Inflammatory Dendritic Cell Research Articles

EBV-positive inflammatory follicular dendritic cell sarcoma, an entity by many names.

EBV-positive inflammatory follicular dendritic cell sarcoma, an entity by many names.

Uncommon granulomatous manifestation in Epstein-Barr virus-positive follicular dendritic cell sarcoma: a case report.

Hepatic Epstein-Barr virus-positive inflammatory follicular dendritic cell sarcoma (EBV+ IFDCS) represents a rare form of liver malignancy. The absence of distinct clinical and radiological characteristics, compounded by its rare occurrence, contributes to a challenging diagnosis. Here, we report a case of a 54-year-old Chinese female with a background of chronic hepatitis B virus treated with entecavir and complicated by advanced fibrosis presenting with a liver mass found on her annual surveillance ultrasound. Hepatectomy was performed under clinical suspicion of hepatocellular carcinoma. Immunomorphologic characteristics of the tumor were consistent with EBV+ IFDCS with distinct non-caseating granulomatous inflammation. Our case illustrates the importance of considering EBV+ IFDCS in the differential diagnosis of hepatic inflammatory lesions. Awareness of this entity and its characteristic features is essential for accurately diagnosing and managing this rare neoplasm.

Clinicopathological and molecular genetic insights into EBV-positive inflammatory follicular dendritic cell sarcoma

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-positive inflammatory follicular dendritic cell (FDC) sarcoma (EBV + IFDCS) is a rare entity, and its histopathological characteristics have not been fully described. This study aimed to investigate the clinical characteristics, pathological features, and molecular genetic profiles of EBV + IFDCS to improve our understanding of these lesions. A total of 12 EBV + IFDCS specimens were obtained from patients in our pathology diagnostic center. The clinical data, morphology, immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization, and high-throughput DNA-targeted sequencing data were collected, and follow-up data were analyzed. These data were compared with those of 6 patients with traditional FDCS. The patients with EBV + IFDCS ranged from 21 to 84 years old, with a mean age of 52.3 years and a male-to-female ratio of 1:5. At the last follow-up, all patients were alive, with 2 experiencing recurrence and metastasis. In these cases, four were classified as the classical subtype, four as the angiomatoid/sclerosing subtype, and four as the lymphoma-like subtype, with two cases also exhibiting epithelioid granulomas. All patients exhibited heterogeneous expression of follicular dendritic cell markers (CD21, CD23, CD35, and CXCL13) alongside the fibroblast marker SMA, with significantly higher expressions of IgG4, EBER, and SMA in EBV + IFDCS patients compared to FDCS patients (P < 0.05). Conversely, SSTR2, EGFR, and STAT3 expression were significantly lower in the EBV + IFDCS group (P < 0.05). The average value of EBER was significantly higher in the classical subtype group (P = 0.022). Among the four cases of EBV + IFDCS analyzed for molecular genetic features, one patient exhibited germline mutations in the CDKN1C, PDGFRA, MSH2, FANCG, MLH1, ALK, and RUNX1 genes; three exhibited simultaneous SNP variations in the MTHFR gene; and two exhibited simultaneous SNP variations in the NQO1 gene. We conducted KEGG pathway analysis on the mutant genes, revealing significant enrichment in the cAMP signaling pathway, which plays a crucial role in tumor development. Survival analysis demonstrated that the median PFS rates were not reached (NR) for EBV + IFDCS patients, compared to 5 months (HR = 7.76) for FDCS patients. The 3-year PFS rates were 66.67% and 16.67%, respectively. Compared with the FDCS group, EBV + IFDCS patients had a significantly longer median PFS time (p < 0.05). In conclusion, EBV + IFDCS represents a group of tumors with unique clinical, morphological, immunological, prognostic, and molecular cytogenetic characteristics.

