Infiltration Galleries Research Articles

Yield Equations for Bed-Mounted Infiltration Galleries

Yield Equations for Bed-Mounted Infiltration Galleries

Understanding the exchange process between ground and surface water using mini drive point piezometer and mathematical models to identify suitable managed aquifer recharge sites.

In the current study, subsurface characteristics within the complex formation of the Shilabati basin system of West Bengal, India, extending over an area of 3888 km2, have been estimated using a cost-effective piezometer and MIKE FEFLOW package based on a steady-state numerical model. Pore size and fine particle content of streambeds are affected by two opposing flow contraptions. Such opposite flow conditions are likely to affect the hydraulic conductivity of the streambed. However, analogies of the hydraulic conductivity (Kh) of streambeds for losing and gaining streams have not been well documented in the recent past. The Kh value from the piezometer has been highest at the Dakshin Pairachali site (6.765 m/day), with the stream gaining water from the discharge of the local aquifer. Analysis of the stream-aquifer interaction using the FEFLOW model has allowed us to understand the groundwater water head of the basin ranging from 160.33 to 0.32 m.a.s.l (meters above sea level). The present study also constitutes the first attempt for the identification of suitable sites for the implementation of managed aquifer recharge (MAR) technology in West Bengal, India, to manage extreme drought events. The suitable sites have been identified by means of three fuzzy multi-criteria decision analysis based on nine criteria: river discharge, moisture content, porosity, drainage type, rainfall, land use type, geology, aquifer material, and hydraulic conductivity. To design a radial collector well and infiltration gallery for the selected site in an anisotropic, homogeneous, unconfined, and semi-infinite aquifer near a fully penetrating stream, a pumping test has been conducted to optimize a safe yield of 12.096 MLD (megaliters per day).

Application of Appropriate Technology for Clean Water

Background. The thesis focuses on community service (PkM) conducted by the Ministry of Health Poltekkes institutionally, specifically in the village of Kota Lama II, Secanggang District, Langkat Regency. The study addresses the inadequate access to clean water and poor sanitation conditions in Mr. Mujadi's house, which is among the families included in the PKH (Program Keluarga Harapan) - a conditional cash transfer program in Indonesia. Purpose. The purpose of this community service project is to improve the living conditions of Mr. Mujadi's household by addressing their water and sanitation issues. The project aims to apply science, technology, and art (IPTEKS) through a direct scientific approach to provide sustainable access to clean water and improve sanitation facilities. Method. The objective of this qualitative research is to explore and understand the application of appropriate technology for clean water supply in Kota Lama II Village, Secanggang District, Langkat Regency. The study aims to gain in-depth insights into the experiences, perceptions, and challenges related to the use of appropriate technology for clean water. Results. The results obtained at the end of community service activities in Kota Lama Village II, Secanggang District, Langkat Regency, were built 1 unit of Infiltration galleries. The implementation stages include the initial survey, making Infiltration galleries, compiling filter media, and socializing about clean water and operations and maintenance of Infiltration galleries. Conclusion. Well, water filtered from wells using Infiltration galleries looks clearer and cleaner, odorless and tasteless. This has met the requirements for clean water physically and has met the sanitation aspect.

Rainwater Harvesting through Point Recharge Method for Efficient Recharge of Tube Wells for Sustainable Management of Groundwater Resources in Karnataka

