Infiltration Of Mononuclear Inflammatory Cells Research Articles

S2970 Epigastric Pain and Scarring of the Stomach Body Leading to a Rare Diagnosis of Collagenous Gastritis in an Adult

INTRODUCTION: Collagenous gastritis (CG) is a rare disease characterized by subepithelial deposition of collagen bands and infiltration of inflammatory mononuclear cells in the lamina propria. Since 1989, there have been approximately 100 reported cases, limiting understanding of disease management. We discuss a 55-year-old female in the hopes of providing more information regarding CG. CASE DESCRIPTION/METHODS: A 55-year-old Caucasian female with a history of hypothyroidism presented with a 6-month history of diarrhea, epigastric pain, and loss of appetite. The patient stated stools were up to 5 times a day; epigastric pain was described as a burning sensation. She was on a short course of antibiotics for an upper respiratory tract infection 2 months prior. C. difficile, stool culture, and stool white blood cell were collected and were negative. Bloodwork was obtained including CBC, CMP, lipids, TSH, vitamin D, and HbA1c and were within normal limits. The patient was referred to gastroenterology. Abdominal ultrasound was performed and noted no sonographic abnormality of the abdomen. EGD showed localized continuous petechiae of the antral mucosa; abnormal vascularity, as well as petechiae and scarring of the mucosa of the stomach body (Figure 1). Colonoscopy demonstrated moderate diverticulosis of the left side of the colon (Figure 2). Biopsies were performed of the duodenum, stomach body, rectal polyp, and colon. Immunohistochemical stain was negative for H. pylori. Biopsies of the colon and rectal polyp confirmed collagenous colitis. Gastric biopsy demonstrated impressive full thickness lamina propria dense fibrosis, mixed chronic inflammation, complete gland atrophy, metaplastic mucous glands, epithelial injury, necroinflammatory luminal debris, and intraepithelial neutrophils. Trichrome stain was performed that highlighted marked collagen deposition, confirming our diagnosis of collagenous gastritis. HHV8 immunohistochemical stain of gastric biopsy was completed, to exclude Kaposi sarcoma, and was negative. The patient was successfully initiated on 1 gram of sucralfate four times a day. DISCUSSION: CG is a rare disease, previous case reports have enabled physicians to characterize biopsy findings and we aim to add to that pool. No trials have been conducted with regards to treatment, therefore we hope our patient’s may be useful for physicians researching treatment strategies for both current and future patients.Figure 1.: Stomach Body Scarring and Petechiae.Figure 2.: Descending Colon Diverticulosis.

Epidemiological and Histopathological Investigation of Sarcoptic Mange in Camels in Egypt.

Simple SummarySarcoptic mange is an important zoonotic parasite affecting camel production. Mange zoonosis in camels is complicated by scarcity of available data. One of the main strategies for disease control is early detection of the parasite combined with prevention/control of the major risk factors associated with the infection. The present study focused on the prevalence of sarcoptic mange in camels from Egypt together with a histopathological examination of the parasite and association of the major risk factors, to describe the epidemiological pattern of the disease. Our data demonstrate that 47.6% of the camels harbored sarcoptic mange infections. In addition, the animals exhibited obvious clinical signs of mange and numerous histopathological findings that are consistent with sarcoptic mange. The camel’s age, gender and sampling season were found to be the most significant risk factors associated with the disease. Taken together, our epidemiological and histopathological data are consistent with sarcoptic mange being widespread among camels in the studied area. Our study suggests further research is needed for management of this zoonotic disease in Egypt.Mange has been considered one of the most common parasitic infestations among camels. It adversely impacts animal productivity and poses a risk to human health. Given the scarcity of available data about mange in camels, the current study focused on the prevalence of camel mange and its associated risk factors in Aswan Governorate, Egypt. Towards this end, a general visual inspection was conducted on camels (N = 210) in different markets and slaughterhouses in Aswan Governorate. Skin scrapings from suspect infected camels were also examined microscopically. Importantly, these findings were further checked and confirmed by histopathology on samples from suspected cases collected post-slaughter in abattoirs. The possible risk-associated factors, which include the camel’s age, sex and sampling season, were recorded and statistically analyzed. Interestingly, the data showed that a total of 100 camels (47.6%) were found exclusively infested by sarcoptic mange. Furthermore, the predominant histopathological changes included burrowing tunnel of mites in the skin, hyperkeratosis and acanthosisconsis of the epidermis, while the dermis showed hemorrhage, mononuclear inflammatory cell infiltration around the blood vessels and perifolliculitis. These major histopathological findings are consistent with sarcoptic mange. Furthermore, the statistical analysis of the possible associated risk factors, camel’s age (p = 0.006), gender (p = 0.032) and sampling season (p = 0.004), were all found to be significantly affected and related to the disease. In this regard, camels ≥2 years old were found at higher risk of infection (odds ratio (OR) = 2.75; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.345 to 5.604) versus younger animals (OR = 0.36; 95 CI, 0.1784 to 0.743). Females had higher odds of exposure (OR = 2.02; 95% CI, 1.096 to 3.708) compared to males (OR = 0.50; 95% CI, 0.269 to 0.912). Moreover, the exposure to infection was reported higher in winter (OR = 2.30; 95% CI, 1.297 to 4.098) than in summer (OR = 0.43; 95% CI, 0.244 to 0.771). Collectively, our data provide novel epidemiological and histopathological support for sarcoptic mange being widespread among camels in the studied area. Sarcoptic mange is extremely contagious and zoonotic. Therefore, our baseline investigation indicates an urgent need for additional multicenter-studies to investigate the occurrence of this disease in camels and humans combined with the appropriate control measures of camel importation for combating this disease.