Sishen pills inhibit inflammatory dendritic cell differentiation via miR-505–3p mediated E-cadherin downregulation in ulcerative colitis

BackgroundUlcerative colitis (UC) is an autoimmune disease that is highly susceptible to recurrence, which is still a lack of effective drugs with minor side effects in clinic. Intervention of inflammatory differentiation of dendritic cells (DCs) might be an effective strategy to treat UC. Sishen Pills (SSP) is a classic Chinese herbal formula which has been demonstrated the protective effect of UC, but the mechanism remains unclear. PurposeTo elucidate the protective effects of SSP against UC in mice and reveal its regulatory mechanism of DCs and the key active ingredients for the UC treatment based on transcriptomics, network pharmacology and experiments validation in vivo and vitro. MethodThe key active ingredients of SSP were detected and screened integrating LC-MS/MS and network pharmacology. A mouse UC model was induced with 3% sodium dextran sulfate and treated with SSP for 14 days to evaluate the efficacy. ELISA was used to detect the levels of IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α in the colon; flow cytometry was used to detect the expression levels of DCs and their subpopulations; whole transcriptomic sequencing of differential RNAs in the colon and RT-PCR to detect key miRNAs to verify the sequencing results. Mouse bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) were isolated, an inflammatory model was constructed using 100 ng/ml LPS, and the effects of SSP on DC proliferation and apoptosis and their surface co-stimulatory molecule expression were examined; IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α levels were measured by ELISA; RT-PCR and WB were performed to detect miR-505–3p, CDH1, E-cadherin expression. BMDCs with low expression of miR-505–3p were constructed by lentiviral transfection for further validation. The potential key ingredient was re-validated in vivo and vitro experiment. ResultsAnimal experiments showed that SSP alleviated DSS-induced UC symptoms and colonic pathological injury in mice, and inhibited IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α secretion and inflammatory DC proliferation and activation maturation. Network pharmacology predicted that evodiamine, isobavachalcone, curcumin, and engenol may play a key role in SSP. RNA sequencing revealed that miR-505–3p, as the differential miRNA, shared a large number of transcription factors with E-cadherin, and was involved in inflammatory differentiation regulation. In vivo experiments confirmed that SSP accelerated apoptosis, slowed down proliferation, inhibited inflammatory differentiation and IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α secretion in BMDCs, and decreased miR-505–3p, CDH1, and E-cadherin levels. After knocking down miR-505–3p, SSP could not regulate the inflammatory differentiation and IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α level in BMDCs. Additionally, evodiamine was found and verified to be the key active ingredient of SSP in preventing the inflammatory differatiation of DCs. ConclusionSSP prevented the inflammatory differentiation of DCs by downregulating the expression of miR-505–3p, in which Evodiamine may played a key role.

Epstein-Barr virus-positive inflammatory follicular dendritic cell sarcoma with significant granuloma: case report and literature review

BackgroundEpstein-Barr virus-positive inflammatory follicular dendritic cell sarcoma (EBV+IFDCS) is a rare disease characterized by mild clinical symptoms and non-specific imaging findings. The diagnosis of the disease depends on pathological diagnosis. However, EBV+IFDCS has a very broad spectrum of histological morphology and immune phenotypes, and its histopathological features have not been fully described by pathologists.Case presentationA 59-year-old female, with no significant discomfort, was found to have a splenic mass during a routine physical examination. Microscopic examination at low magnification revealed numerous epithelioid granulomas, amidst which a substantial inflammatory response was observed. Interspersed among the dense inflammatory cells were spindle or oval-shaped cells, distributed sporadically with indistinct boundaries. Under high magnification, these spindle cells had subtle features: smooth and clear nuclear membranes, inconspicuous small nucleoli, and infrequent mitotic figures. Immunophenotypically, the spindle cells expressed CD21 and CD23, and Epstein-Barr encoding region (EBER) in situ hybridization yielded positive results. The inflammatory milieu predominantly consisted of T cells, with a minority of plasma cells expressing IgG4. The confluence of morphological and immunohistochemical findings led to the final pathological diagnosis of EBV+IFDCS in this case.ConclusionsThe presentation of EBV+IFDCS with pronounced granulomatous changes is rare. This morphological variant poses a high risk of misdiagnosis, frequently leading to confusion with other granulomatous diseases. Accurate diagnosis necessitates a comprehensive analysis, integrating immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. The case presented here is instrumental in raising awareness and understanding of EBV+IFDCS, with the goal of reducing misdiagnoses and unrecognized cases.

