Infiltrating Duct Carcinoma Of Breast Research Articles

Expression of BRCA1 by immunohistochemistry and its association with ER, PR, Her2neu status in infiltrative ductal carcinoma of breast.

Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease, which differs in its clinical behaviors and responses to treatment and outcome. The prognosis of breast cancer depends on histopathological parameters and molecular subtypes. Among more than 300 genes, which are involved in the pathogenesis of breast cancer tumor suppressor gene such as BRCA1 is known to play a significant role in hereditary cancers. However, its role in sporadic cases of infiltrating ductal carcinoma is yet to be established. To evaluate the expression of BRCA1 in infiltrative ductal carcinoma and to analyze the association of BRCA1 with histopathological parameters and estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor2 (Her2) neu expression. This was a laboratory-based exploratory study in which 56 patients with infiltrative ductal carcinoma who underwent radical mastectomy from October 2019 to July 2021 were included. Patients with chemotherapy and radiotherapy, trucut biopsies, and incomplete patient details were excluded. Immunostaining for BRCA1 was performed. Individual clinicopathological parameters were compared with the BRCA1 mutation. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS 22. A P value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Among 56 cases of IDC, 18 cases (32.1%) showed BRCA1 mutation. BRCA1 mutation was associated with postmenopausal age, larger tumor size, lower tumor grade, and higher tumor staging. When we analyzed the biomarkers with BRCA1 mutation, it showed a negative association with ER, PR, and Her2 neu and a high Ki67 proliferation index. No family history of breast carcinoma was seen in 34/56 patients where history was available. Our study showed BRCA1 mutation in 32.1% and associated with postmenopausal age group, larger tumor size, and higher staging and negative hormonal status of breast carcinoma.

Development of Histologically Verified Thyroid Diseases in Women Operated for Breast Cancer: A Review of the Literature and a Case Series.

Background: The possible relationships between breast and thyroid diseases have been reported in the literature. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the occurrence of histologically verified thyroid pathologies in women who were diagnosed with breast cancer and, after mastectomy/quadrantectomy complemented by oncological treatment, were thyroidectomized based on their periodic thyroid evaluation. Patients and Methods: Our series consist of 31 women with a mean age of 62.9 ± 10.9 years (range, 45–81) treated for breast cancer (18 right-sided, 11 left-sided, and 2 bilateral), of whom 29 were thyroidectomized, since two women who developed Graves’ disease refused thyroidectomy. These 31 women belong to a cohort of 889 women who referred to the Breast Surgery Unit of our university hospital during the period January 2010 through December 2020. Results: The mean time interval between breast cancer and thyroid pathologies was 48.1 ± 23.4 months (range, 12–95). The final diagnosis at histopathology was infiltrating ductal breast carcinoma in 26 women (with 2/26 patients having bilateral carcinoma) and infiltrating lobular breast carcinoma in the other 5 women. Ten of the twenty-nine thyroidectomized women (34.5%) had a thyroid malignancy on histology: five papillary carcinomas, three papillary micro-carcinomas and two follicular carcinomas. Two of the five women with papillary carcinoma also had histological evidence of chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis/Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, which was also detected in another five women with benign thyroid diseases. Conclusions: We suggest that breast cancer survivors should be made aware of the possible increased risk of thyroid pathologies (including thyroid malignancy) so that they can undergo screening and follow-up.

Analysis of prognostic factors and survival outcomes for patients with T1N0 HER2-positive infiltrating ductal carcinoma of the breast: A real-world study with long-term follow-up.

