Inflection Research Articles

AN ANALYSIS OF BOUND MORPHEMES IN THE GOO GOO DOLLS' SONG LYRICS ENTITLED ‘IRIS’

This purpose of this study is to analyze the bound morphemes in the lyrics of the song “Iris”. It is a descriptive qualitative study where data analysis is presented in tabular form . Based on the result of the study , it can be concluded that the song lyrics contain 13 bound morphemes which three of them are derivational morphemes that function as class changing affixes. They each change a noun to a verb, adjective to a noun, and a verb to an adjective. The other ten data are inflectional morphemes which function as superlative, comparative, past-tense, past participle, plural, progressive and third-person singular. From the calculation results, it is seen that the number of derivational morphemes is 23 percent while inflectional morphemes reach 77 percent. So it can be concluded that the inflectional morphemes are the most dominant.

Impersonal Verbal Constructions in Biblical Hebrew: Active, Stative, and Passive

In this paper I focus on the syntactic properties of subjects in impersonal verbal constructions in Biblical Hebrew. It is claimed that four types of subjectless verbal clauses—active finite and participial plural, active finite singular, passive, and stative—feature three types of impersonal subject: covert indefinite pronoun, inflectional morpheme, and zero-subject. It will be demonstrated that these subjects have different, only partly overlapping syntactic properties: The covert indefinite pronoun implies an animate subject that does not necessitate “collective interpretation” and can have generic scope; the subject can be topicalised, negated, and relativised, the verbal predicate is temporally vague. The 3rd masculine plural inflectional morpheme implies an animate collective subject; it can be controlled from the matrix clause and be used for participant tracking and anaphora; the verbal predicate is quite precisely anchored in time. The dummy zero-subject has no explicit subject properties; it can be theorised that the syntactic slot of a subject is taken by an overt cognate argument (Cause or Theme) of stative or passive verbs, but practically such a subject leaves no syntactic traces.

Inferring case paradigms in Koalib with computational classifiers

AbstractThe object case inflection in Koalib (Niger-Congo) represents complex patterns that involve phoneme position, syllable structure, and tonal pattern. Few attempts have been made with qualitative and quantitative approaches to identify the rules of the object case paradigms in Koalib. In the current study, information on phonemes, tones, and syllables are automatically extracted from a Koalib sample of 2,677 lexemes. The data is then fed to decision-tree-based classifiers to predict the object case paradigms and extract the interactive patterns between the variables. The results improve the predicting accuracy of existing studies and identify the case paradigms predicted by linguistic hypotheses. New case paradigms are also found by the computational classifiers and explained from a linguistic perspective. Our work demonstrates that the combination of linguistic theoretical knowledge with machine learning techniques can become one of the methodological approaches for linguistic analyses.

Production of Persian Morphosyntactic Structures Based on P-LARSP: Comparing Children With/Without Hearing Loss

Objective Despite all advancements in hearing amplification, screening, and interventions, concerns still exist about the language outcomes in children with mild to severe hearing loss. The present study aimed to investigate the production of inflectional morphemes, phrase, and clause structures of children with Moderately Severe Hearing Loss (MSHL) and compare with those of the children with Normal Hearing (NH). Materials & Methods The study participants were 88 NH children, aged 2-5 years, and 10 MSHL children, aged 5-6 years. They were recruited by a convenient sampling method. Speech therapists collected language samples in a free play context of the study children, and then the language samples were transcribed and segmented according to P-LARSP (language assessment, remedy, and screening procedure). Of 100 analyzable units, the speech therapists identified, allocated, and counted 14 inflectional morphemes and all clause and phrase structures in each language sample. Results Children with MSHL used significantly fewer numbers of inflectional morphemes (P=0.004), verb/complement+personal pronoun (P=0.009), and prefix/mi/as a tense marker (P=0.025), lower mean length of morpheme/analyzable utterances (P=0.003), higher percentages of one-word utterances (P=0.001), and lower numbers of clause structures in stage V (P=0.002) compared with NH children aged 4-5 years. While the types of clause structures in children with MSHL were similar to those in NH children aged 24-36 months. However, the types of produced inflectional morphemes were restricted compared with all groups of children with NH. Conclusion The present study revealed that children with MSHL are behind younger children with NH in grammatical aspects of the Persian language. They used simpler clauses, limited numbers, and types of inflectional morphemes, as well as clause and phrase structures, and mainly relied on one-word utterances. Continued monitoring of grammatical outcomes is warranted, considering that children who are MSHL are at increased risk for language problems.