Water is a precious natural resource for sustaining life, agriculture and environment. The dependability on groundwater has reached high in all time in recent decades due to reasons such as unreliable supplies from surface water due to vagaries of monsoon, increase in demand for domestic, agricultural and other purposes. Karnataka is largely dependent on groundwater to meet industrial, municipal, domestic and irrigation needs. So, Rainwater harvesting (RWH) forms an important component for development and management of water resources for domestic, agricultural, municipal and industrial uses. Management of scanty rain fall by rain water harvesting, Augmentation of depleting natural resources of water (deeper ground water table) and Management of poor-quality ground water and scope for conjunctive/domestic use is need of the hour. With increase in withdrawal of ground water, ground water (GW) table is declining at a rapid pace with an urgent need to recharge GW in addition to dilute poor quality ground water. Double ring technique of Groundwater Recharge consists of filtering the water at different layers using gradation materials generally the pebbles of different size with synthetic material wrapped around the casing pipe. By harvesting rain water and recharging into point recharge soaking infiltration gallery established at Irrigation Water Management Research Centre, (IWMRC) Belavatagi Tq: Navalagund has shown encouraging results as far as water quality, discharge and water table are concerned. The results of assessment of influence of ground water recharge through rainwater harvesting on ground water yield (lps), quality (dS/m) and fluctuations (feet bgl) during the year 2020, have shown that around 3.35 lakhs liters of water could be collected from rain water harvesting during the year 2020. Also, from point recharge through 7 recharge events (rain fall events from July to October 2020), it was observed that the considerable rise in the water table from more than 100 feet below ground level to around 22 feet below ground level, drastic reduction in groundwater salinity i.e. electrical conductivity (EC) of ground water from more than 10 dS/m to an average (EC) of 1.32 dS/m and tube well yield has significantly increased from 0.4 lps to around 2.4 lps. Therefore, Artificial recharge techniques through rainwater harvesting can be a better strategic approach to combat the emerging problems of water scarcity especially over exploitation of ground water and its quality deterioration.

Wastewater reuse for tree irrigation: Influence on rhizosphere microbial communities

Irrigation water can increase tree biomass production, but it is often unavailable near grove locations. Alternative water resources, such as treated wastewater (TWW), offer a potential solution, while additionally contributing to a circular economy. To assess environmental sustainability, the impact of residual wastewater contaminants on soil microorganisms must be understood. This study compared soil microbial communities from purpose-grown tree groves irrigated with TWW for at least ten years, with communities from unirrigated control plots. Short-term batch testing was conducted to compare the degradation capabilities for five trace-level organic contaminants (TOrCs) associated with reclaimed wastewater. Microbial community composition was examined using 16S rRNA Illumina sequencing. Microbial biomass and abundance of a putative bisphenol A (BPA) degradation gene were quantified via droplet digital PCR. Principal component analysis of the sequencing results revealed distinct clustering of the irrigated and non-irrigated communities at two sites. Control soils from all sites exhibited intrinsic degradation of BPA and ibuprofen. Additionally, several OTUs of the Acidobacteria and Proteobacteria were correlated with soil organic carbon and TOrC degradation. Together, these results suggested that rhizosphere microbial communities were altered in long-term wastewater infiltration galleries, though the impacts of increased soil moisture due to irrigation and the effects of exposure to residual contaminants are difficult to separate. A greater understanding of TWW impacts on soil microbial communities will help expand the prevalence of wastewater reuse for biomass production, contributing to the growth of the circular economy. • Treated wastewater irrigation correlated with changes to soil bacterial communities. • Soil microbial communities intrinsically degraded bisphenol A and ibuprofen. • Moisture, carbon, and tree species may shape communities in infiltration galleries. • Droplet digital PCR was used to quantify microbial biomass in soil samples.

Feasibility of farm-scale infiltration galleries for managed aquifer recharge in an agricultural alluvial aquifer of Northeast Arkansas

Agriculture-heavy alluvial aquifer regions around the world have experienced severe groundwater declines due to irrigation demand. This consequence has been observed in the United States in the latter half of the 20th century, notably in the Central Valley of California and in the Mississippi River Valley. In some portions of the Mississippi River Valley, such as the Cache River Critical Groundwater Area (CRCGA) of northeast Arkansas, drawdown has exceeded 30 m and portends aquifer depletion in the near future. In addition to adopting surface-water storage and irrigation efficiency methods, farm-scale managed aquifer recharge (MAR) with infiltration galleries (IG), gravel-filled trenches designed to move surface water into the aquifer, may be a useful tool for reducing declines. Low-permeability surface deposits, which limit and create significant variation in natural recharge across the region, also control the placement of MAR systems. It is therefore critical to understand the variability of surface deposits, as well as underlying aquifer properties, to best plan the placement, design, and operation of such systems. This study aimed to characterize surface and upper aquifer conditions to assess the feasibility of IG in the central CRCGA. Available well logs were used to interpolate the approximate thickness of surface deposits and identify thinner areas. Approximately 37% of the study area has less than 5 m of confining material at the surface and included 28 existing reservoirs that could act as recharge water sources. Guided by this mapping effort, geophysical and sediment surveys were conducted at selected sites. The upper unsaturated alluvial aquifer of fine silty-sand had estimated hydraulic conductivities of 0.20–2.79 m d−1. These results are promising for the implementation of farm-scale IG in the study region and suggest that small MAR systems could be a useful tool for groundwater management in other agricultural aquifer systems given the proper placement.