Histopathologic and Autopsy Findings in Patients Diagnosed With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): What We Know So Far Based on Correlation With Clinical, Morphologic and Pathobiological Aspects.

In response to the current outbreak of Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19), a fast body of literature emerged providing insights into the clinical and radiologic aspects of the novel disease, while the pathologic manifestations on tissue are yet to be sufficiently characterized mainly due to paucity of autopsy and biopsy of these cases. It is essential for both the clinicians and pathologists to maintain up-to-date knowledge of this continuously evolving topic in the midst of the current pandemic. Besides, understanding the impact of any disease in tissue pathology is crucial for better analysis of the pathogenesis and speculation of potential therapeutic targets. This review aimed to highlight the potential implication of COVID-19 in the pathology of various organ systems. We discuss the pathologic findings of the lungs, gastrointestinal tract, liver, brain, kidneys, heart, and the reproductive and immune systems that are associated with COVID-19. It seems that the respiratory, immune, and the digestive systems are the major targets of the disease. Mild mononuclear inflammatory cell infiltration is the most frequent histologic finding in general. Besides organ-specific changes, microthrombi, especially noticed in lungs, kidneys, and prostates, are the most significant observation microscopically. In addition, the possible mechanisms of organ injury were also reviewed.

Re-emergence of bluetongue virus serotype 4 in Iberian ibex (Capra pyrenaica) and sympatric livestock in Spain, 2018-2019.

Between early October and mid-December 2018, mortalities were detected in Iberian ibex (Capra pyrenaica) populations in southern Spain. In the same region and period, bluetongue virus (BTV) circulation was also reported in sentinel and clinically affected domestic ruminant herds. Molecular analyses confirmed BTV serotype 4 (BTV-4) infection in eight Iberian ibexes from six hunting areas, and in 46 domestic ruminants from seven herds in close proximity to affected hunting estates. Histopathological analyses revealed vascular changes in several organs, pneumonia, lymphoid depletion, inflammatory mononuclear cell infiltrate and fibrosis as the most frequently observed lesions in the affected Iberian ibexes. Epidemiological and laboratory results indicate that BTV-4 was the main aetiological agent involved in outbreaks detected in Iberian ibex populations during the study period. Sequence analyses indicated that the BTV-4 strain detected in Iberian ibex had high homology (99.4%-100%) with strains isolated in livestock during the same period, and with previous isolates (≥98.9%) from Spain and Mediterranean Basin countries. Further studies are warranted to determine the impact of BTV-4 on the health status of Iberian ibex populations after the outbreaks. The inclusion of this species in the surveillance programme may be useful for early detection of BTV, especially in epidemiological scenarios at the wildlife-livestock interface.