A Clinicopathology Review and Update of Epstein–Barr Virus-Associated Mesenchymal Tumors

The Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) is associated with various tumor types, including nasopharyngeal carcinoma and lymphoproliferative disorders. While much is known about EBV-related epithelial and lymphoid tumors, there is a paucity of knowledge concerning EBV-associated mesenchymal tumors. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of EBV-associated mesenchymal tumors, encompassing their clinical features, pathological characteristics, pathophysiology, prognostic factors, and current treatment approaches. Through an extensive literature search using the PubMed database, we were able to identify three distinct EBV-associated mesenchymal tumors: EBV-associated smooth muscle tumors, inflammatory pseudotumor-like follicular dendritic cell sarcomas, and EBV-associated osteosarcomas. Although this review extensively explored the different aspects of these mesenchymal tumors, our comprehension of the underlying pathophysiology in this context is still incomplete. Therefore, we hope that this review paper will not only serve as a valuable repository of information but also serve as a catalyst for prospective in vitro and in vivo research studies to bridge the existing knowledge gap surrounding pathophysiology, ultimately making an important contribution to shaping future therapeutic approaches.

Multi-omic profiling reveals discrepant immunogenic properties and a unique tumor microenvironment among melanoma brain metastases

Melanoma brain metastases (MBM) are clinically challenging to treat and exhibit variable responses to immune checkpoint therapies. Prior research suggests that MBM exhibit poor tumor immune responses and are enriched in oxidative phosphorylation. Here, we report results from a multi-omic analysis of a large, real-world melanoma cohort. MBM exhibited lower interferon-gamma (IFNγ) scores and T cell-inflamed scores compared to primary cutaneous melanoma (PCM) or extracranial metastases (ECM), which was independent of tumor mutational burden. Among MBM, there were fewer computationally inferred immune cell infiltrates, which correlated with lower TNF and IL12B mRNA levels. Ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA) revealed suppression of inflammatory responses and dendritic cell maturation pathways. MBM also demonstrated a higher frequency of pathogenic PTEN mutations and angiogenic signaling. Oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) was enriched in MBM and negatively correlated with NK cell and B cell-associated transcriptomic signatures. Modulating metabolic or angiogenic pathways in MBM may improve responses to immunotherapy in this difficult-to-treat patient subset.

Synchronous inflammatory pseudotumor-like follicular dendritic cell sarcoma of spleen and primary lung cancer: A diagnostic challenge in 18F-FDG PET/CT

Synchronous inflammatory pseudotumor-like follicular dendritic cell sarcoma of spleen and primary lung cancer: A diagnostic challenge in 18F-FDG PET/CT

Case Report: Identification of a novel STAT3 mutation in EBV-positive inflammatory follicular dendritic cell sarcoma

EBV-positive inflammatory follicular dendritic cell sarcoma (EBV+ IFDCS) is an uncommon disease primarily observed in Asia. It is characterized by the development of tumors believed to originate from follicular dendritic cells (FDC). The consistent association between this condition and clonal EBV infection suggests EBV’s involvement as an etiological factor. However, diagnosing EBV+ IFDCS can be challenging due to its morphological variability and diverse immunohistochemical staining patterns. The genetic characteristics of EBV+ IFDCS remain insufficiently understood. To address this knowledge gap, we present a case study of a 47-year-old male patient diagnosed with EBV+ IFDCS. We utilized a Next-generation sequencing (NGS) platform to investigate the genetic profile of the tumor cells. We identified a single pathogenic mutation (G618R) in the STAT3 gene. This finding provides valuable insights into the genetic alterations associated with EBV+ IFDCS and potentially contributes to our understanding of the disease’s pathogenesis.