A PARAMETRIC VARIATION OF ENGLISH AND EKPARI INFLECTION SYSTEM

Inflectional morphemes perform grammatical functions. It is often added to a root word to show a particular grammatical function. The inflection system varies from one language to another. Second Language Learners of English tend to encounter problems due to this variation. Guided by Contrastive analysis as the theoretical underpinning, the study focuses on the extent to which the inflectional system of English and Ekpari are similar or different in number, tense, aspect and agreement. Data on Ekpari were generated from two indigenous speakers of Ekpari through interviews and discussion while data on English were sourced from relevant literature and grammar textbooks. Findings revealed that Ekpari typically uses prefixes as inflectional morphemes to mark grammatical categories while the English language typically uses inflectional suffixes to mark the same function. Besides, it was also discovered that Ekpari does not mark genitive case and agreement inflection. In English, nouns are inflected to mark genitive cases while verbs are inflected in terms of person and number to show agreement with the subject but such does not exist in Ekpari. Ekpari does not mark possession, aspect or agreement relations. The nouns do not have to agree or correspond with the finite verb for agreement in the language. Thus, verbs do not change their forms for purposes of agreement in Ekpari. Hence, Ekpari learners of English must be adequately exposed to master the rules guiding inflection process in the English language to overcome the likely problems these differences will pose to them.

Change of the Accusative Case Inflection in Soviet Era Azerbaijani Language Within the Context of Kommunist Newspaper and the Effect of the Language Planning Policy of the USSR on This Change

Türk dilinin durum (hâl) çekimlerinden biri olan belirtme durumu, ekli (+I) veya eksiz (Ø) olmak üzere iki biçimde gerçekleşir. Ekli belirtme durumu çekiminin, Türk yazı dillerinde farklı ses ve biçim özellikleriyle kullanıldığı görülmektedir. 
 Eski Türkçe döneminde ana hatlarıyla ortak bir biçimde yapılan bu çekimin; 11. yüzyıldan itibaren doğu, kuzey ve batı bölgelerindeki üç farklı coğrafyada gelişimini sürdüren Türk yazı dili geleneklerinde farklı biçimbirimlerle yapıldığı görülmektedir. Bu farklılıkların görüldüğü kollardan biri de Oğuzcadır. Batı Oğuzcanın doğu kolunu oluşturan Azerbaycan Türkçesinin tarihî gelişim sürecinde de bu çekiminin biçimbirimlerinde çeşitli değişimler görülmektedir. Bu değişimler, özellikle farklı alfabelerin kullanıldığı Sovyet Dönemi Azerbaycan basınına da açık bir biçimde yansımıştır. 
 Azerbaycan Komünist Parti Merkezi Komitesi’nin yayın organı olması nedeniyle Sovyet Dönemi Azerbaycan Türkçesinin en önemli gazetesi olan Kommunist gazetesi, 29 Ağustos 1919-27 Ağustos 1991 tarihleri arasında Arap, Latin ve Kiril olmak üzere üç farklı alfabede yayımlanmıştır. Bu özelliği nedeniyle, Azerbaycan Türkçesindeki ses ve yazım değişimlerinin incelenebilmesi açısından eşsiz bir öneme sahiptir. Bu açıdan bakıldığında özellikle Oğuz Türkçesinde belirgin değişimleri görülen belirtme durumu çekiminin gazetenin farklı alfabelerle yayımlanmış sayılarındaki örnekleri bu değişimin niteliğini açık bir biçimde göstermektedir. Ancak değişimin alfabelere göre farklılık göstermesi, değişimlerin doğal bir süreç içerisinde değil, SSCB’nin dil plânlaması politikası sonucunda olabileceğini düşündürmüştür. 
 Bu çalışmada, belirtme durumu çekiminin tarihî gelişimi, Azerbaycan Türkçesinin yazı dili olma sürecindeki değişimi, bu değişimin Arap, Latin ve Kiril harfli metinlerdeki görünümü Kommunist gazetesindeki farklı alfabelerle yayımlanmış metinler örneklemi üzerinde incelenmiş ve bu değişimlerin Azerbaycan ile Türkiye Türklüğünün kullandığı ortak yazı dilini ayırmaya yönelik politik dil planlamasının bir parçası olup olmadığı üzerinde durulmuştur.

