Bladder Inflammation Research Articles

Treatment Outcomes of Intravesical Botulinum Toxin A Injections on Patients with Interstitial Cystitis/Bladder Pain Syndrome.

Botulinum toxin A (BoNT-A) is effective in reducing bladder hypersensitivity and increasing capacity through the effects of anti-inflammation in the bladder urothelium; however, studies on the treatment outcome of interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS) are lacking. We investigated the treatment outcome in IC/BPS patients receiving intravesical BoNT-A injections. This retrospective study included IC/BPS patients who had 100U BoNT-A intravesical injections in the past 20 years. The treatment outcomes at 6 months following the BoNT-A treatment were evaluated using the global response assessment (GRA) scale. The treatment outcomes according to the GRA scale include clinical symptoms, urodynamic parameters, cystoscopic characteristics, and urinary biomarkers, and it was these predictive factors for achieving satisfactory outcomes which were investigated. Among the 220 enrolled patients (180 women, 40 men) receiving BoNT-A injections, only 87 (40%) had significantly satisfactory treatment outcomes. The satisfactory group showed significantly larger voided volumes, and lower levels of both the urinary inflammatory protein MCP-1 and the oxidative stress biomarker 8-isoprostane in comparison to the unsatisfactory group. The IC severity and detrusor pressure are predictive factors of BoNT-A treatment outcomes. IC/BPS patients with less bladder inflammation showed satisfactory outcomes with intravesical BoNT-A injections. Patients with severe bladder inflammation might require more intravesical BoNT-A injections to achieve a satisfactory outcome.

HPB P56 Outcomes of laparoscopic versus percutaneous cholecystostomy in high-risk patients with acute calculus cholecystitis

Abstract Background Around 10–15% population in the UK have gallstones. (1) Gall stone related disease account for 1/3rd of the emergency surgical admissions and referrals. (2) Acute cholecystitis, which is the inflammation of the gall bladder can develop in 1–3% of these patients. (3) Without treatment, acute cholecystitis may resolve spontaneously within 1–7 days. However, 25–30% of people will require surgery or develop complications. (4) Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is the standard technique for management of acute cholecystitis. However, in the patients who are high risk, LC can result in significant mortality and morbidity. According to the Dutch guidelines for management of Gall Bladder stones disease, high risk patients such as those with multiple comorbidities or those who present with sepsis, LC is not the best management option. (5) In such patients percutaneous cholecystostomy (PC) is sometimes accepted as a bridge to the definitive management. (6) (7) Percutaneous image guided cholecystostomy is a safe and important in such scenarios. However, in those patients who present to the hospital at occasions during which interventional radiology service is not available, laparoscopic cholecystostomy would remain a safe and efficient temporary alternative for management of acute cholecystitis not responding to medical treatment. (8) Methods A retrospective analysis of the 29 patients who were admitted in our hospital and had cholecystostomy between 2015–2021 was done. Eleven (11) patients had Laparoscopic cholecystostomy were allocated to Group A and ten 18 patients who underwent US guided cholecystostomy were assigned to Group B. The data was collected regarding the timing of procedure (Day/Night), 30 days and 1 year mortality, duration of hospital stay, Rate of dislodgement/blockage of cholecystostomy tube and outcome after procedure (definitive management, planned cholecystectomy). Inclusion criteria: High risk patients with multiple comorbidities (ASA 2–4) who presented with acute cholecystitis and underwent laparoscopic cholecystostomy after failed conservative management were included in this study. Exclusion criteria: Those patients who had either hepato-pancreatic-biliary malignancy (HPB) or ascites, and those who underwent open cholecystostomy were excluded from the study. Results In group A, 7 patients were females and 4 were males while in Group B, 9 patients were females and 9 were males. 8 patients in group A had the procedure over night while only 3 patients had the procedure during day while in group B, only 1 patient had procedure during the night and the rest of them had procedure during the day. All the patients in group A had their cholecystectomy except one who died within 30 days of the cholecystostomy. In group B, only 6 patients had further LC while 12 patients did not require further operation. Out of all the patients, only 1 patient in each group died within 30 days after the procedure. None of the patients experienced one year mortality after the procedure in group A whereas, in group B, 7/18 patients died within 1 year after the procedure. Dislodgment of drain occurred in 2/11 patients in the group A and 4/18 patients in the group B. None of the patients in both the groups A & B had any post cholecystostomy complications. Conclusions This study concludes that Laparoscopic cholecystostomy can be as a viable alternative to open cholecystectomy in technically difficult cases and alternative to percutaneous cholecystostomy in hospitals without interventional radiology services or during the times when IR services are not available.

