to labor inflow, and the externality of human capital has a positive regulatory effect; (2) the impact of city size on Labor mobility has policy screening heterogeneity, the more obvious the policy threshold, the more conducive to high-level labor inflow. Making more reasonable labor policy, reducing the threshold of labor inflow, breaking the barriers of labor inflow, balancing the gap between high skilled labor force and low skilled labor force, weakening the crowding out effect of urban scale expansion and labor policy can effectively attract talents and promote urban development.

Оценка демографической ситуации в сельской местности Российской Федерации с позиции экономической безопасности

Based on the analysis of official statistics, the article concludes that the main factor in the reproduction of the rural population of modern Russia is international migration. In 2020, under the influence of antiquated events, many industries and regions felt the reduction in the inflow of foreign labor. The introduced restrictions on the entry of foreign citizens into the country can have a significant impact on the reproduction of the rural population and the formation of the labor potential of the agro-industrial complex.Along with measures to prevent a massive outflow of the population from rural areas by creating favorable living conditions and forming a positive attitude towards rural areas and rural lifestyles, it is necessary to develop regional strategies to attract foreign migrants to work in the agro-industrial complex.

Modelling foreign labour inflows using a dynamic microsimulation model of an ageing country - Slovakia

Modelling foreign labour inflows using a dynamic microsimulation model of an ageing country - Slovakia