The analysis of word class and morphology for Stage2 and Stage 4 texts in ESLL context

Abstract 
 
 This research is intended to present the writing difficulties that second language learners have encounter through their learning process. Linguists have proved that English second language learners (ESLL) face some difficulties in their writing because it is hard to understand ESLL perspectives. Many samples of ESLL writing have been examined and proved that their writing lacks some linguistic features. Coherent, accurate and creative text is the goal for English language teachers to be produced by their students. Word class (parts of speech) and morphology are the key features of language that indicate its linguistic system, especially sentence structure. The researcher tries to analyze word class and morphology in two selected texts of stage 2 and stage 4 in a second language learning center. One of the findings of this research is the use of bound grammatical morpheme (inflectional morpheme) for both texts is to some extent justifiable although the writer of S2 text makes some mistakes in producing the right word to give new meaning.

Israeli Russian: Case morphology in a bilingual context

The current study investigates case morphology development in a bilingual context. It is aimed at investigating potential mechanisms driving divergences in heritage language grammars as compared to the baseline monolingual standards. For the purposes of the study, 95 bilingual and monolingual children and adults were compared. Bilinguals residing in Israel acquired Russian from birth, while the age of onset of Hebrew varied. The participants completed a production task eliciting accusative case inflections. Both child and adult heritage speakers of Russian with early age of onset of Hebrew (before the age of 5) showed divergences in the production of the accusative case inflections as compared to monolingual Russian-speaking controls (adult and child), whereas grammars of Israeli heritage Russian speakers with later ages of onset of Hebrew, after the age of 5, were found to be intact. On the basis of Russian in contact with Hebrew, the study discusses how heritage language grammars differ from the baseline grammars of monolingual speakers and which mechanisms are associated with heritage language ultimate attainment. The effects of the age of onset and cross-linguistic influence from the dominant societal language are discussed as potential factors affecting the acquisition / maintenance of linguistic phenomena in heritage language grammars.

DERIVATIONAL AND INFLECTIONAL MORPHEMES ON JOKO WIDODO’S SPEECH FOR ENGLISH EDUCATION

This study aims to determine the frequency and process of derivational and inflectional morphemes in Joko Widodo's speech at the Asian Pacific Economic Cooperation summit. The study used descriptive qualitative analysis methods. The data were analyzed using Fromkin's principle. The data analysis yielded 133 terms made up of derivational and inflectional morphemes. Derivational morphemes accounted for 50.37 percent of all occurrences in this study, while inflectional morphemes accounted for 49.63 percent. The researchers discovered several derivation processes that modify grammatical classes while remaining unchanged, such as noun form, adjective form, verb form, adverb form, adjective form, noun to noun, and adjective to adjective. In this study, five types of Inflectional morphemes were found: -s (plural and third-person singular), -ing (progressive), -ed (past tense), and -er (comparative). Morphemes are an important feature of language so it is important for students to learn in school, especially for language learners. Morphological awareness, which we describe as a basic understanding of the morphemic structure of words, is required of the learner. Finally, the implications of this research will be an inspiration for further research in morphological processing, especially regarding derivational and inflectional morphemes.