Enterovesical Fistula Presenting with Gross Hematuria and Fecaluria after Pelvic Radiation Therapy and Transurethral Resection of Bladder Tumor: A Case Report and Literature Review

<p>本案例為一名75歲女性表現為肉眼可見的血尿兩天，過去病史有10年前子宮頸癌第四期接受過骨盆腔放射治療、高血壓及第2型糖尿病。病人到本院急診就醫後住院接受進一步檢查，住院後第2天膀胱鏡發現出血性膀胱炎，住院後第4天接受經尿道膀胱腫瘤切除術，病理報告顯示為膀胱急慢性發炎併出血。病人於手術後第四天出院。病人於手術後第10天出現下腹痛、肉眼可見的血尿及糞尿，安排腹部電腦斷層及腸胃道鋇劑攝影均顯示迴腸膀胱廔管。後續安排住院接受剖腹探查、廔管及迴腸切除術及膀胱修補術。病理報告顯示為迴腸憩室和潰瘍伴有急性和慢性發炎。病人於術後第7天併發膀胱出血及膀胱滲漏，經膀胱鏡清血塊及腹腔引流後，於術後第36天出院。本文討論腸道膀胱廔管的病態生理學、危險因子、常見症狀、診斷及治療、手術併發症處理等。此案例提醒基層醫師若病人有肉眼可見的血尿合併骨盆腔放射線治療的病史應鑑別診斷腸道膀胱廔管，需儘早安排腸胃道鋇劑攝影或腹部電腦斷層，以免延誤診斷時機。</p> <p> </p><p>The patient was a 75-year-old woman who presented with gross hematuria for two days. Her medical history included cervical cancer, stage IV treated with pelvic radiation therapy (RT) 10 years ago, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. The patient visited the emergency department of our hospital on May 29, 2016, and was hospitalized for further evaluation. Cystoscopy on the 2nd day after admission revealed hemorrhagic cystitis. Transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT) was performed on the 4th day after admission. The pathology report revealed acute and chronic bladder inflammation and bleeding. The patient was discharged on the 8th day after admission. However, the patient developed lower abdominal pain, gross hematuria, and fecaluria on the 10th postoperative day. Abdominal computed tomography (CT) and gastrointestinal tract (GI) series were performed, all of which showed an ileum-vesical fistula. Exploratory laparotomy, resection of the fistula and ileum, and bladder repair, were performed on June 17, 2016, fifteen days after her first operation. The surgeries were successful and uneventful. Pathological examination revealed a diverticulum and ulcer with transmural mixed acute and chronic inflammation. Unfortunately, the patient developed intraperitoneal bladder perforation on the 7th postoperative day. After adequate abdominal drainage and cystoscopy-assisted blood clot evacuation, she was discharged from the hospital on the 36th postoperative day. This article discusses the pathophysiology of enterovesical fistula, risk factors, common symptoms, diagnosis and treatment, and the management of surgical complications. Clinicians should keep this clinical scenario in mind if the patient has gross hematuria combined with a history of pelvic RT. This combination of symptoms and history should suggest a differential diagnosis of enterovesical fistula and arrangement of GI series or abdominal CT should be performed as soon as possible to avoid delaying the diagnosis.</p> <p> </p>

Untargeted Metabolomics Pilot Study Using UHPLC-qTOF MS Profile in Sows' Urine Reveals Metabolites of Bladder Inflammation.

Urinary tract infections (UTI) of sows (characterized by ascending infections of the urinary bladder (cyst), ureters, and renal pelvis), are major health issues with a significant economic impact to the swine industry. The current detection of UTI incidents lacks sensitivity; thus, UTIs remain largely under-diagnosed. The value of metabolomics in unraveling the mechanisms of sow UTI has not yet been established. This study aims to investigate the urine metabolome of sows for UTI biomarkers. Urine samples were collected from 58 culled sows from a farrow-to-finish herd in Greece. Urine metabolomic profiles in 31 healthy controls and in 27 inflammatory ones were evaluated. UHPLC-qTOF MS/MS was applied for the analysis with a combination of multivariate and univariate statistical analysis. Eighteen potential markers were found. The changes in several urine metabolites classes (nucleosides, indoles, isoflavones, and dipeptides), as well as amino-acids allowed for an adequate discrimination between the study groups. Identified metabolites were involved in purine metabolism; phenylalanine; tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis; and phenylalanine metabolism. Through ROC analysis it was shown that the 18 identified metabolite biomarkers exhibited good predictive accuracy. In summary, our study provided new information on the potential targets for predicting early and accurate diagnosis of UTI. Further, this information also sheds light on how it could be applied in live animals.

