Inflorescence Type Research Articles

Flora of Espírito Santo: Hiraeoide and Malpighioide clades (Malpighiaceae)

Abstract This is a taxonomic treatment of four genera and eight species of the hiraeoide and malpighioide clades (Malpighiaceae) in the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil. Hiraea and Mascagnia are the most diverse genera, with three species each, followed by Amorimia and Lophopterys, with one species each. Two species are listed as threatened: H. bullata and M. velutina. The main characteristics that can be used to identify the genera in Espírito Santo are epipetiolar or interpetiolar stipules, the indumentum on the branches, the inflorescence type, the number of elaiophores, and characteristics of the mericarps. Morphological descriptions, identification keys, taxonomic notes, geographic distribution maps, and photographic plates are provided for the species.

In the middle way there was a Callianthe (Malvaceae): a new species in forest path edges from Espírito Santo state, Brazil

We propose a new species restricted to the Atlantic Forest from the Brazilian state of Espírito Santo, Callianthe capixabae. Morphological description, taxonomic comments, illustrations, distribution, habitat, and phenology are provided. C. capixabae is closely related to C. glaziovii and C. schenckii, but can be distinguished from them mainly by indument, inflorescence type, calyx nerves, corolla colour and fruit length.

A new species of Pleroma (Melastomataceae) from the Southern Espinhaço, Minas Gerais, Brazil

Pleroma barbellatum P.J.F.Guim., D.Nunes & I.M.Araújo a new species of Melastomataceae (Melastomateae) from the Espinhaço Range of Minas Gerais State, Brazil, is described and illustrated, and their affinities and diagnostic characters are here discussed. Pleroma barbellatum is closely related to P. formosum, P. martiale, and P. riedelianum. They share a similar habit and leaves that are alike in size and shape. However, they can be distinguished by differences in the trichomes of the branches, leaves and inflorescences, in addition to other characters related to the type of inflorescence and size of the bracteoles. We recommend a conservation status of Endangered for P. barbellatum.

In Silico Genome-Wide Analysis of B3 Transcription Factors in Cannabis sativa L.

Introduction: The B3 transcription factor has been identified in Arabidopsis thaliana, Oryza sativa, and Solanum lycopersicum, among other species. This family of transcription factors regulates seed growth, development, and stress. Cannabis is a valuable crop with numerous applications; however, no B3 transcription factors have been identified in this plant. Materials and Methods: The cannabis B3 gene family was identified and analyzed using bioinformatics analysis tools, such as the NCBI database, plantTFDB website, TBtools, and MEGA software. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) experiments were used to confirm its function. Results: The cannabis B3 family contains 65 members spread across 10 chromosomes. The isoelectric point ranged from 10.03 to 4.65, and the molecular weight ranged from 99,542.88 to 14,310.9 Da. Most of the members were found in the nucleus. The upstream promoter region of the gene contains a variety of cis-acting elements related to the stress response. RNA-seq data and qRT-PCR results showed that CsB3 genes were expressed differently in five organs of female Diku plants and in glandular hairs of nine distinct types of female cannabis inflorescences. Collinearity analysis revealed that there were more homologous genes between cannabis and dicotyledons than monocotyledonous plants, which was consistent with the evolutionary relationship. Conclusions: Hormones and external environmental factors might influence CsB3 expression. Furthermore, some genes such as CsB3-02, CsB3-07, CsB3-50, CsB3-62, and CsB3-65 may participate in cannabis growth and development and play a role in secondary metabolite synthesis. This study provides a solid foundation for further research into the gene function of the cannabis B3 family.

Genetic analysis of anemone-type and single-type inflorescences in chrysanthemum using genotyping-by-sequencing

Flower shape is a key trait of ornamental and commercial importance in breeding programs for chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.). Understanding the genetic basis of the phenotypic variation seen in inflorescence-related traits will contribute to genetic improvement and to the development of new varieties. In this study, we investigated the genetic determinants of inflorescence traits using an F1 segregating population derived from a cross between two cultivars with different inflorescence types, ‘Puma White’ (anemone-shaped inflorescence) and ‘Dancer’ (single-type inflorescence). Genotyping-by-sequencing identified 26,847 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) between 182 F1 progenies and their parents. A genome-wide association study highlighted 17 SNPs mapping to 15 GBS-tags as being significantly associated with three inflorescence traits: flower type, number of ray florets, and disk flower diameter. No single SNP was associated with flower diameter. These SNP-harboring sequences defined ten candidate genes associated with inflorescence traits. We explored the transcript levels for nine of these in flower buds, disk florets and ray florets using publicly available genome and transcriptome data. These results will provide the genetic and genomic foundation to harness important horticultural traits and explore new avenues in chrysanthemum breeding.