e12530 Background: The optimal adjuvant systemic treatment and prognostic factors for patients with T1N0 HER2-positive infiltrating ductal carcinoma (IDC) of the breast are still unclear. We conducted a real-world study in China to identify potential prognostic factors in this low-risk population, and to characterize survival outcomes of patients treated with different adjuvant strategies. Methods: We included patients with T1N0 HER2-positive IDC of the breast who were treated at the Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences from April 2010 to April 2017. We performed Cox multivariate analysis to identify potential prognostic factors for invasive disease-free survival (IDFS). We also compared survival outcomes of 1) patients treated with adjuvant chemotherapy alone, or chemotherapy plus trastuzumab (Chemo+T), or observation only; 2) patients receiving adjuvant anthracycline (AC)-based and non-AC regimens, both combined with trastuzumab. Inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) propensity score was used to reduce the selection bias. Results: Overall, 692 consecutive patients with pT1N0 HER2-positive IDC of the breast were included. The median follow-up was 78.0 months. Cox multivariate analysis demonstrated that age≤40 (HR = 2.62, 95%CI 1.39-4.92, P = 0.003) and T1c (HR = 2.35, 95%CI 1.17-4.74, P = 0.017) were associated with inferior IDFS, whereas ER+PR+ (HR = 0.44, 95%CI 0.26-0.77, P = 0.004) and adjuvant trastuzumab (HR = 0.21, 95%CI 0.12-0.35, P&lt; 0.001) were associated with favorable IDFS. For adjuvant treatment, 104, 195, and 373 patients were identified for observation, chemotherapy alone, and Chemo+T, respectively. The IPTW-adjusted Kaplan-Meier analysis demonstrated that compared with observation and chemotherapy alone, the IDFS was significantly longer in the Chemo+T group ( P = 0.034 and &lt; 0.001, respectively). Meanwhile, compared with observation, chemotherapy alone did not significantly prolong IDFS ( P = 0.424). For the comparison of AC-based vs. non-AC regimens, 141 patients were identified in the AC-based group and 227 in the non-AC group. The Kaplan-Meier analysis indicated that patients in both groups had similar IDFS ( P = 0.242). Conclusions: For patients with T1N0 HER2-positive IDC of breast, age≤40, T1c, ER+PR+, adjuvant trastuzumab are independent prognostic factors. We recommend adjuvant chemotherapy plus trastuzumab, especially for patients with T1c tumors. When used in combination with trastuzumab, non-AC regimens may have similar efficacy with AC-based regimens.

Correlation of DCE-MRI Perfusion Parameters and Molecular Biology of Breast Infiltrating Ductal Carcinoma.

ObjectiveWe aimed to investigate the correlation of the perfusion parameters of dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) with the molecular biological expression of breast infiltrating ductal carcinoma (IDC) in order to guide appropriate therapeutic advice and clinical outcome prediction.Materials and MethodsIn a prospective analysis of 67 patients with breast IDC, preoperative DCE-MRI and routine MRI images were obtained. The double-chamber model (extended Tofts model) was employed to calculate the perfusion parameters. Postoperative pathological immunohistochemistry was examined, including human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER-2), estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), cell nuclear-associated antigen (Ki-67), cytokeratin 5/6 (CK5/6), and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Statistical analysis was applied to explore the relationship between the perfusion parameters and the molecular biomarkers of breast cancer.ResultsA total of 67 lesions were included in our study. The mean maximum diameter of lesions was 4.48 ± 1.73 cm. Perfusion parameters had no correlation with tumor diameters (p > 0.05). The volume transfer constant (K trans) and the rate constant (k ep) had positive correlations with Ki-67 (p < 0.05). The plasma volume ratio (v p) had a statistical difference between CK5/6 positivity and CK5/6 negativity. The maximum rising slope (MAX Slope) was higher in HER-2-enriched tumors than that in luminal A or B tumors (p < 0.05). k ep was higher in HER-2-enriched tumors than that in luminal A tumors (p < 0.05). The extravascular extracellular space volume fraction (v e) was higher in triple-negative tumors than that in HER-2-enriched and in luminal A and B tumors (p < 0.05). The time to peak enhancement (TTP) was lower in HER-2-enriched tumors than that in luminal A and B tumors (p < 0.05). Maximum concentration (MAX Conc) was higher in triple-negative tumors than that in luminal B tumors (p < 0.05).ConclusionDCE-MRI perfusion parameters can behave as a noninvasive tool to assess the molecular biological expression and the molecular subtypes of breast IDC. They may aid in predicting breast IDC invasiveness, metastasis, and prognosis.