Reaction times to morphologically inflected nonwords

Previous work has shown that monolingual speakers of English are sensitive to the presence of inflectional morphology when it is applied to nonwords. For example, when a nonword ends in a sequence of phonemes that respect the morphophonological rules regulating tense inflection, speakers are slower in recognising it. In this study, we investigated whether a similar pattern applies to second language learners as well. 91 learners of English with Czech as L1 where presented with a same/different minimal pairs task containing nonwords with various endings (in one condition, a sequence of phonemes that could be interpreted as an inflectional morpheme). Consistently with research on monolingual participants, the study showed that also second language learners are slower in processing nonwords that contain potential inflectional morphemes. The pattern was observed from low levels of proficiency, suggesting that learners are sensitive to these rules from early stages of learning.

The Effects of Textually Enhanced Captions on Written Elicited Imitation in L2 Grammar

AbstractAs second language (L2) research adapts to the dynamics of multimodal instruction, researchers are exploring the role of captioning and textual enhancement (TE) on learner development. The present experiment assesses the differential effects of textually enhanced captions on learners’ elicited imitation of L2 Spanish grammar. Twenty‐eight English‐speaking intermediate L2 Spanish learners saw 3 videos that focused on gustar‐type verbs, the preterite–imperfect contrast, or the subjunctive. Each video included 3 conditions: sentences without captions (NC); sentences with target verbs highlighted entirely (TE1); or sentences with highlighting on inflectional morphemes (TE2). Using a novel written elicited imitation task, we uncovered consistent positive effects of both TE conditions compared to NC, with an added advantage of TE2 for the subjunctive. The findings demonstrate that (a) TE with captions contributes to increased L2 accuracy, (b) the elicited imitation of some grammatical structures is more conducive to enhancement than others, and (c) there is space for future investigation into the factors that mediate the effectiveness of multimodal interventions.

Many ways to decline a noun: elicitation of children’s novel noun inflection in Estonian

abstractAimsThis study investigated three- to five-year-olds’ ability to generalise knowledge of case inflection to novel nouns in Estonian, which has complex morphology and lacks a default declension pattern. We explored whether Estonian-speaking children use similar strategies to adults, and whether they default to a preferred pattern or use analogy to phonological neighbours.MethodWe taught children novel nouns in nominative or allative case and elicited partitive and genitive case forms based on pictures of unfamiliar creatures. Participants included 66 children (3;0–6;0) and 21 adults. Because of multiple grammatical inflection patterns, children’s responses were compared with those of adults for variability, accuracy, and morphological neighbourhood density. Errors were analysed to reveal how children differed from adults.ConclusionsYoung children make use of varied available patterns, but find generalisation difficult. Children’s responses showed much variability, yet even three-year-olds used the same general declension patterns as adults. Accuracy increased with age but responses were not fully adult-like by age five. Neighbourhood density of responses increased with age, indicating that analogy over a larger store of examples underlies proficiency with productive noun inflection. Children did not default to the more transparent, affixal patterns available, preferring instead to use the more frequent, stem-changing patterns.

Morphological Awareness and Word Complexity in an EFL Context

This study examined the relationship between morphological awareness and word complexity (simple versus complex words) in an EFL context. The participants in this study were 100 fourth-year secondary school Arts students in Tunisia. Students’ morphological awareness was measured by the Morphological Awareness Test. Vocabulary size was tested using an adapted version of Nation’s (2001) Vocabulary Levels Test as a receptive measure of vocabulary size. Half of the vocabulary test items were made complex to check the participants’ performance on simple and complex words. The informants’ scores were high on the overall morphological awareness task, and the best performance was on inflectional morphemes. This could be very useful for teachers to build on, improve, and construct better future teaching practices. Finally, morphological awareness differentiated between students’ performance on simple versus complex words.