Stolonochloa, a new Australian genus segregated from Panicum (Poaceae: Panicoideae: Paniceae: Boivinellinae) based on phenetic analysis of morphological data

The genus, Stolonochloa is described and two new combinations Stolonochloa lachnophylla and S. pygmaea are segregated from Panicum s.s.. Differentiating morphological characters for the new genus are compared with other genera of the subtribe Boivinellinae. Phenetic analyses showed Stolonochloa has closest morphological similarity to Entolasia and Ottochloa in the Australian Boivinellinae but differs by characters including inflorescence type, indumentum on the apex of the upper lemma, papillae on the upper floret, and anatomy of the inflorescence culm. Stolonochloa differs from Panicum s.s. by having C3 photosynthetic pathway and several other characters. The consistency of results from multiple cluster analyses was evaluated by comparison with results from analyses of a baseline dataset that consisted of scores for 133 morphological characters and 18 species, representing seven putative Australian genera from subtribe Boivinellinae, and three species of Panicum s.s. The analyses included variations in the composition of the dataset in terms of sample size, subsets of the baseline character set and character format, and the cluster algorithm including ordination and classification, and two association measures.The process used permitted recognition of morphological similarities and differences necessary for descriptions, keys and natural groups as part of alpha and beta taxonomy.

English

The purpose of this study was to investigate the morphological diversity of plantain accessions from three main plantain growing districts in Benin Republic. Sixteen descriptors were used including 5 quantitative. Overall, 31 cultivars were identified and associated with various names depending on the sociolinguistic groups. Results indicated the presence in each district of the three types of inflorescences (male rachis appearance) that describe the plantain subgroup. False horn is the most represented with 19 accessions, followed by French type with 10 accessions and True horn with only two accessions. All plantains were giant cultivars with pseudostem greater than 3 m, except hybrid L5449, which averaged 2.89±0.06 m. The collection was dominated by accessions having slightly oblique or sub-horizontal bunches (83.87%). Quantitative variables were submitted to Principal Component Analysis (PCA) which led to the separation of all the accessions into four clusters having specific traits that can be harnessed diversely in a breeding program. The presence of the three types of inflorescences confirmed plantain phenotypical diversity, with “False horn” type dominating plantain cultivars. Moreover, the occurrence of genetic erosion of white pulp cultivars is due to consumer preferences. Key words: Accession, collection of bananas, biodiversity, phenotypical variability.

Phenotypic and Genotypic Diversity of the Tomato Germplasm From the Lazio Region in Central Italy, With a Focus on Landrace Distinctiveness.

Italy is a recognized secondary center of diversification for cultivated tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). The study of phenotypic and genetic diversity in landrace collections is important for germplasm conservation and valorization. Here, we set up to study the tomato germplasm collected in the region of Lazio in Central Italy, with a focus on the distinctiveness among landraces and the attribution of membership to unnamed accessions. Our regional collection included 32 accessions belonging to eight different locally recognized landraces and 19 unnamed accessions. All accessions were gathered from local farmers and are preserved in the collection held at the Regional Agency for the Development and the Innovation of Lazio Agriculture (ARSIAL) and at the University of Tuscia. We included 13 control genotypes comprising nine landraces from neighbor regions and four reference cultivars. The collection showed wide phenotypic variability for several qualitative and quantitative traits, such as leaf border and shape, inflorescence type, fruit shape, green shoulder, fruit weight (range 14–277 g), locule number (2–12), shape index (0.54–2.65), yield (0.24–3.08 kg/plant), and soluble solids (3.4–7.5°B). A few landraces showed uncommon phenotypes, such as potato leaf, colorless fruit epidermis, or delayed ripening. Multivariate analysis of 25 cardinal phenotypic variables separated the accessions into two distinct groups; accessions showing a flattened-ribbed fruit were distinguished from those with round to elongate fruits with smooth structure. Genotyping analysis of 7,720 SNPs was performed using the tomato array platform SolCAP, to point out the genetic relationship among the studied accessions. A neighbor-joining tree analysis allowed to confirm or deny phenotypic data and to assign some of the unnamed accessions to recognized groups. Allelic status at marker loci linked to resistance genes commonly used in breeding identified accessions putatively derived from modern material or commercial hybrids, thus not classifiable as landraces. Overall, this study provided the information useful to preserve, valorize, and juridically protect tomato local landraces from the Lazio region and will in addition be helpful to their improvement by breeding.