Prevalence and Histopathological Effects of Fascioliasis in Cattle Slaughtered in Ikot Eneobong Abattoir, Calabar, Nigeria

Aims: Studies were carried out to determine the prevalence, intensity, economic loss and histopathological effects of fascioliasis in cattle slaughtered in Ikot Eneobong abattoir, Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria.
 Study Design: The study involved Post-Mortem examination of 384 liver samples from slaughtered cattle.
 Place and Duration of Study: Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, University of Calabar, Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria, between April – July, 2015.
 Methodology: A total of384 liver samples were examined for individuals of Fasciola gigantica by making length-wise incision on the ventral side of the liver. Recovered flukes were counted and grouped into different levels of intensity. Infected livers recovered were subjected to histopathological analysis using haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining technique. The economic loss due to the infection was determined based on the current market price per kg weight of cattle liver.
 Results: Out of the 384 livers examined, 64 (16.67%) were found positive for fascioliasis. The month of July had the highest prevalence of infected livers (25.64%) while the month of April which had the lowest prevalence of infected livers (11.02%) (P=.05). Out of the 64 diseased livers, 58 (90.6%) had light worm load, 5 (7.8%) had moderate worm load and 1 (1.6%) had heavy worm load with numbers significantly higher in July compared with April, May and June (P=.05). In the four months study period, 320kg of livers from 64 cattle valued at ₦256,000 were lost due to infection. Histological examination of infected livers revealed necrosis, fibrosis, degenerated hepatocytes, proliferation of the bile ductules and marked infiltration of mononuclear inflammatory cells.
 Conclusion: This study has established the prevalence, economic loss and histopathological consequences of fascioliasis in Ikot Eneobong abattoir. As such it is important that the routine examination of slaughtered ruminants be conducted prior to their presentation for public consumption.

Diabetic amyotrophy (Bruns-Garland syndrome)

Garland and Taverner first fully described diabetic amyotrophy as a clinical entity in 1950. Its distinctive features were a painful, markedly asymmetrical proximal weakness and wasting of the thighs and legs often with diminished or absent tendon reflexes. Motor signs dominated the picture, but autonomic and sensory nerves could be involved. Characteristically it occurred in poorly controlled diabetics in whom substantial if not always complete recovery was generally observed. A lumbosacral plexus neuropathy, associated with microvasculitis with secondary inflammatory perivascular mononuclear cell infiltrates is the underlying pathology.

Mesenchymal Stem cells Ameliorate Diabetic Renocortical Changes In A Rat Model: Histological, Morphometrical And Biochemical Study

Background:Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is the most leading complication of renal disease. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) therapy holds an excellent promise in the repair of injured tissues and organs. However, the precise effects of MSCs on renal cellular injury remain unclear. Objective:This work was designed to evaluate the possible reno-therapeutic role of MSCs in experimental streptozotocin (STZ)-induced DN in adult female albino rat model.Materials & Methods: Adult female albino rats were divided into three groups: Group I (control), Group II (diabetic group) and Group III (diabetic/MSCs treated group) where 1X〖10〗^6 iron oxide-labeled MSCs was infused once in rat tail vein. Blood glucose levels and biochemical parameters of the kidney function such as serum creatinine (Cr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and uric acid were estimated. After 8 weeks, kidney specimens were processed for light and electron microscopic studies. Morphometric measurements and statistical analyses were done.Results: STZ injection caused destructive glomerular, proximal (PCT) and distal (DCT) convoluted tubular changes within the renal tissue in the form of sloughed epithelium, vacuolated cytoplasm, pyknotic nuclei, congested blood vessels and mononuclear inflammatory cells infiltration that was supported by a significant increase in plasma concentrations of Cr, BUN and uric acid levels coupled to a significant elevation of Periodic-Acid-Schiff (PAS) reaction and increase in area percentage of collagen fibers. The ultrastructural assessment confirmed these distortions. In contrast, MSCs significantly corrected hyperglycemia and renal biochemical parameters with critical improvement in renal histopathological changes depicted previously.Conclusion: MSC-based therapies may play a substantial therapeutic role in DN.

The Impact of Type II Diabetes on Tongue Dysplasia and p16-Related Aging Process: An Experimental Study.