A STYLISTIC ANALYSIS OF DERIVATIONAL MORPHEME ON NARRATIVE TEXTS IN EFL TEXTBOOK

The research reported in this paper centered on the issue of derivational morphemes analysis which uses narrative texts as the object of the study. Out of 15, 6 narrative texts were chosen from EFL Textbook of Senior High School ‘Developing English Competencies’. Afterwards, the writer set two research questions: to investigate the kinds and the dominant affixes of derivational morphemes which are mostly used on Narrative Texts in EFL Textbook. This study employed qualitative strategies by using content analysis as the instrument of gained data. The results for the first question asserted that among three kinds such as prefix, infix and prefix, there were only two kinds derivational morpheme founded on narrative texts in EFL Textbook, both of these derivational morphemes were prefix and suffix. Besides, the infix was not founded on the whole of the texts. Moreover, the results for the second research question revealed that the dominant affixes mostly used on narrative texts in EFL textbooks was the suffix. Finally, it is expected that on narrative texts, suffix was the important rule to compose the text intact. Moreover, the other affixes such prefix and infix were lower than suffix on the whole of the texts. For instance, ‘ly’ and ‘ed’ as affixes that was added and used on narrative text in EFL textbook that was analyzed. In the meantime, in every texts that have been analyzed, most of the affixes, both prefix and suffix changed the part of speech of the root when changed to the new word. It is suggested for further researchers to conduct the research on by using the other texts by covering derivational and inflectional morphemes. Keywords: stylistic, derivational morphemes, narrative text, EFL Textbook

Bound Morpheme Used In AL JAZEERA News Entitled “SYRIA’S REFUGEE CHILDREN: FUTURES LOST TO THE WAR” by Barbara Bibbo: A Morphology Perspective

The purpose of the research is to know about the use of bound morpheme in an article in Al Jazeera News, entitled, “Syria’s Refugee Children: Futures Lost to the War” written by Barbara Bibbo. Bound morpheme is commonly used in some articles because it can change the meaning of the word itself. Bound morpheme is part of derivational morphology. Morphology itself means the study of morphemes which are the smallest significant units of grammar. A morpheme is the smallest unit in English linguistics which form word. There are two kinds of morpheme; they are free morpheme and bound morpheme. Morpheme that can stand on their own are called free, and ones that cannot are bound. A bound morpheme has two types; there are Derivational and inflectional morpheme. The data of the research was taken from an article in Al-Jazeera News. Qualitative descriptive method was used to do the research. The results of the research are there are 49 bound morphemes found in the article. 5 of them are derivational and 44 of them are inflectional.

Inflexive Marker and Morphophonological Processes in the Lamalera Dialect of Lamaholot Language (LDLL)

Inflection is a universal linguistic phenomenon. The phenomenon of inflection occurs in every language according to each language system. The language system of each language greatly determines the peculiarities of the language inflection. Inflection in a language that is agglutinative is different from that in a language that has a synthetic, tonal and isolating system. The treatment of each language is different for this case of inflection. Lamalera Dialect of Lamaholot Language (LDLL) also shows inflection. Inflection in LDLL is different from inflection in other languages ​​because of the language system, especially the LDLL sound system. LDLL is not characterized by agglutinative, nor synthetic, tonal nor isolating morphology. What is the strategy for inflection in LDLL? The result of the study shows that in LDLL, inflection is expressed clitically on the verb. These clitics are cross-referenced by the verbs. There are two types of cross-reference clitics, namely cross-referencing proclitics and enclitics. Proclitic cross-referencing applies to both transitive and intransitive root verbs. This form of cross-referencing pronouns is both proclitic and enclitic, and morphophonological changes actually occur. This process cannot be avoided because morphophonological processes actually occur due to merging of the morpheme with another morpheme. In this case the clitic is considered as bound morpheme.