Morphology and phytochemical diversity among some species in the Cyperaceae family

Classification of members of Cyperaceae is complicated basically due to the size and complexity of their inflorescences. This study employed morphological attributes to delimit some species belonging to the Cyperus, Pycreus, Mariscus, Kyllinga, Fimbristylis, and Rhynchospora; and further explored and analyzed the secondary metabolites from these species if they could be helpful in their characterization. Eighteen morphological characters were considered and analyzed through cluster analysis. Additionally, thin layer chromatography (TLC) was employed to screen phytochemicals such as flavonoid, steroid, tannin, saponin, triterpene, alkaloid, and cardiac glycosides in some of the sedges. The morphological study showed that the cluster analysis grouped all the species studied into two main clusters. The first main cluster contained all the Cyperus species studied except C. nipponus and C. rotundus. However, a few members of other genera studied were embedded within the Cyperus cluster. On the other hand, the second main cluster was further divided into two sub-clusters; the first sub-cluster had only Fimbristylis species while the second sub-cluster comprised Kyllinga, Pycreus, Mariscus species and two Cyperus species. In this present study, the inflorescence type and achene morphology played a significant role in delimiting the accessions studied. The TLC profiling of the species of Cyperaceae studied revealed their phytochemical diversity which can be harnessed in pharmaceutical industries. Moreover, the phytochemicals detected (flavonoid, steroid, tannin, saponin, triterpene, alkaloid, and cardiac glycosides) have been demonstrated to be useful in the delimitation of the species within each genus studied and elucidated the relationship that exists among them. However, they have little or no taxonomic value in delimiting the genera studied within the family Cyperaceae. Further research is required with respect to the characterization of the diverse secondary metabolites detected in some members of Cyperaceae studied

Reconstructing an historical pollination syndrome: keel flowers

BackgroundKeel flowers are bilaterally symmetrical, pentamerous flowers with three different petal types and reproductive organs enclosed by keel petals; generally there is also connation of floral parts such as stamens and keel petals. In this study, the evolution of keel flowers within the order Fabales is explored to investigate whether the establishment of this flower type within one of the species-rich families, the Fabaceae (Leguminosae), preceded and could have influenced the evolution of keel flowers in the Polygalaceae. We conducted molecular dating, and ancestral area and ancestral state analyses for a phylogeny constructed for 678 taxa using published matK, rbcL and trnL plastid gene regions.ResultsWe reveal the temporal and spatial origins of keel flowers and traits associated with pollinators, specifically floral symmetry, the presence or absence of a pentamerous corolla and three distinct petal types, the presence or absence of enclosed reproductive organs, androecium types, inflorescence types, inflorescence size, flower size, plant height and habit. Ancestral area reconstructions show that at the time keel flowers appeared in the Polygaleae, subfamily Papilionoideae of the Fabaceae was already distributed almost globally; at least eight clades of the Papilionoideae had keel flowers with a functional morphology broadly similar to the morphology of the first evolving Polygaleae flowers.ConclusionsThe multiple origins of keel flowers within angiosperms likely represent convergence due to bee specialization, and therefore pollinator pressure. In the case of the Fabales, the first evolving keel flowers of Polygaleae have a functional morphology that corresponds with keel flowers of species of the Papilionoideae already present in the environment. These findings are consistent with the keel-flowered Polygaleae exploiting pollinators of keel-flowered Papilionoideae. The current study is the first to use ancestral reconstructions of traits associated with pollination to demonstrate that the multiple evolutionary origins of the keel flower pollinator syndrome in Fabales are consistent with, though do not prove, mimicry.