Multiple Layers of Complexity in O-Glycosylation Illustrated With the Urinary Glycoproteome

While N-glycopeptides are relatively easy to characterize, O-glycosylation analysis is more complex. In this article, we illustrate the multiple layers of O-glycopeptide characterization that make this task so challenging. We believe our carefully curated dataset represents perhaps the largest intact human glycopeptide mixture derived from individuals, not from cell lines. The samples were collected from healthy individuals, patients with superficial or advanced bladder cancer (three of each group), and a single bladder inflammation patient. The data were scrutinized manually and interpreted using three different search engines: Byonic, Protein Prospector, and O-Pair, and the tool MS-Filter. Despite all the recent advances, reliable automatic O-glycopeptide assignment has not been solved yet. Our data reveal such diversity of site-specific O-glycosylation that has not been presented before. In addition to the potential biological implications, this dataset should be a valuable resource for software developers in the same way as some of our previously released data has been used in the development of O-Pair and O-Glycoproteome Analyzer. Based on the manual evaluation of the performance of the existing tools with our data, we lined up a series of recommendations that if implemented could significantly improve the reliability of glycopeptide assignments.

Assessment of pre and intra-operative predictors for difficult laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Background: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy from the day of its introduction has aimed at improving the results of traditional surgical treatment and is regarded as gold standard treatment in cholecystitis. Objective: To assess various operative predictors for difficult laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Material and methods: The present prospective study was conducted over 100 patients with diagnosis of cholelithiasis confirmed by abdominal ultrasonography (USG). Surgical procedure was categorized postoperatively into easy, difficult and very difficult surgical procedure on the basis of time taken in minutes, bile/stone spillage, injury to duct and conversion to open cholecystectomy. All patients were evaluated for risk factors preoperatively and intraoperative findings were noted. Data so obtained was analyzed us-ing SPSS-22 data analysis software. Chi square test was used for statistical analysis with p<005 as significant value. Results: The present study found that obesity, co-morbid diseases, previous history of acute cholecystitis or pancreatitis, delayed surgery after 72 hour of gall bladder inflammation, increased thickness of gallbladder, multiple stones, size of calculi more than 1 cm are significant factors that result in difficult and very difficult surgical procedures. Conversion to open cholecystectomy was seen in 25 (25%) patients.

Supraphysiologic Vaginal Estrogen Therapy in Aged Mice Mitigates Age-Associated Bladder Inflammatory Response to Urinary Tract Infections.

Bladder diseases characterized by chronic inflammation are highly prevalent in older women, as are recurrent urinary tract infections (rUTIs). Recurrent urinary tract infections lead to chronic inflammation of the bladder mucosa and cause lower urinary tract symptoms that persist even after the infection is cleared. Vaginal estrogen therapy (VET) has long been used for the treatment of rUTIs; however, its mechanism of action remains unclear. The objective of this study was to examine the mechanism(s) by which VET affects bladder inflammation and response to rUTIs. Here, we induced surgical menopause in aged (18 months old) mice followed by VET. Mice were then infected with uropathogenic Escherichia coli , and course of infection was investigated. Inflammatory cytokine response was assessed before and during infection using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RNA sequencing analysis was used to compare the inflammatory status of the young versus aged bladder and principal changes confirmed via quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction to determine the effects of VET on bladder inflammation. Impact on age-associated bladder tertiary lymphoid tissue formation was evaluated histologically. In the ovariectomized aged model, VET not only mitigated uterine atrophy but was also associated with reduced rUTIs, number of bacterial reservoirs, dampened immune response, and promotion of terminal differentiation of urothelial cells. Bladder tertiary lymphoid tissue lesions were also reduced with VET, with an associated decrease in signals important for bladder tertiary lymphoid tissue formation. Finally, we determined that VET reverses age-associated upregulation of inflammatory genes and pathways. Our data suggest that VET is effective by reducing age-associated hyperinflammatory conditions in bladder mucosa and in enhancing the host response to infection.