Ozonotherapy for Treatment of Radiation Therapy-induced Jaw Osteonecrosis and Bisphosphonates: Case Report

Introduction: The inhibition of osteoclastic activity, associated with different treatment modalities in patients with head and neck cancer, make bones unable to respond to repair processes related to physiological traumas or infection and may result in bone necrosis. The present study aims to report a clinical case of osteoradionecrosis in mandible, and how its sequels were controlled by ozonotherapy. Case report: A 73-year-old female patient with infiltrative ductal breast carcinoma with mandibular metastasis was submitted to chemo and radiotherapy at head and neck region associated with bisphosphonate. Three years later, she was diagnosed with hemimandibular osteoradionecrosis that exhibited communication with oral cavity and with a chronic, suppurative and persistent associated infection. It was applied adjuvant therapy with ozone through the cutaneous fistula and the exposed and necrotic bone. Additionally, non-vital bone debridement was proceeded in two surgical steps. The patient is after a 1-year follow-up non-symptomatic. Conclusion: It is supposed that ozonotherapy, due to its antibacterial and immunoregulatory mechanism of action, was an important therapeutic agent for improving the patient’s quality of life.

The Role Of Breast-Conserving Surgery In The Treatment Of Early-Stage Breast Cancer

Objective: In the treatment of early-stage breast cancer, breast-conserving surgical treatment has been increasingly used. In our study, we investigated the survival efficacy in the long-term follow-up of breast-conserving surgical treatment in patients without axillary lymph node metastasis.&#x0D; Method: Thirty-nine patients without axillary lymph node metastasis who had undergone surgery for infiltrating ductal breast cancer between 2009 and 2018 were recordedin the research. Of these patients, 23 (58.9%) undergo MRM (modified radical mastectomy)and 16 (41.0%) undergo BCS (breast-conserving surgery). All of the patients who underwent BCS were given radiotherapy, and the patients with T2 and T3 tumors in two groups were given adjuvant chemotherapy and hormonotherapy according to receptor status. The patients were followed up by physical examination and imaging methods every three months in the first two years and then every six months.&#x0D; Results: All patients were followed up during the study (6 - 96 months). There was not variations between the 2 groups in terms of patient age, tumor localization, menopausal status, and the number of lymph nodes dissected. Local recurrence was detected in 1 (6.2%) patient who underwent BCS and was treated with a total mastectomy. In another patient, lung and liver metastases were detected in the 7th year. Infiltrative ductal carcinoma of the contralateral breast was detected in 3 (13%) patients who underwent MRM between 12-24 months. No patients were lost in either group.&#x0D; Conclusion: In patients with early breast cancer, BCS was found to be disease-free and as safe as MRM surgeries for overall survival.

Primary De novo ductal adenocarcinoma of the lacrimal gland

BackgroundPrimary ductal adenocarcinoma of the lacrimal gland is a rare and aggressive malignant epithelial lacrimal gland neoplasm, morphologically and phenotypically resembles salivary duct carcinoma, and both strongly resemble infiltrating ductal carcinoma of breast. MethodRetrospective Chart review of cases of malignant lacrimal gland tumors from 2013 July to 2020 July. Authors describe the clinico radiological, morphological and immunohistochemical features of primary ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) of lacrimal gland. Extensive review of literature of PDA of lacrimal gland and salivary gland ductal carcinoma has been performed. ResultsRetrospective chart review of the last 7 years yielded 22 malignant lacrimal gland neoplasms of which 4 cases demonstrated features of primary ductal adenocarcinoma of lacrimal gland, 2/4 cases showed an evidence of a pre existing pleomorphic adenoma and 2 were found to be de novo ductal adenocarcinomas. PDA of lacrimal gland showed expression of CK7, CK19, AR, HER2, cyclin D1 and were negative for CK5/14, CK 20, ER, PR, PSA, TTF-1, S-100 and SMA. Expression of GCDFP-15 was noted in one case. The presence of multiple events of loco-regional recurrences and/or distant metastasis necessitated a multidisciplinary approach. ConclusionsAuthors have expressed the need of clinical correlation; thorough tissue sampling and extensive immunohistochemical work up in identification of de novo PDA's and their molecular subtypes. A multi-institutional study might help in formulating the diagnostic criteria, identification of actionable targets, and thus study the role of targeted therapy in this rare and aggressive tumor which may result in better patient outcomes.