Evaluation model of LID facilities based on the influence of water resource value

Abstract Low-impact development (LID) facilities can not only effectively control rainwater runoff and its pollution, but also enhance the value of urban water resources in water systems. Current studies usually pay more attention to the effect of pollution control indicators, and there are few reports on the evaluation of LID facilities from the perspective of enhancing the value of water resources. Taking the Maluan Bay area of Haicang, Xiamen as an example, an evaluation model of water resource value was established based on the SWMM software and the pollution loss model. From the perspective of economic quantification, the value of water resources brought by three types of LID facilities, such as green roofs, permeable pavement and infiltration gallery, under rainfall conditions in different recurrence intervals was simulated and calculated. In the single rainfall event of 1–10a recurrence interval, the water resource value brought by the green roofs is 679.14–787.49 RMB/hm2, the permeable pavement is 79.07–383.37 RMB/hm2 and the infiltration gallery is 825.45–1,021.79 RMB/hm2. The results show that the value of water resources brought by the three types of LID facilities decreases with the increase of rainfall recurrence interval.

Characterization of groundwater dynamics and contamination in an unconfined aquifer using isotope techniques to evaluate domestic supply in an urban area

In the urban area of Rio Cuarto groundwater is used for domestic supply. The objective of the current research was to investigate the water dynamics and nitrate contamination in an unconfined aquifer system of Rio Cuarto River basin. Stable isotopes of water (δ18O and δ2H) and nitrate (δ15N–NO3 and δ18O–NO3) were used and combined with conventional chemical techniques and mixing modelling approaches to determine the recharge areas and identify the main origin of nitrate pollution. More enriched water isotope values were recorded in Rio Cuarto city than in the piedmont and mountains indicating local recharge for well batteries 2 and 3. The well battery 1 and the infiltration gallery showed more negative isotopic values, demonstrating a strong influence by the recharge from the piedmont sector (impoverished groundwater). The δ15N–NO3 values and the Bayesian modeling showed that the dominant nitrate contamination source in the urban area is the on-site sanitation systems whereas in the peri-urban area nitrate contamination originates mostly from animal wastes. Both sources supply the aquifer with anthropogenic organic matter (>50%). The highest δ15N–NO3 values were correlated with low dissolved oxygen values, indicating the occurrence of denitrification processes in some places. High NO3 ions in the rural sector were attributed to the application of fertilizers and consequent nitrification processes. The samples from Rio Cuarto river located upstream of the Rio Cuarto City and close to the infiltration gallery showed the highest input from fertilizers (~40%), due to surrounding agricultural fields. The municipal well batteries showed good water quality (freshwater of low to extremely low nitrate concentration) which is linked to the high hydraulic conductivity of the aquifer that increases its capacity to dilute the contaminants. These results will be useful for local water administrators to improve water management.

Microbial pathogens and contaminants of emerging concern in groundwater at an urban subsurface stormwater infiltration site