Objective To evaluate the effect of streptozotocin-induced experimental diabetes mellitus on p16, p53, Ki67, and Bcl2 expressions and histopathological changes in the tongue of the rats. Material and Methods Twenty-two adult female Sprague-Dawley rats were used. The rats were randomly divided into 2 groups (n = 14) as control (C) (n = 8) and diabetic (DM) (n = 6). The rats in the DM group were given streptozotocin as a single intraperitoneal dose for induction of diabetes. Histopathological and immunohistochemical evaluations of formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissue sections of the tongue were used. Results Significant differences were observed between the DM group and the control group in terms of epithelial thickness, length of filiform papillae, and width of filiform papillae (p = 0.005, p = 0.001, and p = 0.006, respectively). There was no significant difference between the groups in terms of mononuclear inflammatory cell infiltration, capillary proliferation, and dysplasia (p = 0.204, p = 0.244, and p = 0.204, respectively). As a result of immunohistochemical studies, no significant difference was found between the groups in terms of p53, Ki67, and Bcl-2 expressions (p = 0.588, p = 0.662, and p = 0.686, respectively). A significant difference was found between the groups when p16 expression was evaluated (p = 0.006). Conclusions In our study, streptozotocin-induced experimental diabetes mellitus induced p16 expression but did not show any difference in p53, Bcl-2, and Ki67 levels. It should be considered in the studies that the pathological changes at the early stages of the relationship between DM and oral cancer may be related to p16 expression; however, it may also be linked with p16-related aging process.

Efficacy, toxicity study and antioxidant properties of plantaricin E and F recombinants against enteropathogenic Escherichia coli K1.1 (EPEC K1.1).

Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) is one of the resistance bacteria towards antibiotics and have been raising problem during treatments. Therefore, a new antibiotic candidate is required. Plantaricin E and F recombinant have been successfully produced by a GRAS host Lactococcus lactis. This study was aimed to evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of plantaricin E and F recombinant against EPEC K1.1 infection by in vivo assay. The production of plantaricin E and F recombinants from Lactococcus lactis was conducted and encapsulated. The in vivo study was carried out by inoculating the mice perorally with EPEC K1.1 for 7days then treated with 100, 250, and 500mg/kg body weight/day of recombinant plantaricin E and F for another 7days. The toxicity assay were observed in ddY mice using various concentrations of treatment (50, 100, 1000, and 5000mg/kg/body weight) doses perorally for 48h. The result showed that the plantaricin E and F recombinant were successfully produced in Lactococcus lactis expression host with 3.7kDa and 3.8kDa in size. The efficacy study revealed the optimal doses of plantaricin E and F recombinant against EPEC K1.1 infection was 250mg/kgBW for plantaricin E and 500mg/kgBW for plantaricin F. The plantarisin E and F recombinant treatment showed improvement in leukocyte, hematocrit, and hemoglobin levels as well in decreasing malondialdehyde (MDA) level. Observation of the intestine histopathology showed small amounts of mononuclear inflammatory cell infiltration than the other groups of treatment. The acute toxicity assay showed that there was no mortality observed during the assay, even after 5000mg/kg body weight of plantarisin E and F recombinant treatment (LD50 > 5000mg/KgBW). The hematological and biochemical observations showed normal levels in leukocytes, erythrocytes, hematocrit, hemoglobin, platelets, urea, creatinine, and alanine transaminase aspartate transaminase (SGOT and SGPT) while histopathological observation shows a picture of normal liver and kidney cells. This study confirmed the application of bacteriocin for further academic and industrial purposes as a non-toxic substance for food preservative and antibiotic candidate.

2686 Collagenous Gastritis: A Rare Entity

INTRODUCTION: Collagenous gastritis is a rare entity characterized by subepithelial deposition of collagen bands thicker than 10 μm and the infiltration of inflammatory mononuclear cells in the lamnia propia. While collagenous colitis has become more common in clinical practice, collagenous gastritis is rare. These two entities generally present differently. Collagenous colitis presents more commonly with diarrhea, while collagenous gastritis presents more commonly with abdominal pain. Since the disease was reported in 1989, only 60 cases have been documented in English literature. We present a case of collagenous gastritis in a pediatric patient. CASE DESCRIPTION/METHODS: A 17-year-old male patient presents to our office with a three month history of epigastric pain with no changes in bowel habits. He denies any previous past medical or surgical history. He immigrated to the United States from China. Physical examination was unremarkable aside from mild epigastric tenderness. A CMP, CBC and celiac serologies were unremarkable. Upper endoscopy was performed which revealed moderate erythematous mucosa in the gastric antrum (Figures 1 and 2). Biopsies of the antrum yielded mild chronic gastritis with sub-epithelial collagenous gastritis in the antrum (Figure 3). Helicobacter Pylori was negative. Patient symptoms gradually responded to a proton pump inhibitor. DISCUSSION: Collagenous gastritis is a rare condition with limited data in the literature. Most patients are young, abdominal pain and anemia occur secondary to stomach-specific infiltration. The etiology is mostly unknown and hypothesized. The endoscopic findings that are commonly reported include nodular changes in the mucosa, due to chronic inflammatory infiltration, mucosal atrophy and deposition of bands of collagen. Compared with the diffuse and continuous deposition seen in collagenous colitis, the changes in collagenous gastritis are heterogenous. Collagenous gastritis as a rare entity should be in the differential in younger patients who present with epigastric pain.