S1753 Breast Metastasis to the Colon: A Rare Case Report

INTRODUCTION: Metastatic disease occurs in 30% of breast cancer patients, with the most common sites of metastasis being lymph node, lung, liver, bone, or brain. Uncommonly, breast carcinoma metastasizes to the gastrointestinal tract. This report describes a rare case of a 48-year-old female with metastatic infiltrating ductal carcinoma to the colon. CASE DESCRIPTION/METHODS: A 48-year-old female presented with chronic diarrhea and abdominal pain, and no reported history of melena or hematochezia. Laboratory results were negative for celiac and C. difficile, and abdominal CT was concerning for colitis. Colonoscopy was performed and the transverse colon was noted to be strictured and inflamed. Colonic biopsies demonstrated malignant poorly differentiated cells expanding the lamina propria, with an intact and non-dysplastic colonic epithelial surface. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated positivity for CK7, rare mammaglobin, BRST-2, and GATA3, compatible with breast origin. An E-cadherin immunohistochemical stain showed retained strong membranous staining, indicative of a ductal phenotype. A diagnosis of metastatic poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma compatible with breast origin was made. Review of the clinical history revealed the patient to have had an infiltrating ductal carcinoma of the breast eight years prior and is now status post left mastectomy with adjuvant Tamoxifen. DISCUSSION: Breast metastasis to the gastrointestinal tract is uncommon, occurring in approximately 4–18% of metastatic breast cancer patients. Further, metastatic breast carcinoma to the colon is rare, estimated to occur in 3% of cases. Previously reported cases of gastrointestinal tract metastasis have predominantly been infiltrating lobular carcinoma. Infiltrating ductal carcinoma is known to metastasize to the lung, liver and bone, and there are few documented cases of metastasis to the colon. This reported case represents a rare finding of an infiltrating ductal breast carcinoma to the colon eight years after the initial diagnosis, diagnosed after colonoscopy and histopathological investigation. Breast metastasis to the gastrointestinal tract may present with vague signs and symptoms such as abdominal pain and changes in stool. Although rare, colonic metastasis should be considered in patients with a history of breast cancer who present with abdominal symptoms as early diagnosis will have a survival benefit.Figure 1.: Colonoscopy images of the transverse colon, demonstrating narrow lumen and inflammation.Figure 2.: (A-B) H&E. (C) BRST-2. (D) CK7 positive. (E) Mammaglobin, focally positive. (F) E-cadherin. (G) GATA-3 positive in the nuclei of many carcinoma cells. (H) CK20. (I) CDX2.

Ultrasound Diagnosis of Breast Lymphoma and the Identification of Breast Infiltrating Ductal Carcinoma.

By analyzing the B-mode ultrasound and color Doppler flow imaging characteristics of breast lymphoma (BL) and breast infiltrating ductal carcinoma (BIDC), we expected to discriminate these diseases. Thirty-two patients with BL and 30 with BIDC confirmed pathologically were selected. The BL group was divided into nodular and diffuse groups. We analyzed and compared the general and imaging characteristics of the BL subgroups and the BIDC group. The mean maximum diameter of BL was 54.93 ± 43.74 cm, and that of BIDC was 23.90 ± 6.79 cm (P < .05). The differences between the nodular BL and BIDC groups in a circumscribed margin (60.00% versus 20.00%), calcification (20.00% versus 53.33%), aggregation characteristics (0.00% versus 53.33%), and density (73.33% versus 10.00%) were statistically significant (P < .05). The differences between the diffuse BL and BIDC groups in calcification (6.67% versus 53.33%), aggregation characteristics (6.67% versus 53.33%) and density (40.00% versus 10.00%) were statistically significant (P < .05). The difference in a circumscribed margin (60% versus 13.33%) between the BL subgroups was statistically significant (P < .05). The blood flow signal in BL lesions was richer than that in BIDC lesions (P < .05). Extrasuperior-quadrant single lesions in the BL group were larger than those in the BIDC group. The edges of the lesions in the nodular BL group were circumscribed and dense. Lesions in the diffuse BL group did not have a circumscribed margin, calcification, aggregation characteristics, or density. The blood flow signal in BL lesions was richer than that in BIDC lesions.