Urban stormwater may contain a variety of pollutants, including viruses and other pathogens, and contaminants of emerging concern (pharmaceuticals, artificial sweeteners, and personal care products). In vulnerable geologic settings, the potential exists for these contaminants to reach underlying aquifers and contaminate drinking water wells. Viruses and other pathogens, as well as other contaminants of emerging concern, were measured in stormwater and groundwater at an urban site containing a stormwater cistern and related subsurface infiltration gallery, three shallow lysimeter wells, and a monitoring well. Five of 12 microbial targets were detected more than once across the eight rounds of sampling and at multiple sampling points, with human-specific Bacteroides detected most frequently. The microbial and chemical contaminants present in urban stormwater were much lower in the water table monitoring well than the vadose zone lysimeters. There may be numerous causes for these reductions, but they are most likely related to transit across fine-grained sediments that separate the water table from the vadose zone at this location. Precipitation amount prior to sample collection was significantly associated with microbial load. A significant relation between microbial load and chloride-bromide ratio was also observed. The reduction in number and concentrations of contaminants found in the monitoring well indicates that although geologically sensitive aquifers receiving urban stormwater effluent in the subsurface may be prone to contamination, those with a protective cap of fine-grained sediments are less vulnerable. These results can inform stormwater infiltration guidance relative to drinking water wells, with an emphasis on restricting infiltration near water supply wells finished in geologically sensitive aquifers to reduce public health risks.

Assessing the Role of Infiltration Galleries to Enhance Groundwater Recharge in Model Town Lahore

Lahore is the provincial capital of Punjab and second biggest city of Pakistan with respect to the population. Average annual population growth of Lahore is 4.14% from 1998-2018, which is much higher than the average population growth rate of Pakistan which is 2.4%. According to investigations average annual groundwater depletion rate of Lahore is 1.07 m/year. As with the growth of population new housing societies are being built to accommodate the burgeoning population. These societies enhance impermeable areas, moreover, pump huge amount of groundwater from the underground water source. There should be sustainability in water pumping and water recharging. Past studies show that groundwater exploitation in Lahore is not sustainable as abstraction rates are higher as compared to groundwater recharge rates. Therefore it is necessary of find out alternative means to recharge the groundwater aquifer of Lahore. There is a need to investigate the role of infiltration galleries to accelerate the groundwater recharge. In order to complete the research, temporal distribution was plotted on ArcMap. HEC-HMS was used for the calculation of discharges which were verified with analytical methods. Groundwater model prepared on Visual MODFLOW was calibrated and validated. The results indicate that due to groundwater overexploitation water levels continue to decrease with the passage of time. The average simulated water table decline is 1.1 meter per year in the study area. So in order to overcome this crisis, infiltration galleries were proposed and designed in the study area. It was seen that these infiltration galleries allow recharging the groundwater at better rate. As the model results showed that depletion rate of groundwater reduces and the groundwater level is about 0.3m higher when there are infiltration galleries. The study proposes that the Infiltration Galleries have a potential to recharge the groundwater at good rate, therefore its installation must be preferred according to the groundwater hydrological balance in the region.

Surfactant flow and transport in the vadose zone: a numerical experiment

The presence of surfactants in the unsaturated zone is one of the scenarios where the flow depends on the solute concentration. The simulation of flow and transport of surfactants requires the coupling of flow and transport, where the surfactant concentration-dependent changes to water retention (i.e. changes in surface tension and/or contact angle) and hydraulic conductivity need to be considered. This research presents a numerical experiment that compares surfactant flow and transport under intermittent boundary conditions to that of a conservative tracer. A modified version of Hydrus 2D, with the concentration-dependent surface tension and viscosity effects, is used. The numerical experiment examines the effect of surfactant infiltration, redistribution and flushing in a low-water content unsaturated porous medium with a deep water table. The numerical experiment encompasses not only the hysteresis as a result of transient localised drainage and rewetting associated with the surfactant-induced pressure gradients, and the intermittent boundary conditions. The comparison of surfactant flow to that of a conservative tracer indicates significant differences for the same boundary conditions. The results from this experiment will be beneficial for the design and optimisation of infiltration galleries employing surfactants for soil and ground water remediation, as well as for the understanding the flow and transport of grey water in the unsaturated zone.