Plasmacytoid dendritic cells in keratoacanthoma and squamous cell carcinoma: A blinded study of CD123 as a diagnostic marker.

Histopathologic distinction between keratoacanthoma (KA) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is challenging. We surmised that a discriminatory immunostain would be clinically meaningful. Previous investigators have found CD123-positive plasmacytoid dendritic cells (PDCs) are more prominent in KA than SCC. We sought to determine if CD123 immunostaining might have value as a diagnostic test for distinguishing KA from SCC. We used blinded, semi-automated image analysis to compare CD123 expression in 66 KAs and 63 SCCs in a tissue microarray. PDCs were present in both KA and SCC. Mean PDC frequency was higher in KA than SCC (14.2 vs 11.2 mean cells/0.0945 square mm) but the difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.1240). There was no significant difference in mean PDC cluster frequency, mean intratumoral PDC frequency, or the percentage of PDCs as proportion of the total mononuclear inflammatory cell infiltrate between KA and SCC. CD123 immunostaining is not a clinically useful test for distinguishing KA from SCC.

P213 The association between mononuclear inflammatory cells infiltration and histopathologic changes of acute renal allograft rejection; a local experience and review of literatures

P213 The association between mononuclear inflammatory cells infiltration and histopathologic changes of acute renal allograft rejection; a local experience and review of literatures

Kidney osteoclast factors and matrix metalloproteinase expression in a mice model of diet-induced obesity and diabetes

The role of RANKL/RANK/OPG system on bone remodeling is well known, and there is evidence that it is also important to cardiovascular and kidney pathology, although the underlying mechanisms are not elucidated so far. Thus, we investigated in a mice model of diet-induced obesity and diabetes if renal histopathological changes are associated with the expression of RANKL/RANK/OPG system and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Three months old C57BL/6 mice were fed with control (C) AIN93 M diet or high-fat high sucrose (HFHS) diets for 21 weeks (CEUA/UFF #647/15). The two groups presented weight gain, but it was higher in the HFHS group compared to the C group (+35%, P = 0.0001). The HFHS group also had increased epididymal, inguinal and retroperitoneal fat pad weight (+121%, P = 0.0006; +287%, P = 0.0007 and; +286%, P < 0.0001, respectively), and hyperglycemia (+43%, P = 0.02). The kidney of some HFHS fed mice displayed mononuclear inflammatory cell infiltrate (40%), perivascular fibrosis (20%), and focal tubule mineralization (20%). Glomeruli hypertrophy was not detected. Unexpectedly, OPG, RANK, MMP-2, and MMP-9 expression was not altered in HFHS groups (Western blot analysis). In conclusion, the expression of RANKL/RANK/OPG system proteins and MMPs was not influenced by diet-induced obesity and diabetes in the kidney of male C57BL/6 mice, although some adverse histopathological remodeling is noticed in the renal tissue.

CD39 downregulation in chronic intervillositis of unknown etiology

Chronic intervillositis of unknown etiology (CIUE) is a rare placental lesion associated with infiltration of mononuclear inflammatory cells into the intervillous space, poor perinatal outcomes (intrauterine fetal demise or fetal growth restriction), and high rates of recurrence. CD39 is the ectonucleotidase that protects tissues from inflammatory stress and cell injury, which is localized on the surface of villi in normal placentas; however, its expression and role in CIUE are unknown. The aims of this retrospective study were to determine the expression of CD39 in CIUE and its significance in pregnancy outcomes. We compared the number of CD68- and CD3-positive cells, CD39 expression, and complement 4d (C4d) and fibrin deposition in placental tissues from patients with CIUE (n = 22) and gestational age-matched controls (n = 20), and between CIUE pregnancies with poor and good outcomes. The numbers of CD68- or CD3-positive cells were significantly higher (P < 0.0001), whereas CD39 expression on the surface of villi and endothelial cells of the stem villi was significantly lower in the CIUE group than that in controls (45% vs. 95%, P < 0.0001 and 77% vs. 96%, P < 0.001, respectively). C4d and fibrin deposition were also significantly increased in CIUE compared with those of controls. Furthermore, CD39 downregulation and the number of CD68 cells were strongly associated with poor pregnancy outcomes (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05, respectively), but other histological parameters (CD3, C4d, and fibrin) did not show this association. Our study suggests that CD39 downregulation is a useful marker of CIUE and is associated with poor pregnancy outcomes in patients with CIUE.