Aggressive Variant of Hepatic Epstein-Barr Virus-Associated Inflammatory Pseudotumor-like Follicular Dendritic Cell Sarcoma with PD-L1 and SSTR2a Expression.

An aggressive Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated inflammatory pseudotumor-like follicular dendritic cell (IPT-like FDC) sarcoma is reported in an adult female. The patient developed multifocal recurrence and passed away 13 months after the initial surgical resection. A bright field microscopic examination of the tumor demonstrated a classical growth pattern and the diffuse expression of Programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) and somatostatin receptor 2a (SSTR2a).

Inflammatory pseudotumor-like follicular dendritic cell sarcoma with first clinical manifestation of thrombocytopenia: A case report.

Inflammatory pseudotumor-like follicular dendritic cell sarcoma (IPT-like FDCS) is often associated with Epstein-Barr (EB) virus infection. The tumor is commonly found in the spleen and liver, and it has been reported in the literature that it can be associated with paraneoplastic pemphigus, myasthenia gravis, and other diseases. A case of IPT-like FDCS with clinical features of thrombocytopenia has not been reported. A 59-year-old male patient visited our hospital in September 2020 due to bleeding gums and epistaxis. Splenic lymphoma with marked thrombocytopenia was initially diagnosed. The patient underwent pathological examination after splenectomy. Microscopic examination showed spindle-shaped or oval cells arranged in loose bundles, a large number of lymphocytes and plasma cells infiltrating the interstitium, and fibrin-like changes in the blood vessel wall. Immunohistochemical detection of tumor cells was positive for CD21, CD35, and Epstein-Barr virus in situ hybridization, and the patient was diagnosed with IPT-like FDCS. The patient underwent a splenectomy. The patient received platelet-raising therapy postoperatively. No tumor recurrence or metastasis was found during the 17-month follow-up period, and the platelet count returned to normal. IPT-like FDCS is an uncommon tumor, and its first presentation with marked thrombocytopenia is even rarer. The tumor was clinically and radiographically nonspecific. Definitive diagnosis relies on histopathological and immunohistochemical staining. IPT-like FDCS is biologically indolent and has a favorable prognosis.

Clinicopathological diagnosis of hepatic inflammatory pseudotumor-like follicular dendritic cell sarcoma in needle biopsy specimens

目的： 探讨肝脏炎性假瘤样滤泡树突状细胞肉瘤（inflammatory pseudotumor like follicular dendritic cell sarcoma，IPT-like FDCS）的临床病理特征、穿刺活检标本病理诊断、鉴别诊断及预后。 方法： 回顾性分析2例肝脏IPT-like FDCS穿刺活检及术后病理，分析其临床病理特征，并复习相关文献。 结果： 男性1例，女性1例，发病年龄分别为38和40岁，2例肿瘤均位于肝脏（其中1例发现时已出现纵隔转移）。肿瘤影像学及肉眼均为境界较清楚的肿块，穿刺活检及术后病理在低倍镜下均可见：较明显的炎症背景（淋巴细胞、浆细胞及嗜酸粒细胞）中弥散分布的滤泡树突状细胞，部分呈束状及席纹状排列，高倍镜下肿瘤细胞有轻至中度异型，呈卵圆形、短梭形或梭形，可见小核仁。免疫组织化学显示肿瘤细胞CD21、CD23、CD35及D2-40阳性，原位杂交EBER阳性。1例患者随访6年，因出现腹膜后淋巴结、L1~2椎体旁及食管转移灶，术后行放、化疗，另1例随访23个月无瘤生存。 结论： 肝脏IPT-like FDCS是一种与EB病毒感染密切相关的低度恶性肿瘤，穿刺活检出现炎性假瘤样病变时要辅以免疫组织化学（滤泡树突状细胞标记）及EBER原位杂交，可帮助确诊。手术完整切除肿瘤为最佳治疗，术后应密切随访，复发或转移后可辅助放化疗。.