Design of submerged vane matrices to accompany a river intake in Australia

This paper focuses on the design of river-based submerged vane matrices in a regional Australian context. The specific study site is proximal to intake screens within the riverbed that experiences continual clogging from sediment deposition. The local authority experiences discontinuous supply to the water-treatment plant owing to a high sediment concentration. Data on the river flow, depth, turbidity and rainfall were collected, and analyses of sediment composition, gradation and density were carried out within this research. Through the study of incipient sediment motion and hydraulics, with specific reference to the method of Shields, the shear stress and critical velocity necessary for sediment motion were determined. The results provided guidance for an iterative modelling design of submerged vanes within the local context ultimately configured as symmetrical diverging vane matrices. Placed a short distance upstream of the existing intake screens at a 30° angle to the river flow direction on two symmetric arms, the three vane arrays generate secondary flow as a function of the existing flow around the vanes. The purpose of the vane matrix is twofold, firstly to redirect sediment away from the existing infiltration galleries and secondly to scour the riverbed within the bounds of the matrices. With a subsequent increase in the depth of water, intake screen(s) placed within and orthogonal to the flow would benefit from an increased depth in combination with a reduction in sediment delivery to the screen(s).

Attenuation of Pathogen Shock Load: Analytical Analysis of Infiltration Gallery in Riverbank Filtration during Stream Stage Rise

A risk assessment model was developed and combined with hydrogeological data to determine the permissible limit of fecal coliform in water during riverbank filtration (RBF). It combined an analytical solution of water flow and contaminant transport from a stream to an infiltration gallery. The model was developed to simulate stream stage rise conditions and monitor harmful pathogens during infiltration. The analytical element method (AEM) was used to measure the travel time of water toward the gallery for a given rise in stream stage under an unsteady state of flow condition. To study the contaminant concentration variation, pathogen transport considering dispersion and decay was analyzed. Pathogen transport in groundwater was simulated using a logistic function that integrates an AEM. To achieve the objective of an appropriate location of an infiltration gallery, the desired reduction of pathogen concentration was evaluated. The analysis for optimum distance with various trials of water travel time is also presented. This study examined the potential of RBF systems for an infiltration gallery considering its safe distance against pathogen shock load during the storm. However, further biogeochemical modeling is needed to predict the fate of contaminants during their transit to the infiltration gallery.

Assessment of groundwater quality and water table mapping of Bhaktapur Municipality

Water is necessary for all life on earth. Every living creature on the Earth depends on water for their survival; however the supply of water on Earth is limited. Groundwater, the important source of water supply to many people around the world, is accessed through stone spouts, springs, dug wells and infiltration galleries in and around Kathmandu Valley since ancient time. The extraction of groundwater in Kathmandu Valley is increasing day by day due to increase in population, haphazard urbanization and unplanned industrialization. Drinking water quality and quantity is one of the major issues which need to be taken seriously, since clean water and sanitation are human rights and essential to life. The present study aims to prepare water table map and groundwater quality map from unconfined aquifer of Bhaktapur Municipality. Geographic Information System (GIS) based groundwater table mapping for 472 samples were used. Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) method was used for 86 samples for spatial interpolation of chemical indices. Surface maps are prepared for water quality parameters (pH, turbidity, conductivity, TDS, total hardness, iron, ammonia, nitrate, chloride, alkalinity and E-coli) in the GIS Software by interpolation between the available data. Water table elevation map shows that groundwater levels are shallow at wells located close to agricultural field. From the water quality mapping of the Bhaktapur Municipality, it is seen that the most of the water quality parameters are within the maximum permissible limit set by WHO and NDWQS. It is noted that quality of ground water in the study area exceeds Nepal drinking water quality standards on the basis of measured values of chloride, ammonia and nitrate in majority of wells. High concentration of chloride, ammonia and nitrate were found in most of water samples from the central part and in around the periphery of the municipality boundary, which may be due to infiltration of agricultural runoff and leaching of sewage pollutants.

English

English

An approach to identify soil types by using hydraulic conductivity values

Water treatment in Indonesia still uses coagulant to reduce the contaminant. Therefore, an infiltration gallery is required as the pre-treatment before conventional water treatment conducted. Infiltration gallery is a natural technology for absorbing or filtrating the contaminant. The hydraulic conductivity plays the main role in soil filtration. There are many types of soil with different hydraulic conductivities. In infiltration gallery method it is important to identify the hydraulic conductivity value as the preliminary analysis because it is the important indicator to show the ability of soil to flow the water from one side to other sides when filtrating the contaminant. The slower the conductivity is, the better the quality of the water will be. The method used in this study was the Constant head Permeameter. The result of this study shows that the same type of soil type has different hydraulic conductivities.