Studi kasus : Cystitis pada kucing tom di k and p clinic Surabaya

Cystitis is an inflammation of the urinary bladder which is common in domestic animals as part of a urinary tract infection. Clinical symptoms of cystitis are lower abdominal pain on palpation, dysuria (animals show signs of pain on every attempt to urinate) and hematuria. The diagnosis of cystitis can be obtained through anamnesis, abdominal palpation, physical examination, clinical symptoms, urinalysis with sediment examination, blood chemistry examinations such as urea and creatinine levels, urine culture, uroendoscopy and ultrasound examination and radiography. stated that a biopsy can also be performed to differentiate cystitis from other diseases such as neoplasia. Blood test results show low platelets or platelets / anemia, thrombocytopenia. The results of the ultrasound examination showed a thickening of the walls of the VU

Cyclophosphamide Induces Hepatorenal Toxicity and Attenuation by 5-fluorouracil in Male Albino Rats

Background: Cyclophosphamide (CPA) induces acute inflammation of the urinary bladder, renal damage, and liver damage, thereby limiting its therapeutic use. Objectives: The present study aimed to evaluate the hepatorenal toxicity induced by cyclophosphamide and amelioration by 5-fluorouracil in male albino rats. Materials and Methods: Twenty-eight male adult rats were grouped randomly into four groups (n=5 for each group). Group I (control): Rats were injected with saline intraperitoneally and at a dose of 1.0 ml/kg b.w. for 14 days. Group II cyclophosphamide (CPA): Cyclophosphamide at a dose of 10 mg/kg day by day through i.p. to rats for 14 days. Group III Fluorouracil (5-FU): 5-Fluorouracil at a dose of 10 mg/kg day by day in saline was given through i.p. to rats for 14 days. Group IV (CPA+5-FU): Rats were given CPA followed by 5-FU at a dose of 10 mg/kg per day (day by day) through i.p. to rats for 14 days. At the end of the experimental period, rats were anesthetized using light ether. Blood samples were taken and prepared for biochemical measurements. Results: Serum total protein, albumin, and globulin concentration significantly reduced in animal groups that received cyclophosphamide. 5-FU and CPA combination reduced the changes in total protein, albumin, and globulin compared to CPA treated group. A significant increase in LDH serum concentration was found in CPA, 5-FU, and their combination-treated animals. The mean values of the combination of chemotherapy were above that in CPA followed by 5-FU treatment. Administration of CPA, 5-FU resulted in a significant increase in serum AST, ALT, ALP, and bilirubin compared to the control. Co-treatment 5-FU with CPA significantly attenuated the increase in serum AST, ALT, ALP, and bilirubin when compared to CPA – treated rats. Compared to controls, urea and creatinine levels were increased in CPA-treated rats, while uric acid was reduced in CPA, 5-FU, and their combination. The changes in urea and creatinine produced by the chemotherapy were restored when rats received CPA in combination with 5-FU. Conclusion: It could be concluded that the treatment of mammals with chemotherapy is associated with the production of free radicals that lead to hazardous alterations in biochemical parameters. However, 5-FU and CPA combination could produce a significant amelioration in most cases for these changes, and it may be considered as a potentially useful candidate in the combination chemotherapy with CPA to combat oxidative stress-mediated non-target organ injury even if it was not complete protection. Future work should consider combined chemotherapy regimens, as two or more mechanisms of action of chemotherapeutic drugs could be more powerful than one mechanism. Toxicological studies must be performed before using drugs as a combination before application. Further research is required on the toxicological impacts of drugs and pollutants mixtures.

Intravesical IR-780 instillation prevents radiation cystitis by protecting urothelial integrity.

To explore an efficient preventive strategy for radiation cystitis. We instilled IR-780 into the bladders of rats 1 h before bladder irradiation, and its bio-distribution was observed at different times. Bladders were then examined for pathogenic alterations and inflammation levels by day 3 and week 12 postirradiation, and the functional characteristics of the bladder were tested via cystometry by week 12. Human uroepithelial sv-huc-1 cells were used to determine the effect of IR-780 on cell viability, regardless of irradiation. We measured the intracellular levels of oxidative stress, DNA damage, apoptosis proportion, and the expression of antioxidant proteases and apoptotic caspases in IR-780 pretreated cells after radiation. IR-780 is localized in the urothelium after intravesical instillation in vivo. Ionizing radiation could induce acute impairment of the bladder urothelium and inflammation in the bladder on day 3. Fibrosis of the irradiated bladder progressed and eventually affected voiding function at 12 weeks. Treatment with IR-780 before irradiation ameliorated these changes. In vitro, IR-780 protected against cell viability and apoptosis of sv-huc-1 cells after irradiation. Additionally, IR-780 may assist in eliminating reactive oxygen species and repairing irradiation-induced DNA damage. Our data indicate that IR-780 can be used before irradiation to prevent acute urinary mucosal injury and late bladder dysfunction. Moreover, early urothelial impairment plays a significant role in radiation cystitis development.