Inflectional Heavy Elastica with Unilateral Contact constraint: Analytical Solution through the Curvilinear Abscissa Mapping approximation

This paper provides an original approximate analytical solution of the Inflectional Heavy Elastica problem using the Curvilinear Abscissa Mapping Method (C.A.M.M.). The solution, unlike the classic approximate methods, is valid for a wide range of rotations (up to 90°). As well known, the Heavy Elastica (inflectional or not) does not have an exact solution, even in the simplest load cases. CAMM approach allows to obtain an approximate analytical solution that even sounds for very large displacements and rotations. In the present contribute we refer to the inflectional case, which subsists when the orientation of the end-moment acts against the bending due to the lifting load. The proposed solution has a similar mathematical form and computational effort required for the classical non-inflectional Elastica (non-distributed loads). The results are validated by some numerical and experimental comparisons, highlighting a strong matching. Design-Charts are also provided, in which the variables of interest are deducible upon the trend of dimensionless parameters, as function of end rotation or end-applied moment.

THE INVESTIGATION OF AFFIXES IN PREMIS JOURNAL OF ENGLISH STUDY PROGRAM AT MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF METRO

Morphology is a branch of linguistics that identifies basic units of language as grammatical units. Morphology is the basic of the word because from morphologi the word is formed. In morphology there are two ways to identify, the morphological process and morphological analysis. The aims of this research are to find out the types of affixes and to reveal are the most dominant of using affixes in Journal Premis of English Study Program, Muhammadiyah University of Metro. The object of this research is the affixation that used in The Premis Journal of English Study Program, Muhammadiyah University of Metro. The subject of this research is Premis Journal of English Study Program, Muhammadiyah University of Metro. Descriptive qualitative research is a method of this research. In this research found are 1.171 affixation, consist of prefix are 52 d ata, suffix are 343 data and inflectional morpheme 776. The most dominant types of using affixation in this data is inflectional morpheme with the percentage 66%. Based on the data it can be concluded that in the Journal found all of the affixation with different grade. 

Inflection rules for Marathi to English in rule based machine translation

Machine translation is important application in natural language processing. Machine translation means translation from source language to target language to save the meaning of the sentence. A large amount of research is going on in the area of machine translation. However, research with machine translation remains highly localized to the particular source and target languages as they differ syntactically and morphologically. Appropriate inflections result correct translation. This paper elaborates the rules for inflecting the parts-of-speech and implements the inflection for Marathi to English translation. The inflection of nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives are carried out on the basis of semantics of the sentence. The results are discussed with examples.

Translanguaging patterns in everyday urban conversations in Cameroon

Abstract This study analyses the translanguaging patterns of urban Cameroonians’ linguistic choices (e.g. lexical or phonological) in everyday conversations in Cameroon. Using observation and audio-recordings of 20 naturally occurring conversations as data, a descriptive corpus-based methodology was adopted for analysis. The quantitative approach utilises AntConc (Version 3.5.8) with descriptive analytical tools to identify the speakers’ idiolectal choices in meaning-making translanguaging patterns. The results revealed salient patterns of the speakers’ deployed lexical, grammatical, morphological, phonological and syntactical forms as an integrated system of language. It revealed the speakers preference for polysemous words (e.g. repe) over less polysemous words (e.g. father); choice for shorter lexical words (e.g. man) over longer words (e.g. manpikin); a preference for specialised gender-neutral markers (e.g. ih, which refers to both male and female) over gender-specific forms (e.g. he/she); a preference for voiceless interdental fricatives (e.g. dem, dey) over voiced interdental fricatives (e.g. them, they) and where the choice of inflectional morpheme expressing tense (e.g. ed) is one that can either be omitted or added to a word, the presence of this inflectional morpheme is sometimes fairly used. Such results have practical implications for understanding peoples’ language use as a translanguaging act in bi/multilingual contexts.