Polyelectrolyte Coating of Ferumoxytol Differentially Impacts the Labeling of Inflammatory and Steady-State Dendritic Cell Subtypes.

Engineered magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) are emerging as advanced tools for medical applications. The coating of MNPs using polyelectrolytes (PEs) is a versatile means to tailor MNP properties and is used to optimize MNP functionality. Dendritic cells (DCs) are critical regulators of adaptive immune responses. Functionally distinct DC subsets exist, either under steady-state or inflammatory conditions, which are explored for the specific treatment of various diseases, such as cancer, autoimmunity, and transplant rejection. Here, the impact of the PE coating of ferumoxytol for uptake into both inflammatory and steady-state DCs and the cellular responses to MNP labeling is addressed. Labeling efficiency by uncoated and PE-coated ferumoxytol is highly variable in different DC subsets, and PE coating significantly improves the labeling of steady-state DCs. Uncoated ferumoxytol results in increased cytotoxicity of steady-state DCs after labeling, which is abolished by the PE coating, while no increased cell death is observed in inflammatory DCs. Furthermore, uncoated and PE-coated ferumoxytol appear immunologically inert in inflammatory DCs, but they induce activation of steady-state DCs. These results show that the PE coating of MNPs can be applied to endow particles with desired properties for enhanced uptake and cell type-specific responses in distinct target DC populations.

Surgical treatment of liver inflammatory pseudotumor-like follicular dendritic cell sarcoma: A case report

Inflammatory pseudotumor-like follicular dendritic cell sarcoma (IPT-like FDCS) is rare with a low malignant potential. Hepatic IPT-like FDCS has similar clinical features to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), making it extremely difficult to distinguish between them in clinical practice. We describe the case of a young female patient diagnosed with HCC before surgery, which was pathologically diagnosed as IPT-like FDCS after the left half of the liver was resected. During 6 mo of follow-up, the patient recovered well with no signs of recurrence or metastasis. A 23-year-old female patient with a 2-year history of hepatitis B presented to the Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University. She was asymptomatic at presentation, and the findings from routine laboratory examinations were normal except for slightly elevated alpha-fetoprotein levels. However, ultrasonography revealed a 3-cm diameter mass in the left hepatic lobe, and abdominal contrast-enhanced computed tomography revealed that the tumor had asymmetrical enhancement during the arterial phase, which declined during the portal venous phase, and had a pseudo-capsule appearance. Based on the findings from clinical assessments and imaging, the patient was diagnosed with HCC, for which she was hospitalized and had undergone laparoscopic left hepatectomy. However, the tumor specimens submitted for pathological analyses revealed IPT-like FDCS. After surgical removal of the tumor, the patient recovered. In addition, the patient continued to recover well during 6 mo of follow-up. Hepatic IPT-like FDCS is difficult to distinguish from HCC. Hepatectomy may provide beneficial outcomes in non-metastatic hepatic IPT-like FDCS.

Inflammatory Dendritic Cell Drive Intra-Renal T Cells to Double-Negative T Cell in Lupus Nephritis

Inflammatory Dendritic Cell Drive Intra-Renal T Cells to Double-Negative T Cell in Lupus Nephritis

Emerging roles of neutrophils in immune homeostasis

Neutrophils, the most abundant innate immune cells, play essential roles in the innate immune system. As key innate immune cells, neutrophils detect intrusion of pathogens and initiate immune cascades with their functions; swarming (arresting), cytokine production, degranulation, phagocytosis, and projection of neutrophil extracellular trap. Because of their short lifespan and consumption during immune response, neutrophils need to be generated consistently, and generation of newborn neutrophils (granulopoiesis) should fulfill the environmental/systemic demands for training in cases of infection. Accumulating evidence suggests that neutrophils also play important roles in the regulation of adaptive immunity. Neutrophil-mediated immune responses end with apoptosis of the cells, and proper phagocytosis of the apoptotic body (efferocytosis) is crucial for initial and post resolution by producing tolerogenic innate/adaptive immune cells. However, inflammatory cues can impair these cascades, resulting in systemic immune activation; necrotic/pyroptotic neutrophil bodies can aggravate the excessive inflammation, increasing inflammatory macrophage and dendritic cell activation and subsequent TH1/TH17 responses contributing to the regulation of the pathogenesis of autoimmune disease. In this review, we briefly introduce recent studies of neutrophil function as players of immune response. [BMB Reports 2022; 55(10): 473-480].

