Infinite-dimensional Vector Space Research Articles

A note on -gradings on the Grassmann algebra and elementary number theory

Let E be the Grassmann algebra of an infinite-dimensional vector space L over a field of characteristic zero. In this paper, we study the -gradings on E having the form , in which each element of a basis of L has -degree , or . We provide a criterion for the support of this structure to coincide with a subgroup of the group , and we describe the graded identities for the corresponding gradings. We strongly use Elementary Number Theory as a tool, providing an interesting connection between this classical part of Mathematics, and PI Theory. Our results are generalizations of the approach presented in Brandão A, Fidelis C, Guimarães A. -gradings of full support on the Grassmann algebra. J Algebra. 2022;601:332–353. DOI:10.1016/j.jalgebra.2022.03.014. See also in arXiv preprint, arXiv:2009.01870v1, 2020].

Projective Limit Techniques for the Infinite Dimensional Moment Problem

We deal with the following general version of the classical moment problem: when can a linear functional on a unital commutative real algebra A be represented as an integral with respect to a Radon measure on the character space X(A) of A equipped with the Borel sigma -algebra generated by the weak topology? We approach this problem by constructing X(A) as a projective limit of the character spaces of all finitely generated unital subalgebras of A. Using some fundamental results for measures on projective limits of measurable spaces, we determine a criterion for the existence of an integral representation of a linear functional on A with respect to a measure on the cylinder sigma -algebra on X(A) (resp. a Radon measure on the Borel sigma -algebra on X(A)) provided that for any finitely generated unital subalgebra of A the corresponding moment problem is solvable. We also investigate how to localize the support of representing measures for linear functionals on A. These results allow us to establish infinite dimensional analogues of the classical Riesz-Haviland and Nussbaum theorems as well as a representation theorem for linear functionals non-negative on a “partially Archimedean” quadratic module of A. Our results in particular apply to the case when A is the algebra of polynomials in infinitely many variables or the symmetric tensor algebra of a real infinite dimensional vector space, providing a unified setting which enables comparisons between some recent results for these instances of the moment problem.

A note on classification of dust static plane symmetric space-times via proper curvature collineations in f(R) gravity

In this paper, we classify dust static plane symmetric (SPS) space-times via proper curvature collineations (CCs) in the [Formula: see text] gravity using the rank of [Formula: see text] Riemann matrix and direct integration technique. Classifying the above mentioned space-times, we find that there arise six cases corresponding to specific values of the function [Formula: see text]. Inspecting all the cases, we reach at the fact that there exist two cases where the space-times admit proper CCs which form an infinite dimensional vector space (IDVS). In rest of the four cases, the space-time becomes either flat or CCs become the killing vector fields (KVFs).

Polish spaces of Banach spaces

AbstractWe present and thoroughly study natural Polish spaces of separable Banach spaces. These spaces are defined as spaces of norms, respectively pseudonorms, on the countable infinite-dimensional rational vector space. We provide an exhaustive comparison of these spaces with admissible topologies recently introduced by Godefroy and Saint-Raymond and show that Borel complexities differ little with respect to these two topological approaches.We investigate generic properties in these spaces and compare them with those in admissible topologies, confirming the suspicion of Godefroy and Saint-Raymond that they depend on the choice of the admissible topology.

Functional Outlier Detection by Means of h-Mode Depth and Dynamic Time Warping

Finding outliers in functional infinite-dimensional vector spaces is widely present in the industry for data that may originate from physical measurements or numerical simulations. An automatic and unsupervised process of outlier identification can help ensure the quality of a dataset (trimming), validate the results of industrial simulation codes, or detect specific phenomena or anomalies. This paper focuses on data originating from expensive simulation codes to take into account the realistic case where only a limited quantity of information about the studied process is available. A detection methodology based on different features, such as h-mode depth or the dynamic time warping, is proposed to evaluate the outlyingness both in the magnitude and shape senses. Theoretical examples are used to identify pertinent feature combinations and showcase the quality of the detection method with respect to state-of-the-art methodologies of detection. Finally, we show the practical interest of the method in an industrial context thanks to a nuclear thermal-hydraulic use case and how it can serve as a tool to perform sensitivity analysis on functional data.

