Inflammation Rate Research Articles

Effectiveness of Methylene Blue in the Prevention of Stifle Joint Arthrofibrosis in Rabbit Models.

One of the major challenges in orthopedic surgery is the prevention of arthrofibrosis, which can be successfully alleviated in its early stages. Many studies suggest the administration of methylene blue (MB) as an accessible and effective agent for the prevention of post-operation adhesions. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of MB in the prevention of arthrofibrosis. This study was conducted on 18 New Zealand white female mature rabbits. The anterior cruciate ligament of the left stifle joint of each animal was cut during aseptic surgery. In the next step, the rabbits were divided into three groups based on their treatments. The rabbits in the first, second, and third groups were subjected to the injection of normal saline, 1% MB solution, and 2% MB solution into their synovial space, respectively. The postoperative stifle range of motion was measured every week. After 4 weeks, the animals were euthanized and all joints were dissected for histopathology. The histopathological evaluation of tissues indicated the presence of fibrotic connective tissue as a sign of fibrosis in all groups. The fibrosis rate, inflammatory rate, tissue disarrangement, fibroblastic cellularity, and granulation tissue formation were at their highest levels in the 1% MB group. The integrity of articular cartilage in the 2% MB group was lower than the other groups. The level of bone degeneration was similar in both MB groups; however, it was more than the control saline group. The range of motion was reduced during the first week, then increased in the second and third weeks, and finally decreased in the fourth week. The MB was not an effective method regarding the prevention or treatment of arthofibrosis and the subsequent osteoarthritis. In contrast with previous studies, fibrosis was lower in the high dose MB group, compared to the low dose MB group. The alterations in the range of motion were related to the reduced movement caused by the pain and stiffness of the operated joints. The current study can be considered as the first report addressing the adverse effect of MB on synovial components. I.

Multi-Functional Drug Carrier Micelles With Anti-inflammatory Drug.

The multi-functional micelles poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-N,N-dimethylacrylamide-co-10 undecanoic acid)/CM-Dextran Fe3O4 (PNDU/CM-Dex Fe3O4) were poly (NIPAAm-co-DMAAm-co-UA) (PNDU) grafting hydrophilic CM-Dextran Fe3O4 which possess pH-dependent temperature response and magnetic response. In this research, anti-inflammation drug Hesperetin was encapsulated by micelles using membrane dialysis method to obtain the different ratio of Hesperetin-embedded P5DF10, P10DF10, and P20DF10. These micelles were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, 1H-NMR, thermogravimetric analyzer, and superconducting quantum interference device magnetometer. The morphology and particle size of micelles was observed by transmission electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering. The low critical solution temperature of the P10DF10 micelles is in pH 6.6 at about 37.76°C and in pH 7.4 at about 41.70°C. The biocompatibility of micelles was confirmed by cytotoxicity study. Inflammatory inhibition of hesperetin-embedded P10DF10 micelles also studied through RAW264.7. Hesperetin-embed P10DF10 micelles suppressed LPS-induced inflammatory response. Via immunofluorescence cell staining demonstrate that Hesperetin-embed P10DF10 micelles inhibited the activation of NF-κB p60 and markedly attenuated in a drug dose-dependent manner. At a concentration of 1,000 ug/ml, an inflammatory rate can be reduced to 36.9%. Based on these results, the hesperetin-embed P10DF10 micelles had successfully synthesized and enable to carry and release the anti-inflammatory drugs, which instrumental for biomedical therapy and applications.