PEMANFAATAN DAN KONSERVASI SUMBER AIR DALAM KEADAAN DARURAT

The need of clean water availability is the basic need of human being for living. In case of emergency, the clean water availability is still needed firstly. In this situation, we have to has a practical knowledge on water resource exploration as well as exploitation effectively and efficiently in such away the water utilization are sustainable. The water availability properties such as, quality, quantity, and site are related to the technology for water conservation and exploitation. Basically, the water availability in emergency could be developed based on the hydrological and hydro geological properties of the nearest location. In situ direct water utilization with bad water quality (in case of flooding) could be handled by using tools of water survival kit such as water bag, purification tablet or powder, and purification bottle. The water utilization in short term with limited scale (in case of refugees camp) could be developed by constructing shallow well (dig well or pumping well) if the shallow aquifer are available. The water utilization in medium term could be developed by constructing water conservation and exploitation system such as mini dam, infiltration galleries, spring water conservation, water seepage, and rain water harvesting. Key words : sumber air, darurat, hidrologi, hidrogeologi, konservasi

청주 상대리 수막재배지의 지중 침투형 갤러리 설치와 예비 주입시험

청주 상대리 수막재배지의 지중 침투형 갤러리 설치와 예비 주입시험

Installation of Infiltration Gallery at Greens Creek Mine - Juneau, Alaska

The Greens Creek Mine is located on Admiralty Island, near Juneau Alaska. It is one of the nation's largest silver producers, with a projected 10-year mine life. Bedrock in the vicinity of the mine consists of relatively impermeable argillites. The only reliable water source for the mine and milling operations is the alluvium along the narrow stream bed of Greens Creek. The original source water for the mine consisted of three wells competed in the shallow alluvium of Greens Creek. However, the wells were too shallow and became ineffective in providing an adequate water supply due to freezing in the winter causing aufeis conditions and sediment production at times when the creek was experiencing high run off. In 2009 the wells were replaced with an infiltration gallery completed in the stream bed that would not be affected by the bedload movement and freezing that would damage the intakes and reduce capacity in the winter months. Estimates of the production from a bed mounted infiltration gallery were used to determine screen length and configuration in the streambed to provide a minimum of 3,800 m3/day water supply needed by the mine. A Johnson Screens, Muni-pak screen was selected as the intake to address problems that might occur with excessive stream bed erosion that occurs during large storm events and provide filtration during periods of high flow and turbidity. The main challenge during the construction phase was to maintain the 3,800 m3/day flow to the mine and mill operations while decommissioning the old well system and installing the new infiltration gallery. During construction, Greens Creek was diverted and the infiltration gallery was excavated, installed in the streambed and connected to the existing stilling well. The new system has been operational for about 2 years without problems at a capacity of 3800 m3/day with minimal drawdown in the stilling well.

Uso de Macroinvertebrados bentónicos como bioindicadores de calidad del agua del río Palacagüina, Norte de Nicaragua

El río Palacagüina se ubica en las coordenadas con latitud N 13º27ʹ48ʹʹ y longitud W 86º24ʹ25ʹʹ; la Ley de Aguas Nacionales de Nicaragua norma como zona de protección de fuentes de agua una franja de 200 metros a ambos lados del río; sin embargo el 58.95% de la superficie es utilizada para agricultura y ganadería que aportan una gran cantidad de nutrientes y elementos contaminantes al agua.El objetivo de este estudio es Comparar la calidad del agua del Río Palacagüina parte alta versus parte baja mediante la utilización de macroinvertebrados bentónicos como bioindicadores de calidad de agua. El fin principal de este río es el abastecimiento de agua potable a través del sistema de galería de infiltración al 46.67% de la población total del Municipio de Palacagüina estimada en 15,003; INIFOM, 2012.Durante el estudio se registraron 11 órdenes y 31 taxa; las taxas más representativas fueron Gomphidae (32.4%), Naucoridae (23.47%) y Libellulidae (16.85%). Los resultados del estudio de la calidad del agua del río Palacagüina utilizando el índice biological monitoring working party adaptado para Costa Rica (BMWP – CR) sugiere que las aguas del Río Palacagüina están contaminadas.