Molecular and Morphological Analysis Supports the Separation ofRobrichiaas a Genus Distinct fromEnterolobium(Leguminosae: Caesalpinioideae: Mimosoid Clade)

Abstract—As currently circumscribed, the legume genusEnterolobiumcomprises 11 species in two sections:E.sect.EnterolobiumandE.sect.Robrichia, with an overall distribution from Mexico to Argentina and a centre of diversity in Amazonia. In the absence of the characteristic indehiscent fruits,Enterolobiumis difficult to distinguish from other genera in the ingoid clade, includingAlbiziasensu lato,Samanea, andCathormion. Previous phylogenetic studies which have includedEnterolobiumhave sampled few species of the genus, leaving questions about its monophyly and interspecific relationships. Here we evaluate the circumscription ofEnterolobiumand its two infrageneric taxa, their phylogenetic placement in the ingoid clade, and interspecific relationships within the two sections of the genus. Our study includes allEnterolobiumspecies, and analyses of nuclear (ITS and ETS) and plastid (trnD-TandtrnL-F) molecular regions, and morphology. Bayesian inference, maximum parsimony, and maximum likelihood analyses show thatEnterolobium, as presently circumscribed, is not monophyletic. The genus is divided into two well-supported independent clades, corresponding to the two previously recognized sections; one of them is sister to the genusLeucochloronand is here raised to generic rank as the genusRobrichia, with three species,Robrichia glaziovii,Robrichia oldemaniiandRobrichia schomburgkii. The genusEnterolobiumconsequently now comprises eight species and is more closely related to a clade composed ofAlbiziaandFalcataria. This new arrangement is reinforced by morphological synapomorphies recovered by ancestral character state reconstructions. Indumentum type, the number of pinnae pairs per bipinnate leaf and leaflet pairs per pinna, inflorescence type, and fruit shape characterizeRobrichia, while the recognition ofEnterolobiumremains based on fruit traits. We also provide the formal lectotypifications forE. contortisiliquum,E. cyclocarpum,E. gummiferum,E. maximum,E. monjollo, andR. schomburgkii.

Structure and Development of Flowers and Inflorescences in Burmannia (Burmanniaceae, Dioscoreales).

Species of the genus Burmannia possess distinctive and highly elaborated flowers with prominent floral tubes that often bear large longitudinal wings. Complicated floral structure of Burmannia hampers understanding its floral evolutionary morphology and biology of the genus. In addition, information on structural features believed to be taxonomically important is lacking for some species. Here we provide an investigation of flowers and inflorescences of Burmannia based on a comprehensive sampling that included eight species with various lifestyles (autotrophic, partially mycoheterotrophic and mycoheterotrophic). We describe the diversity of inflorescence architecture in the genus: a basic (most likely, ancestral) inflorescence type is a thyrsoid comprising two cincinni, which is transformed into a botryoid in some species via reduction of the lateral cymes to single flowers. Burmannia oblonga differs from all the other studied species in having an adaxial (vs. transversal) floral prophyll. For the first time, we describe in detail early floral development in Burmannia. We report presence of the inner tepal lobes in B. oblonga, a species with reportedly absent inner tepals; the growth of the inner tepal lobes is arrested after the middle stage of floral development of this species, and therefore they are undetectable in a mature flower. Floral vasculature in Burmannia varies to reflect the variation of the size of the inner tepal lobes; in B. oblonga with the most reduced inner tepals their vascular supply is completely lost. The gynoecium consists of synascidiate, symplicate, and asymplicate zones. The symplicate zone is secondarily trilocular (except for its distal portion in some of the species) without visible traces of postgenital fusion, which prevented earlier researchers to correctly identify the zones within a definitive ovary. The placentas occupy the entire symplicate zone and a short distal portion of the synascidiate zone. Finally, we revealed an unexpected diversity of stamen-style interactions in Burmannia. In all species studied, the stamens are tightly arranged around the common style to occlude the flower entrance. However, in some species the stamens are free from the common style, whereas in the others the stamen connectives are postgenitally fused with the common style, which results in formation of a gynostegium.