Chronic exposure to microcystin-leucine-arginine induces epithelial hyperplasia and inflammation in the mouse bladder.

Microcystin-leucine-arginine (MC-LR) is a cyclic heptapeptide compound produced by cyanobacteria with strong cytotoxicity. Previous studies have confirmed that MC-LR could exert toxic effects on the genitourinary system, but there are few reports about its toxicity to the bladder. In this study, we investigated the effects of MC-LR on mouse bladder and human bladder epithelial cells (SV-HUC-1 cells). We observed that the bladder weight and the number of bladder epithelial cells were markedly increased in mice following chronic low-dose exposure to MC-LR. Further investigation showed that MC-LR activates AKT/NF-kB signaling pathway to induce the production of proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6. In addition, the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) in bladder tissue was increased and the relative migration and invasion capacities of SV-HUC-1 cells were enhanced upon exposure to MC-LR. In conclusion, these results suggest that chronic exposure to MC-LR induced epithelial hyperplasia and inflammation, upregulated the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and promoted the migration and invasion of bladder epithelial cells, which provides a basis for further exploring the potential mechanism by which environmental factors increasing the risk of bladder cancer.

Using a Rat Model to Translate and Explore the Pathogenesis of Ketamine-Induced Cystitis

Purpose: Ketamine abusers may develop severe ulcerative cystitis along with irritative bladder symptoms. A reliable animal model may benefit the understanding of pathophysiologies and the development of therapeutic strategies for ketamine-induced cystitis (KIC). We used a popular rat model of KIC to validate the micturition behavior, functional brain images, and possible molecular mechanisms of this model. Materials and Methods: Female Sprague–Dawley rats were distributed to control (saline) and ketamine-treated rats (25 mg/kg/day for 28 days). Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), metabolic cage study, and cystometry were evaluated. Potential bladder transcripts involved in KIC were screened by using next-generation sequencing. Results: In contrast to the control, the ketamine-treated rats developed bladder overactivity accompanied by enhanced fMRI signals in periaqueduct and caudal putamen areas. Alterations in bladder transcripts, including eleven genes involving in regulating NF-κB signaling of bladder inflammation, and Crhr2 gene overexpression associating with vascular endothelial growth factor signaling of bladder ischemia were found in ketamine-treated rats. Both categories could be attributed to neurogenic inflammation induced by the direct toxicity of urinary ketamine and its metabolites. Conclusion: Our study results suggest this animal model could mimic irritative bladder symptoms associated with central sensitization in KIC. Through the bladder transcripts analysis, we highlight the neurogenic inflammation underlying the pathophysiologies of KIC in rats.

Electro-fulguration for extensive inflammatory bladder lesions in post-menopausal women with antibiotic-recalcitrant recurrent urinary tract infections.

To evaluate how women with uncomplicated antibiotic-recalcitrant recurrent urinary tract infections (RUTIs) and extensive inflammatory bladder lesions on office cystoscopy responded to electro-fulguration (EF) to eliminate these chronic bladder sites. After IRB approval, a retrospective study of non-neurogenic women with RUTIs, inflammatory lesions on cystoscopy, and who underwent EF was performed. Lesions were classified through a simplified staging system based on the extent of bladder wall involvement. Only those with extensive bladder wall involvement (stages 3 and 4) at the time of EF were analyzed in this report. Six months after EF, an office cystoscopy was performed, with endoscopic success defined as no lesions seen. The primary clinical outcome was number of symptomatic UTIs after EF, defined as cure (0/year), improvement (1-2/year), and failure (≥3/year). From 2007 to 2019, a total of 57 women met the study criteria, 30 stage 3 and 27 stage 4. Nineteen (63%) were endoscopically successful in stage 3 and 11 (41%) in stage 4. Mean follow-up was 2.9 years (stage 3) and 3.1 years (stage 4). All had at least a 6-month UTI follow-up after the 6 months of office cystoscopy, with 15 patients cured, 37 improved, and 5 failed (all stage 4). Although EF only resulted in 63% complete endoscopic resolution, the majority experienced a decrease in the frequency of UTIs, suggesting that EF can be durably effective even in women with very extensive cystitis lesions.