ALMOST DISJOINT AND MAD FAMILIES IN VECTOR SPACES AND CHOICE PRINCIPLES

AbstractIn set theory without the Axiom of Choice ( $\mathsf {AC}$ ), we investigate the open problem of the deductive strength of statements which concern the existence of almost disjoint and maximal almost disjoint (MAD) families of infinite-dimensional subspaces of a given infinite-dimensional vector space, as well as the extension of almost disjoint families in infinite-dimensional vector spaces to MAD families.

Infinite-dimensional linear algebra and solvability of partial differential equations

We discuss linear algebra of infinite-dimensional vector spaces in terms of algebraic (Hamel) bases. As an application we prove the surjectivity of a large class of linear partial differential operators with smooth ($\mathcal C^\infty$-coefficients) coefficients, called in the article \emph{regular}, acting on the algebraic dual $\mathcal D^*(\Omega)$ of the space of test-functions $\mathcal D(\Omega)$. The surjectivity of the partial differential operators guarantees solvability of the corresponding partial differential equations within $\mathcal D^*(\Omega)$. We discuss our result in contrast to and comparison with similar results about the restrictions of the regular operators on the space of Schwartz distribution $\mathcal D^\prime(\Omega)$, where these operators are often non-surjective.

Infinite-Dimensional Fisher Markets: Equilibrium, Duality and Optimization

This paper considers a linear Fisher market with n buyers and a continuum of items. In order to compute market equilibria, we introduce (infinite-dimensional) convex programs over Banach spaces, thereby generalizing the Eisenberg-Gale convex program and its dual. Regarding the new convex programs, we establish existence of optimal solutions, KKT conditions, as well as strong duality. All these properties are established via non-standard arguments, which circumvent the limitations of duality theory in optimization over infinite-dimensional vector spaces. Furthermore, we show that there exists a pure equilibrium allocation, i.e., a division of the item space. Similar to the finite-dimensional case, a market equilibrium under the infinite-dimensional Fisher market is Pareto optimal, envy-free and proportional. We also show how to obtain the (a.e. unique) equilibrium prices and a pure equilibrium allocation from the (unique) equilibrium utility prices. When the item space is the unit interval [0,1] and buyers have piecewise linear utilities, we show that approximate equilibrium prices can be computed in polynomial time. This is achieved by solving a finite-dimensional convex program using the ellipsoid method. To this end, we give nontrivial and efficient subgradient and separation oracles. For general buyer valuations, we propose computing market equilibrium using stochastic dual averaging, which finds approximate equilibrium prices with high probability.

Core-Nilpotent Endomorphisms of Infinite-Dimensional Vector Spaces

The aim of this work is to develop a general theory of core-nilpotent endomorphisms of arbitrary vector spaces, such that endomorphisms of finite-dimensional vector spaces and finite potent endomorphisms of infinite-dimensional vector spaces are particular cases of the CN-endomorphisms studied in this theory. For these CN-endomorphisms, we introduce an index that generalizes the index of a finite square matrix and we prove the existence of the Drazin inverse and reflexive generalized inverses. In particular, we characterize all endomorphisms that have Drazin inverse on arbitrary vector spaces. Moreover, we offer a method to study infinite linear systems associated with CN-endomorphisms.

Polynomial ring representations of endomorphisms of exterior powers

An explicit description of the ring of the rational polynomials in r indeterminates as a representation of the Lie algebra of the endomorphisms of the k-th exterior power of a countably infinite-dimensional vector space is given. Our description is based on results by Laksov and Throup concerning the symmetric structure of the exterior power of a polynomial ring. Our results are based on approximate versions of the vertex operators occurring in the celebrated bosonic vertex representation, due to Date, Jimbo, Kashiwara and Miwa, of the Lie algebra of all matrices of infinite size, whose entries are all zero but finitely many.

Ore extensions and infinite triangularization

We give infinite triangularization and strict triangularization results for algebras of operators on infinite-dimensional vector spaces. We introduce a class of algebras we call Ore-solvable algebras: these are similar to iterated Ore extensions but need not be free as modules over the intermediate subrings. Ore-solvable algebras include many examples as particular cases, such as group algebras of polycyclic groups or finite solvable groups, enveloping algebras of solvable Lie algebras, quantum planes and quantum matrices. We prove both triangularization and strict triangularization results for this class, and show how they generalize and extend classical simultaneous triangularization results such as the Lie and Engel theorems. We show that these results are, in a sense, the best possible, by showing that any finite-dimensional triangularizable algebra must be of this type. We also give connections between strict triangularization and nil and nilpotent algebras, and prove a very general result for algebras defined via a recursive “Ore” procedure starting from building blocks which are either nil, commutative or finite-dimensional algebras.