Gal-3 Deficiency Suppresses Novosphyngobium aromaticivorans Inflammasome Activation and IL-17 Driven Autoimmune Cholangitis in Mice.

Gal-3 has the role in multiple inflammatory pathways. Multiple-hit etiology of primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) and evolving immune response at various stages of the disease includes involvement of Gal-3 in PBC pathogenesis. In this study we aimed to clarify the role of Gal-3 in Novosphingobium aromaticivorans (N. aromaticivorans) induced biliary disease. Autoimmune cholangitis was induced in mice by two intra-peritoneal injections of N. aromaticivorans within 2 weeks. The role of Gal-3 was evaluated by using Lgals3−/− mice and mice treated with Gal-3 inhibitor. The histological and serological parameters of disease, phenotype of dendritic, NK, NKT, and T cells and inflammasome expression were evaluated. Marked attenuation of the disease in Lgals3−/− and Gal-3 inhibitor, DAVANAT®, treated mice is manifested by the absence of bile duct damage, granulomas and fibrosis. Liver infiltrates of N. aromaticivorans infected wild type mice had higher incidence of pro-inflammatory macrophages, dendritic cells, NK, NKT, and T cells. Lgals3 deletion and treatment with Gal-3 inhibitor reduced inflammatory mononuclear cell infiltrate, expression of NLRP3 inflammasome in the liver infiltrates and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) production in the livers of N. aromaticivorans infected mice. In vitro stimulation of wild type peritoneal macrophages with N. aromaticivorans caused increased NLRP3 expression, caspase-1 activity and IL-1β production compared with Lgals3−/− cells. Our data highlight the importance of Gal-3 in promotion of inflammation in N. aromaticivorans induced PBC by enhancing the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome and production of IL-1β and indicate Gal-3 as possible therapeutical target in autoimmune cholangitis. Galectin-3 appears involved in inflammatory response to gut commensal leading to PBC.

Prevalence and pathological features of ovine lungworm infection in slaughtered animals in Nangarhar Province of Afghanistan

Lungworms are considered one of the main causes of respiratory disorder in sheep worldwide that causes huge economic losses for the sheep industries. A cross-sectional study was carried out from March 2016 to April 2017 to characterize the pathological features and estimate the prevalence of lungworm infection in slaughtered sheep in Nangarhar Province of Afghanistan. Multiple emphysematic areas, white and consolidated spots and different sizes of nodules, and white–creamy worms in frothy material within the trachea and bronchi were observed grossly in affected lungs. In histopathological examination, bronchioles’ lumen epithelial separation, mononuclear inflammatory cell infiltration, lymphoid cell hyperplasia, diffuse bronchitis, and interstitial pneumonia were found. In the presence of eosinophilic cell infiltrations, trapped adults and different developmental stages of parasites were also observed in infected lung tissue. The prevalence of lungworm infestation was 21.83% (110/504), and it was statistically different (p < 0.05) based on the age and sex of animals and seasons of sampling. The odds ratio of a sheep being infected with lungworm during summer was very less (OR, 0.199; 95%CI 0.07, 0.577; p < 0.05); it was almost three times more in autumn (95%CI 1.51, 5.71; p < 0.05) and five times more in winter (95%CI 2.50, 9.49; p < 0.05) than a sheep in spring, controlling for other variables in the model. It is concluded that lungworms are prevalent in sheep populations in the study area, and it is highly recommended to do further research to identify the lungworm species, and wide deworming campaign should be performed on small ruminant population in the area.

Parasitic pneumonia caused by Paragonimus spp. in a wild Royal Bengal Tiger, Mysuru, South India.