Morphological and botanical profile of Lachenalia cultivars

Constant selection of common ornamental geophytes increases activity in the field of traditional crop improvement by breeding and commercialisation of new cultivars. In this paper, the morphological and botanical attributes (inflorescence stem height, inflorescence length, stem diameter, flower number, pedicel length and distance, fullness ratio, inflorescence type, leaf characteristics, perianth shape and colour and filament orientation as well as tepal, filament, anther and ovary dimensions) as well as growth and flowering patterns (number of days from potting date to the beginning of flowering) of seven Lachenalia cultivars (‘Aqua Lady’, ‘Josephine’, ‘Radient’, ‘Rainbow Bells’, ‘Riana’, ‘Romaud’ and ‘Ronina’) possessing high ornamental value were described in detail. The obtained results indicate differences of the studied cultivars both in terms of the dimensions of individual plant elements, as well as in the colours of flowers and flowering time. More compact cultivars, as ‘Josephine’, ‘Radient’, ‘Riana’ and ‘Romaud’ are recommended for potted cultivation. ‘Rainbow Bells’, ‘Aqua Lady’ and ‘Ronina’ should rather be considered as cut flowers. Principal components analysis identified four principal components that accounted for 83.4% of the total variability.

Comparative study of morphology and heterochromatin distribution in three oilseed species of Brassica L.

Morphological traits and nature of heterochromatins in interphase nuclei and prophase chromosomes of three oilseed species of Brassica L. (B. campestris, B. juncea, and B. napus) have been investigated in this study for morpho-cytotaxonomical evaluation. The three Brassica species displayed morphologically differences in the case of plant heights, size and the shape of upper and basal leaves, types of inflorescence and color of seeds, etc. After analyzing the staining properties of heterochromatins (nature and amount) in the interphase nuclei, it was unveiled that B. juncea had a simple chromocenter type of interphase nuclei and might be perceived as the most evolved one among the three species of Brassica. Moreover, the phylogenetic relationship derived from the mean values of morphological traits also manifested the distinct position of B. juncea than the other two studied species of Brassica. Therefore, the findings obtained in this study may be utilized as a feasible implementation of biosystematics for the identification and proper characterization of the three species of Brassica L. J. Bangladesh Acad. Sci. 45(2); 169-179: December 2021

The assortment of small-flowered chrysanthemum promising for landscaping the Southern Coast of the Crimea and the Russian South

Numerous collections of flower plants are collected in the Nikitsky (Nikita) Botanical Gardens - National Scientific Center (NBG - NSC). Among them, a special place belongs to the garden chrysanthemum ( Chrysanthemum × morifolium (Ramat.) Hemsl.), since its quantitative and qualitative composition has no analogues in the territory of the Russian Federation. Currently, the collection includes 529 cultivars and forms of domestic and foreign breeding, of which 350 cultivars and forms belong to the small-flowered garden group. The article considers the studied and selected promising assortment of small-flowered chrysanthemum for landscaping the Southern Coast of the Crimea and the Russian South, which for successful implementation in urban landscaping is divided into groups according to the timing of flowering, the height of flowering shoots, color and types of inflorescences.

Millettia sirindhorniana and M. tomentosa, two new species of Millettia (Fabaceae: Millettieae) for Thailand

Two new species of the genus Millettia, M. sirindhorniana and M. tomentosa, are herein described and illustrated. Millettia sirindhorniana shares morphological characteristics with M. extensa and M. fruticosa in being a woody climber with the same leaflet shape and inflorescence type. However, it differs from those species by the presence of stipels and basal callosities, and its shallowly crenate floral disk. Millettia tomentosa is similar to M. extensa and M. suddeei, but differs from the first species by having a brachyblast bearing ca 10 flowers, the standard with basal callosities, presence of a tubular floral disk and oblong to slightly obovate fruits; and it differs from the latter by the absence of stipels, the standard with swollen basal callosities, monadelphous stamens and the tubular floral disc. Descriptions, illustrations, colour plates, vernacular names, etymology, conservation status and key diagnostic characteristics are provided.

Flora of Espírito Santo: Lecythidaceae

Abstract The Lecythidaceae clade has a pantropical distribution and comprises 24 genera and 355 species. Ten genera and 121 species occur in Brazil, where species richness is highest in Amazonia. Four genera and 14 species were recorded in Espírito Santo, as well as two cultivated species. Important characters used to identify the species are the morphology of the bark, shape and size of the leaves, presence and shape of trichomes on the leaves and inflorescences, inflorescence type, morphology and color of the perianth (especially the petals), morphology of the androecium, shape and dimension of the fruits and seeds, and morphology of the arils. Identification keys, descriptions, illustrations, and comments for the taxa are provided.