Formula omitted]–graded identities and central polynomials of the Grassmann algebra

Let F be an infinite field of characteristic p different from 2 and let E be the Grassmann algebra generated by an infinite dimensional vector space L over F. In this paper we provide, for any odd prime q, a finite basis for the Tq-ideal of the Zq-graded polynomial identities for E and a basis for the Tq-space of graded central polynomials for E, for any Zq-grading on E such that L is homogeneous in the grading. Moreover, we prove that the set of all graded central polynomials of E is not finitely generated as a Tq-space, if p>2. In the non-homogeneous case such bases are also described when at least one non-neutral component has infinite many homogeneous elements of the basis of L in the respective grading.

Moore-Penrose inverse of some linear maps on infinite-dimensional vector spaces

The aim of this work is to characterize linear maps of infinite-dimensional inner product spaces where the Moore-Penrose inverse exists. This MP inverse generalizes the well-known Moore-Penrose inverse of a matrix $A\in \text{Mat}_{n\times m} ({\mathbb C})$. Moreover, a method for the computation of the MP inverse of some endomorphisms on infinite-dimensional vector spaces is given. As an application, the least norm solution of an infinite linear system from the Moore-Penrose inverse offered is studied.

Large vector spaces generated by bounded universal functions

We provide a general framework to construct large vector spaces generated by bounded universal functions. We provide necessary and sufficient conditions on a sequence of automorphisms φn of a domain Ω in CN for there to exist a norm-closed infinite-dimensional vector space V generated by functions in B={f∈H∞(Ω)|‖f‖∞≤1} such that V is locally uniformly dense in H∞(Ω), V is linearly isometric with ℓ1, and every f∈V with ‖f‖=1 is universal for the composition operators Cφn:f↦f∘φn, by which we mean the set {f∘φn|n≥1} is locally uniformly dense in B. In the case when Ω is a bounded symmetric domain in CN, we provide sufficient conditions on a sequence of holomorphic self-maps φn of Ω for there to exist a vector space V generated by a locally uniformly dense set of inner functions such that V has each of the properties mentioned above.

On Nichols algebras of infinite rank with finite Gelfand–Kirillov dimension

We classify infinite-dimensional decomposable braided vector spaces arising from abelian groups whose components are either points or blocks such that the corresponding Nichols algebras have finite Gelfand–Kirillov dimension. In particular we exhibit examples where the Gelfand–Kirillov dimension attains any natural number greater than one.

On the classification of endomorphisms on infinite-dimensional vector spaces

Abstract The aim of this work is to offer a new solution to the problem of the classification of endomorphisms with an annihilating polynomial on infinite-dimensional vector spaces. For these endomorphisms we provide a family of invariants that allows us to classify them when the group of automorphisms acts by conjugation. Moreover, the description of a new method to construct Jordan bases is given.

Symmetries of Post-Galilean Expansions.

In this Letter we study an infinite extension of the Galilei symmetry group in any dimension that can be thought of as a nonrelativistic or post-Galilean expansion of the Poincaré symmetry. We find an infinite-dimensional vector space on which this generalized Galilei group acts and usual Minkowski space can be modeled by our construction. We also construct particle and string actions that are invariant under these transformations.

Continuity and discontinuity of seminorms on infinite-dimensional vector spaces. II

In this paper we extend our findings in [3] and answer further questions regarding continuity and discontinuity of seminorms on infinite-dimensional vector spaces.

The Bourguignon Laplacian and Harmonic Symmetric Bilinear Forms

In this paper, we study the kernel and spectral properties of the Bourguignon Laplacian on a closed Riemannian manifold, which acts on the space of symmetric bilinear forms (considered as one-forms with values in the cotangent bundle of this manifold). We prove that the kernel of this Laplacian is an infinite-dimensional vector space of harmonic symmetric bilinear forms, in particular, such forms on a closed manifold with quasi-negative sectional curvature are zero. We apply these results to the description of surface geometry.

Products of Involutions of an Infinite-dimensional Vector Space

AbstractWe prove that every automorphism of an infinite-dimensional vector space over a field is the product of four involutions, a result that is optimal in the general case. We also characterize the automorphisms that are the product of three involutions. More generally, we study decompositions of automorphisms into three or four factors with prescribed split annihilating polynomials of degree $2$.