The Double Insult of Neonatal Cystitis Plus Adult Somatic Inflammation Results in Corticotropin Releasing Factor Type II Receptor-Dependent Bladder Hypersensitivity in Female Rats

The spinal mechanisms of visceral hypersensitivity are poorly understood, particularly when there is an interaction with somatic systems. Recently we demonstrated that rats which were pretreated with neonatal bladder inflammation (NBI) and subsequently pretreated as adults with bladder re-inflammation had augmented reflex and neuronal responses to urinary bladder distension via a corticotropin-releasing factor receptor type II (CRFR2) mechanism. Another insult producing similar augmented responses is somatic inflammation induced by Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA) in the hindlimb. Using neurochemical measures and both reflex and neuronal responses to urinary bladder distension as endpoints, the present study probed the role of CRFR2-related mechanisms in bladder hyperalgesia secondary to NBI and CFA-induced hindlimb inflammation. ELISA measures of the lumbosacral spinal cord demonstrated increased CRFR2 protein following pretreatment with NBI+CFA. Intrathecal CRFR2 antagonists blocked the augmentation of visceromotor responses to distension following pretreatment with both NBI+CFA. Lumbosacral dorsal horn neuronal responses to bladder distension in rats pretreated with NBI+CFA were attenuated by the spinal topical administration of a CRFR2 antagonist. These findings are the first demonstration of a somatovisceral interaction working via CRFR2 receptors and support the therapeutic value of these agents in the treatment of painful bladder disorders, particularly when triggered by somatic events. (Word Count 199). PerspectiveBladder hypersensitivity occurs following neonatal cystitis and an adult insult such as somatic inflammation. This paper demonstrates that CRFR2-related mechanisms are associated with this hypersensitivity. This supports the therapeutic value of these agents in the treatment of painful bladder disorders, particularly when triggered by somatic events.

Protective effects of hydrogen sulfide pretreatment on cyclophosphamide-induced bladder dysfunction in rats via suppression of bladder afferent nerves

Cyclophosphamide (CYP), a broad-spectrum anticancer drug, causes serious side effects, such as haemorrhagic cystitis (HC). Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), an endogenous gasotransmitter, has physiological properties, including anti-inflammation, anti-oxidation, and neuromodulation. In this study, we investigated the effects of NaHS (H2S donor) pretreatment on bladder dysfunction in CYP-treated rats. Male Wistar rats were intraperitoneally pretreated with NaHS (3 or 10 μmol/kg) or vehicle once daily for 7 days before cystometry, and CYP (150 mg/kg) or saline was intraperitoneally administered 2 days before cystometry. After cystometry, the bladder tissues were collected for haematoxylin and eosin staining. In some rats, capsaicin (CAP), which can desensitise CAP-sensitive afferent nerves, was subcutaneously injected at 125 mg/kg 4 days before cystometry. CYP reduced intercontraction intervals (ICI) and bladder compliance (Comp) and increased the number of non-voiding contractions (NVCs) compared with the saline-treated control group. NaHS pretreatment dose-dependently improved the CYP-induced these changes. In bladder tissues, CYP increased histological scores of neutrophil infiltration, haemorrhage, and oedema, while NaHS had no effect on these CYP-induced changes. CAP showed a tendency to suppress CYP-induced changes in ICI. NaHS-induced improvement in CYP-induced changes in urodynamic parameters were not detected in CAP-treated rats. These findings suggest that NaHS pretreatment prevented bladder dysfunction in CYP-treated rats by suppressing CAP-sensitive bladder afferent nerves, but not by suppressing bladder inflammation. Therefore, H2S represents a new candidate as a protective drug for bladder dysfunction induced by HC, a side effect of CYP chemotherapy.

Antioxidant status of fish with inflammation of the swim bladder in yearling carp

The literature data on the etiology and pathogenesis of swim bladder inflammation (SBI) in various fish species have been highlighted in the paper. The main goal of this work was to analyze the impact of the disease on the physiological status of the body of the yearling carp, the state of the antioxidant defense system, and the content of lipid peroxidation products (LPP). The yearling Liubyn scaly carps, with an average weight of 40 g, which were grown in the ponds of the Rivne fish and reclamation station, were selected for experimental research. During control catches and ichthyopathological examination of forty fish, inflammation of the swim bladder was detected with an intensity of 35 %. During the pathological autopsy of this yearling carp, thickening of the walls of the swim bladder with purulent exudate, atrophy of the posterior lobe, and hyperemia of internal organs was found. Data on the content of lipid peroxidation products (LPP) and the state of the antioxidant system (AOS) in the cells of the hepatopancreas and skeletal muscles of this year's carp with SPM have been presented. It was determined that in the hepatopancreas of fish with the swim bladder inflammation, primary and secondary LPP products accumulate, and the activity of AOS enzymes decreases. The increase of diene conjugates in the hepatopancreas of the diseased fish was revealed by 11.8 % compared to the control group, and the content of TBC-active products by 29.8 %. The level of SOD activity is 13.5 % lower in the fish affected by SMP than in the control group. Catalase activity in the hepatopancreas of the diseased fish increases by 11.7 % compared to the control group. There was a 45.5 % decrease in superoxide dismutase activity in the skeletal muscles of fish affected by SBI and a significant increase in the level of catalase (Р < 0.01) compared to the control group. Pathogens that cause diseases of the swim bladder cause also have an inhibitory effect on the activity of enzymes of the antioxidant system, and the content of products of lipid peroxidation increases.