Flora of Espírito Santo: Commelinaceae

Abstract This work is a part of the Flora do Espírito Santo project. The aim was to morphologically characterize the species of Commelinaceae occurring in the state of Espírito Santo and provide data on their geographical distribution, phenology, and comments. Fieldwork and herbarium studies were carried out. A total of 38 species, arranged in 10 genera, were recorded. Dichorisandra is the richest genus (17 species), followed by Commelina (seven spp.), Tradescantia (four spp.), Siderasis (three spp.), Tripogandra (two spp.), and Aneilema, Callisia, Floscopa, Gibasis and Tinantia (one species each). Two species are herein described as new to science, and the synonymization of D. albomarginata is proposed under the older D. procera. Inflorescence (type and position), stamens (number, color, and anther dehiscence), fruit (shape and ornamentation), and seeds (ornamentation, the position of the embryotega, and hilum shape) are the key diagnostic morphological characters for genus and species delimitation. Most of the species richness and abundance are concentrated in the mountain region of Espírito Santo, one of the largest forest areas in the state, showing the importance of conserving the remaining Atlantic Forest’s fragments.

Comparative Pollination Ecology of Five EuropeanEuphorbiaSpecies

Premise of research. Flowers of the genus Euphorbia are arranged in a unique type of inflorescence called cyathia, packed into more or less dense synflorescences. These synflorescences can be showy or inconspicuous, suggesting different pollination strategies.Methodology. We described and compared the morphology, color, scent, and insect guilds visiting the synflorescences of five European Euphorbia species, two with inconspicuous synflorescences and three with showy ones.Pivotal results. All five species present their reproductive structures openly, with easily accessible nectaries. In the inconspicuous E. peplus and E. dulcis, there was little color contrast between the reproductive parts and the vegetative parts. Both species attracted low numbers of insects (Diptera and Hymenoptera), and these insects carried little (E. peplus) or no (E. dulcis) pollen. We did not detect any floral scent for E. peplus. In the showy E. amygdaloides, E. virgata, and E. verrucosa, the color of the reproductive parts and of the relatively large nectaries was standing out clearly against vegetative organs. These species attracted up to 14 times more insects (Diptera, Hymenoptera, Coleoptera) than the inconspicuous species, and these insects carried larger amounts of pollen on their bodies. In E. verrucosa, nearly half of the pollinators were sawflies from the genus Tenthredo feeding and mating on the synflorescences. All Euphorbia species except E. peplus were also visited by ants. However, the role of ants as pollinators remains to be tested. Finally, E. peplus and E. dulcis can reproduce without insect pollination, whereas among the showy species, E. virgata did not produce seeds when pollinators were excluded.Conclusions. We found that all study species had similar generalist pollination systems, with the showy species attracting significantly more insects and the inconspicuous species being largely independent of insect visits for reproduction. Our study tentatively indicates that the degree of entomophily seems positively correlated with showiness and size of attractive and rewarding organs.

Structural peculiarities of the flower-bearing shoot of some Apiaceae Lindl. species

The article considers the synflorescence structure of five little-studied and endemic representatives ofUmbelliferae (Apiaceae Lindl.) from Central Asia. Among the taxa studied, Komarovia anisosperma is distinguished bya special organization of the inflorescence, and which is represented by the type of storey raceme from open double umbels collected 2–6 in whorls. The remaining species are characterized by one type of inflorescence – this is a panicle ofclosed double umbels. Belonging to the same tribe Komarovieae J. Zhou et S. R. Downie, species Komarovia anisosperma and Sphaerosciadium denaense, have some similar features in the structure of the synflorescence. So, the first specieshas 5 lateral axes of the I order around the main axis assembled in whorls, while in the second species they are locatedwith a whorl under the central umbel , in addition, both species do not have involucres and involucels. The revealedfeatures of branching of the inflorescence and flower arrangement, signs of involucres and involucels, the length of therays of the umbels and pedicels, as well as the characteristic of the formation of various types of flowers in the umbeland synflorescence can be used in keys and diagnoses, and also for the conservation of rare and endemic species, forthe collection of made seeds from plants in natural conditions with further introduction to the botanical gardens or onthe protected areas.