Sishen Pill Ameliorates Dextran Sulfate Sodium (DSS)-Induced Colitis with Spleen-Kidney Yang Deficiency Syndromes: Role of Gut Microbiota, Fecal Metabolites, Inflammatory Dendritic Cells, and TLR4/NF-κB Pathway.

Sishen pill (SSP) is an old Chinese medicine used to treat colitis with spleen-kidney-yang deficiency (SKYD) syndromes. However, its exact mechanism of action has not yet been fully elucidated. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects and potential mechanisms of SSP on colitis with SKYD syndromes in mice. Colitis with SKYD syndromes was induced by rhubarb, hydrocortisone, and dextran sulfate sodium (DSS), and treatment was provided with SSP. Flow cytometry was performed to examine the inflammatory dendritic cell (infDC) regulations of SSP. The changes in the gut microbiota (GM) and fecal metabolites post-SSP treatment were investigated using the combination of 16S rRNA sequencing and untargeted metabolomics. Additionally, we also examined whether SSPs could regulate the infDCs by modifying TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathways. Compared with the DSS group, the disease activity index, colonic weight, index of colonic weight, and colonic injury scores, as well as the levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and IL-12p70 decreased significantly in the DSS + SSP group, while free triiodothyronine (FT3), free tetraiodothyronine (FT4), testosterone (TESTO), body weight change, colonic length, and the levels of IL-10 increased. Also, SSP decreased the amounts of CD103+CD11c+iNOS+, CD103+CD11c+TNF-α+, CD11c+CD103+CD324+, CD103+CD11c+MHC-II+, and CD103+CD11c+CD115+. Interestingly, 16S rRNA sequencing and untargeted metabolomics showed that SSP treatment restored the dysbiosis of GM and improved the dysfunction in fecal metabolism in colitis mice with SKYD syndromes. Correlation analysis indicated that the modulatory effects of SSP on FT3, FT4, IL-10, colonic weight index, CD103+CD11c+TNF-α+, CD103+CD11c+MHC-II+, and 13 common differential metabolites were related to alterations in the abundance of Parvibacter, Aerococcus, norank_f_Lachnospiraceae, Lachnospiraceae_UCG-006, Akkermansia, and Rhodococcus in the GM. In addition, SSP markedly inhibited the activation of the TLR4, MyD88, TRAF6, TAB2, and NF-κBp65 proteins and activated IκB. These results indicate that SSP can effectively alleviate colitis mice with SKYD syndrome by regulating infDCs, GM, fecal metabolites, and TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathways.

Imaging findings of inflammatory pseudotumor-like follicular dendritic cell sarcoma of the spleen: A case report and literature review.

Inflammatory pseudotumor-like follicular dendritic cell sarcoma (IPT-like FDCS) is a low-grade malignant tumor type caused by the proliferation of follicular dendritic cells. It is a distinct subtype of FDCS that is rarely encountered in the clinic and is overwhelmingly associated with Epstein-Barr virus infection. As it is a sporadic disease with a low specificity of clinical and imaging manifestations, it is less frequently considered a diagnosis, resulting in a low preoperative diagnostic rate and easy misdiagnosis. The present study reported the ultrasound, CT and MRI features of a patient with splenic IPT-like FDCS and discussed this rare subtype of FDCS based on a review of previously published literature to provide radiologists with a broader understanding of the differential diagnosis of splenic lesions.

Nutritional immunomodulation of Atlantic salmon response to Renibacterium salmoninarum bacterin.