Phosphodiesterase1 inhibitor "Vinpocetine" ameliorates the inflammation, apoptosis and oxidative stress induced by cyclophosphamide in urinary bladder: an experimental study.

Hemorrhagic cystitis often develops in patients treated with cyclophosphamide (CP). Vincamine (vinca alkaloid) is the source of the synthetic derivative vinpocetine (Vinpo). Worldwide, Vinpo is used as a cerebroprotective drug. As it has anti-oxidant, anti-thrombotic and anti-inflammatory effects but the power of Vinpo to prevent CP induced cystitis has not been studied. This research was planned to explore the effect of Vinpo (10-30mg/kg, orally) administered 1 or 4h before inducing cystitis by CP injection (300mg/kg, i.p.) on the urinary bladder of mice. Administration of Vinpo 30mg/kg, 4h before CP injection ameliorated inflammatory markers. It reduced inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), tumor necrosis factor- α (TNF-α), and BCL2 Associated X (Bax) expression in the bladder and increased the total antioxidant capacity level. Histological examination of the bladder has further supported these results. The present study suggests a protective effect of Vinpo (30mg/kg, 4h before CP injection) against CP-induced bladder inflammation. This proposes that Vinpo 30mg/kg may become a promising pharmacological drug to prevent urinary adverse effects in patients treated with chemotherapy using CP.

Urinary Tract Infection in Overactive Bladder: An Update on Pathophysiological Mechanisms.

Overactive bladder (OAB) is a clinical syndrome defined by urinary urgency, increased daytime urinary frequency and/or nocturia, with or without urinary incontinence, that affects approximately 11% of the western population. OAB is accepted as an idiopathic disorder, and is charactersied clinically in the absence of other organic diseases, including urinary tract infection. Despite this, a growing body of research provides evidence that a significant proportion of OAB patients have active bladder infection. This review discusses the key findings of recent laboratory and clinical studies, providing insight into the relationship between urinary tract infection, bladder inflammation, and the pathophysiology of OAB. We summarise an array of clinical studies that find OAB patients are significantly more likely than control patients to have pathogenic bacteria in their urine and increased bladder inflammation. This review reveals the complex nature of OAB, and highlights key laboratory studies that have begun to unravel how urinary tract infection and bladder inflammation can induce urinary urgency and urinary frequency. The evidence presented in this review supports the concept that urinary tract infection may be an underappreciated contributor to the pathophysiology of some OAB patients.