Locomotor Improvement after Spinal Cord Injury by Multiple Injections of Bone Marrow Mononuclear Cells without Local Inflammatory Modulation

Introduction Currently, the recovery of neurological functions after spinal cord injury (SCI) still relies on the host's neural plasticity and compensatory mechanisms. Unfortunately, many of these patients are permanently paralyzed. The objective of the study was to compare the results of treatment groups with 3 and 5 applications of bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMMC) in the subarachnoid space through a lumbar puncture in a rat SCI model. Subsequently, the motor function and inflammatory rate at the site of injury were analyzed. Materials and Methods The study design was an experimental animal study of SCI, using a stem cell (SC) delivery system. The experiment was done using an animal model of thoracic SCI with aneurysm clip compression. Afterwards, these animals were treated with 3 (BMMC3) or 5 (BMMC5) applications of BMMC directly into the subarachnoid space using a lumbar puncture. The control group received saline solution (SS) that was injected at the same time and frequency (SS3 and SS5) used for BMMC delivery. The animals were sequentially evaluated for motor function using the BBB scale for the presence of BMMC in the lesion by PCR, and the local inflammatory rate through interleukin (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), which were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. Results The BMMC5 group showed significant differences in motor scores over the entire study when compared with their SS5 control group. At the end of the treatment, there was a similar motor performance when both treatment groups (CMM3 vs. BMMC5) were analyzed. In both treatment groups and their control there was no difference in the inflammatory rate. The PCR could not detect the presence of BMMC at the injury site. Conclusion Multiple administration of BMMC in the subarachnoid space through lumbar puncture improves locomotion without showing local inflammatory modification.

Risk Factors for Corneal Inflammatory and Mechanical Events with Extended Wear Silicone Hydrogel Contact Lenses

To identify risk factors for contact lens-related corneal inflammatory events and mechanical events in wearers of silicone hydrogel lenses on a 30-night extended wear (EW) schedule in India. An interventional study with 188 subjects wearing silicone hydrogel lenses bilaterally on a 30-night EW schedule. Subjects were dispensed with lenses and reviewed at scheduled visits up to 6 months of EW. Multivariate logistic regression, after adjusting for within subject correlation, was used to develop the statistical model. Occupations in non-ideal environments were found to predispose a lens wearer to inflammatory events (p = 0.003). Wearers in the non-ideal group, who had varying degrees of exposure to ocular irritants in their work environment had highest incidence of inflammatory events (19.2%). Wearers in a controlled, ideal environment had lowest levels of events (3.3%). Students occupied a position between the two groups (9.3%). Inflammatory rate was higher among wearers with increased microbial contamination of lenses (p = 0.002). Wearers with an inflammatory event had mean colony forming unit of 1.97 log compared with mean colony forming unit of 1.45 log in group with no inflammatory event. Corneal vascularization was associated with the development of inflammatory events (p = 0.001) with 50% of wearers with vascularization experiencing events compared with 7.6% of subjects with no vascularization. Reduced lens movement was associated with inflammatory events with subjects more likely to develop inflammatory events compared with those wearers with optimal lens movement (p = 0.027). A multitude of factors, including environmental influences, lens contamination, ocular characteristics, and lens fit, contributes to the development of inflammatory events, information that is of clinical relevance to practitioners worldwide. Occupational environment was also a contributory factor, confirming that a duty of clinicians is to ascertain the nature of the work environment of lens wearers (and potential wearers) and to balance the needs of the wearer with the potential risks.

The Role of Natural Medicines on Wound Healing: A Biomechanical, Histological, Biochemical and Molecular Study.

Traditional medicinal systems like Ayurveda and Indian folk medicine have used Honey, Ghee, Glycyrrhiza glabra, and Nerium indicum effectively for treating wounds. The known result of these medications is faster healing. However, the mechanism of actions at the tissue level, the biochemical and molecular mechanisms of healing is not well explored and documented. This present study was therefore designed to study the efficacy of these traditional medicines singly and in combinations on excision wounds in Wistar rats. At two different intervals (i.e., day 8 and day 16), biomechanical, histological and immunohistochemical (IHC) parameters were assessed at the wound site. IHC focused on the inflammatory rate by evaluating the level of cytokine, IL1β and the tissue remodeling by studying the activity of myofibroblasts. Rapid epithelization, better remodeling, favorable inflammatory changes and an adequate myofibroblast activity at the wound site was observed in all the treated groups compared to control. This study is therefore useful in exploring the mechanism of action of these traditional medicines and providing valuable scientific evidence.