We investigated the immunomodulatory effect of varying levels of dietary ω6/ω3 fatty acids (FA) on Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) antibacterial response. Two groups were fed either high-18:3ω3 or high-18:2ω6 FA diets for 8 weeks, and a third group was fed for 4 weeks on the high-18:2ω6 diet followed by 4 weeks on the high-18:3ω3 diet and termed “switched-diet”. Following the second 4 weeks of feeding (i.e., at 8 weeks), head kidney tissues from all groups were sampled for FA analysis. Fish were then intraperitoneally injected with either a formalin-killed Renibacterium salmoninarum bacterin (5 × 107 cells mL−1) or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS control), and head kidney tissues for gene expression analysis were sampled at 24 h post-injection. FA analysis showed that the head kidney profile reflected the dietary FA, especially for C18 FAs. The qPCR analyses of twenty-three genes showed that both the high-ω6 and high-ω3 groups had significant bacterin-dependent induction of some transcripts involved in lipid metabolism (ch25ha and lipe), pathogen recognition (clec12b and tlr5), and immune effectors (znrf1 and cish). In contrast, these transcripts did not significantly respond to the bacterin in the “switched-diet” group. Concurrently, biomarkers encoding proteins with putative roles in biotic inflammatory response (tnfrsf6b) and dendritic cell maturation (ccl13) were upregulated, and a chemokine receptor (cxcr1) was downregulated with the bacterin injection regardless of the experimental diets. On the other hand, an inflammatory regulator biomarker, bcl3, was only significantly upregulated in the high-ω3 fed group, and a C-type lectin family member (clec3a) was only significantly downregulated in the switched-diet group with the bacterin injection (compared with diet-matched PBS-injected controls). Transcript fold-change (FC: bacterin/PBS) showed that tlr5 was significantly over 2-fold higher in the high-18:2ω6 diet group compared with other diet groups. FC and FA associations highlighted the role of DGLA (20:3ω6; anti-inflammatory) and/or EPA (20:5ω3; anti-inflammatory) vs. ARA (20:4ω6; pro-inflammatory) as representative of the anti-inflammatory/pro-inflammatory balance between eicosanoid precursors. Also, the correlations revealed associations of FA proportions (% total FA) and FA ratios with several eicosanoid and immune receptor biomarkers (e.g., DGLA/ARA significant positive correlation with pgds, 5loxa, 5loxb, tlr5, and cxcr1). In summary, dietary FA profiles and/or regimens modulated the expression of some immune-relevant genes in Atlantic salmon injected with R. salmoninarum bacterin. The modulation of Atlantic salmon responses to bacterial pathogens and their associated antigens using high-ω6/high-ω3 diets warrants further investigation.

Inflammatory pseudotumor-like follicular dendritic cell sarcoma with first clinical manifestation of thrombocytopenia: a case report

Inflammatory pseudotumor-like follicular dendritic cell sarcoma (IPT-like FDCS) is often associated with Epsrein-Barr (EB) virus infection. A male patient visited our hospital in September 2020 due to bleeding gums and epistaxis. The initial diagnosis was splenic lymphoma with marked thrombocytopenia. The patient was sent for pathological examination after splenectomy. Microscopic examination showed spindle-shaped or oval cells arranged in loose bundles, a large number of lymphocytes and plasma cells infiltrated in the interstitium, and fibrin-like changes in the blood vessel wall. Immunohistochemical detection of tumor cells was positive for CD21, CD35 and EBER, and we diagnosed IPT-like FDCS. The patient received platelet-raising therapy after operation. No tumor recurrence or metastasis was found during the 17-month follow-up, and the platelets returned to normal.IPT-like FDCS is an uncommon tumor, and the first presentation with marked thrombocytopenia is even rarer. The tumor was clinically and radiographically nonspecific. Its definitive diagnosis needs to rely on histopathological and immunohistochemical staining. IPT-like FDCS is biologically indolent and has a good prognosis.