First Author Spotlight

AnnouncementFirst Author SpotlightPublished Online:13 Jul 2022https://doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.2022.323.1.AUMoreSectionsPDF (465 KB)Download PDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesGet permissionsTrack citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInEmailWeChat BOHAN CHENDivision of Nephrology, University of Toledo Medical Center, Toledo, OhioFigure 1.Bohan ChenDownload figureDownload PowerPointBohan Chen is a research fellow in Dr. Rujun Gong’s laboratory at the University of Toledo College of Medicine, where she studies the pathogenesis of chronic kidney diseases. She earned her MD degree at Zhengzhou University in China. In her spare time, she enjoys reading and outdoor activities [Photo: Fig. 1].https://doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00130.2022DOUGLASS B. CLAYTONDivision of Pediatric Urology, Department of Urology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TennesseeFigure 2.Douglass ClaytonDownload figureDownload PowerPointDouglass Clayton, MD, is an Associate Professor of Urology at Vanderbilt University Medical Center and was mentored by Volker Haase, MD. His clinical work focuses on the care of children with urological problems. His research interest is centered on the role of the hypoxia-inducible factor pathway in bladder inflammation. In his spare time, he enjoys weightlifting, reading, and traveling [Photo: Fig. 2].https://doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00344.2021RYAN J. CORNELIUSDivision of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OregonFigure 3.Ryan CorneliusDownload figureDownload PowerPointRyan Cornelius completed his PhD at the University of Nebraska Medical Center in Omaha, NE, mentored by Dr. Steve Sansom. In 2015, he came to Oregon Health and Science University as a postdoctoral fellow in David Ellison’s laboratory, where he studies electrolyte balance and kidney injury with a focus on the role of cullin-RING ligase regulation in the kidney. He spends his free time hiking and skiing with his wife, Sarah [Photo: Fig. 3].https://doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00436.2021JESSE A. DAVIDSONDepartment of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Aurora, ColoradoFigure 4.Jesse DavidsonDownload figureDownload PowerPointJesse Davidson, MD, MPH, MSc, is an Associate Professor of Pediatrics at Children’s Hospital Colorado with dual board certification in pediatric cardiology/critical care. His research focuses on the systems biology and therapy of multiorgan injury after infant cardiac surgery, with a particular interest in leveraging metabolomic and proteomic techniques to explore the complex molecular pathways activated during postoperative injury and recovery [Photo: Fig. 4].https://doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00039.2022JULIAN D. C. SERNADepartment of Biochemistry, Chemistry Institute, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, BrazilFigure 5.Julian SernaDownload figureDownload PowerPointJulian Serna is a PhD candidate at the Department of Biochemistry of Universidade de São Paulo, in Brazil. He completed his BS at Universidad del Valle in Chemistry. He is mentored by Dr. Alicia Juliana Kowaltowski. His research interest focuses on calcium signaling, metabolism, and mitochondrial biology. In his spare time, he enjoys learning about life on earth and doing pole sport [Photo: Fig. 5].https://doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00461.2021This article has no references to display. Download PDF Back to Top Next FiguresReferencesRelatedInformationRelated ArticlesThe Janus view: dual roles for hypoxia-inducible factor in renal repair after acute kidney injury 21 Jun 2022American Journal of Physiology-Renal PhysiologyInhibition of hypoxia-inducible factor-prolyl hydroxylation protects from cyclophosphamide-induced bladder injury and urinary dysfunction 21 Jun 2022American Journal of Physiology-Renal PhysiologyCOP9 signalosome deletion promotes renal injury and distal convoluted tubule remodeling 21 Jun 2022American Journal of Physiology-Renal PhysiologyMetabolomic profiling demonstrates evidence for kidney and urine metabolic dysregulation in a piglet model of cardiac surgery-induced acute kidney injury 21 Jun 2022American Journal of Physiology-Renal PhysiologyRegulation of kidney mitochondrial function by caloric restriction 21 Jun 2022American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology More from this issue > Volume 323Issue 1July 2022Pages i-ii Crossmark Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 2022 the American Physiological Society.https://doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.2022.323.1.AUHistory Published online 13 July 2022 Published in print 1 July 2022 Metrics

A Prospective Study of Hyperbaric Oxygen as a Treatment Option for Radiation-induced Hemorrhagic Cystitis

Abstract Introduction and Objective: Hemorrhagic cystitis (HC) is a diffuse bladder inflammation that causes hematuria and other urinary tract complaints. Noninfectious hemorrhagic cystitis most commonly occurs in patients who have undergone pelvic radiation. In cases with refractory disease and persistent hematuria, the bladder can be irrigated with a variety of agents. Hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) therapy has been used with some success in difficult cases. In the present article, the safety and efficacy of HBO was examined as the primary treatment choice for radiation-induced HC. Evidence Acquisition: Prospective data were collected among patients with HC and previous radiotherapy. HBO was applied as a primary treatment. The primary endpoint of our study was the incidence of complete and partial response to treatment, whereas a variety of secondary endpoints were examined including the duration of response, blood transfusion rate, the avoidance of surgery, and the overall survival. Moreover, the correlation between the interval between the onset of hematuria and initiation of therapy and the success of treatment was recorded. Evidence Synthesis: A total of 20 patients participated in the study. The complete and partial response rate was 85% and 15%, respectively. All patients completed therapy while the median number of sessions needed was 31. No complications were recorded during treatment. Patients with complete response received therapy within 3 months of the hematuria onset. One patient needed cystectomy, whereas 19 patients were alive at the end of follow-up. Conclusions: HBO consists of an effective and safe treatment option in the management of radiation-induced severe HC. Further prospective studies should be undergone in order to validate its efficacy and safety profile.