Parasitic pneumonia induced by genus Paragonimus involves many species, which affects both humans and animals and it is a food borne zoonotic disease. In this report, we have described the gross and histopathological findings of Paragonimus fluke infection in lungs of tiger. The postmortem examination of sub adult male wild tiger (Panthera tigris tigris) died in captivity was conducted, earlier which was rescued by Forest Department, Mysuru, Karnataka, India. External examination of carcass revealed pale oral and conjunctival mucous membranes with sunken eye balls. During necropsy, moderate congestion, consolidation and numerous transparent to dark encysted lesions were found in the parenchyma of all lobes of lungs visible grossly on pleural surface. Lungs were hemorrhagic with necrotic foci around the cysts. The incision of encysted lesions revealed the presence of flukes (2-3 in numbers) in each cyst with brownish exudate. The lung tissues with lesions were collected in 10% formalin and haematoxylin and eosin staining was done for histopathological evaluation. The flukes were identified as Paragonimus spp. based on the morphology and micrometry. The histopathological examination revealed presence of longitudinal sections of flukes in bronchial lumen (in pair) with tegument and tegumental spines surrounded by connective tissue capsule as cystic encapsulation and numerous eggs in adjacent lung parenchyma. Necrosis and moderate fibrosis of lung parenchyma with infiltration of polymorphonuclear and mononuclear inflammatory cells were observed around fluke as well as eggs. The squamous cell metaplasia of lining bronchial epithelium and atelectasis of alveoli were also prominently seen.

Pathology and metagenomics based diagnosis of tuberculosis in Bikaneri Camel (Camelus dromedarius)

Three Bikaneri camels with chronic illness and weak body condition were received for post mortem examination in the Department of Veterinary Pathology from Border Security Force, Barmer, Rajasthan, India. Gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) and Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in all camels were increased. Gross necropsy findings were diffuse hemorrhagic tracheitis, mild to moderate pleuritis, granulomatous pneumonia and granulomatous lymphadenitis in mediastinal lymph nodes. White to gray, firm, multilobulated, multifocally mineralized, granulomatous mass were found on right and left lobes of lung parenchyma. Mediastinal lymph nodes revealed mild to severe enlargement with multifocal mineralization and fi rm granulomatous mass. Histopathologically, infiltration of mononuclear inflammatory cells and RBCs were found in trachea and larynx. Lungs and mediastinal lymph nodes showed typical granulomatous inflammation. Pink coloured acid-fast bacilli arranged in clumps/bunch were found in lung tissue section stained by Ziehl-Neelsen staining. Further, 16S rRNA amplicons sequencing was used for molecular characterization of different Mycobacterium spp.

New Case of Anti-Synthetase Syndrome Associated with Cirrhosis Post HVB

The anti-synthetase syndrome is represented by the association of in-flammatory myopathy (polymyositis/dermatomyositis), interstitial pneu-monitis, Raynaud’s syndrome, inflammatory polyarthritis, and characteristic skin abnormalities. We found also a clinical aspects of Mechanic’s hand with high level of anti-synthetases. We report the case of a 66-year-old patient with polyar- thralgias of large and small inflammatory joints, myositis, Raynaud’s phenomenon, and cutaneous involvement of the hands and feet, with fissure hyperkeratosis feet and an appearance of mechanic’s hands. The patient had an inflammatory syndrome, elevated muscle enzymes, positivity of anti-Jo1 antibodies, PID at chest CT and the presence of inflammatory mononuclear cell infiltrates at muscle biopsy. The evolution under immunosuppressive treatment combining corticosteroids and methotrexate was marked by an oedemato-ascitic decompensation of a post-HVB cirrhosis unknown.

Viral RNA load and histological changes in tissues following experimental infection with an arterivirus of possums (wobbly possum disease virus)

Tissues from Australian brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) that had been experimentally infected with wobbly possum disease (WPD) virus (WPDV) were examined to elucidate pathogenesis of WPDV infection. Mononuclear inflammatory cell infiltrates were present in livers, kidneys, salivary glands and brains of WPD-affected possums. Specific staining was detected by immunohistochemistry within macrophages in the livers and kidneys, and undefined cell types in the brains. The highest viral RNA load was found in macrophage-rich tissues. The detection of viral RNA in the salivary gland, serum, kidney, bladder and urine is compatible with transmission via close physical contact during encounters such as fighting or grooming, or by contact with an environment that has been contaminated with saliva or urine. Levels of viral RNA remained high in all tissues tested throughout the study, suggesting that on-going virus replication and evasion of the immune responses may be important in the pathogenesis of disease.