OZONOTHERAPY IN JAW OSTEONECROSIS RELATED TO RADIOTHERAPY AND BISPHOSPHONATE: A CASE REPORT

Several antineoplastic treatments disturb wound repair and may even contribute to bone necrosis development. The present study aims to report a case of osteoradionecrosis in the mandible, and how its sequels were controlled by ozonotherapy. A 73-year-old female patient with a history of infiltrative ductal breast carcinoma with mandibular metastasis underwent chemotherapy and radiotherapy in head and neck region. Three years later, she was diagnosed with right hemimandibular osteoradionecrosis that exhibited communication with buccal cavity presenting as a chronic, suppurative, and persistent infection. Adjuvant therapy with ozone was applied through the cutaneous fistula and the exposed necrotic bone. Additionally, nonvital bone debridement was performed. The patient is nonsymptomatic after 1-year follow-up. It is proposed that ozone therapy, due to its antibacterial and immunoregulatory mechanism of action, was an important therapeutic agent for improving the patient's quality of life. Several antineoplastic treatments disturb wound repair and may even contribute to bone necrosis development. The present study aims to report a case of osteoradionecrosis in the mandible, and how its sequels were controlled by ozonotherapy. A 73-year-old female patient with a history of infiltrative ductal breast carcinoma with mandibular metastasis underwent chemotherapy and radiotherapy in head and neck region. Three years later, she was diagnosed with right hemimandibular osteoradionecrosis that exhibited communication with buccal cavity presenting as a chronic, suppurative, and persistent infection. Adjuvant therapy with ozone was applied through the cutaneous fistula and the exposed necrotic bone. Additionally, nonvital bone debridement was performed. The patient is nonsymptomatic after 1-year follow-up. It is proposed that ozone therapy, due to its antibacterial and immunoregulatory mechanism of action, was an important therapeutic agent for improving the patient's quality of life.

OTOR in breast carcinoma as a potent prognostic predictor correlates with cell proliferation, migration, and invasiveness.

Otoraplin (OTOR), recognized as an important cochlear gene, has a predicted secretory signal peptide sequence and harbors a high degree of cross-species conservation. However, its role in tumor progression is relatively unclear, especially in breast carcinoma (BC). This study investigated the clinicopathological significance of OTOR in breast infiltrating ductal carcinoma (IDC) with high metastasis to uncover its biological function in BC. OTOR was highly overexpressed in BC tissues and cells compared with normal samples. OTOR overexpression was associated with certain clinicopathological characteristics and poorer prognosis (overall survival; OS) of patients with breast IDC. As determined using CCK-8, colony formation, wound-healing, and Transwell assays, silencing OTOR using siRNA impeded BC-cell proliferation, migration, and invasiveness, which may have resulted from inactivating the mitogen-activated protein kinase - extracellular-signal-regulated kinase pathway. These results indicate that OTOR plays a crucial role in the progression of and prognosis for BC, which could help to identify future therapeutic targets for treating BC patients.

Assessment of estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor of infiltrating ductal carcinoma of breast for neoadjuvant chemotherapy

Background:The aims and objectives of this study are to study the influence of Estrogen receptor ER, Progesterone receptor PR of patients having infiltrating ductal carcinoma of breast recieving Neoadjuvant chemotherapy, To study the influence of ER and PR receptors in patients receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy & correlate complete pathological response. Methods . Type of study: Prospective clinical study. present study was carried out in the department of general surgery Vinayaka Missions medical college and hospital karaikal from July 2016 – December 2017.. HPE (Histopathological examination) and ER PR status was done. Patients diagnosed with locally advanced breast cancer underwent simple randomization into 2 treatment groupsGroup 1: AC (Adriamycin 60mg/m2, Cyclophosphamide 600mg/m2) once every 3 weeks for 4 cyclesGroup2: Docetaxel 75 mg/m2 for 4 cycles every 3 weekly (11).Clinical examination was performed after every two cycles and completing all the chemotherapy, study group patients were subjected to Modified radical mastectomy which was then followed by evaluation of pathological response. Conclusion: In this study 30 patients ER PR status was done. According to ER PR status Neoadjuvant chemotherapy regimen given. NCT response was assessed with clinical / imaging study. There was reduction in tumor size and change in lymph node status in both the groups with p value of .44. As our study size is small we cannot predict the actual outcome of the two study groups. We need larger sample size to predict the actual outcome.Results: The statistical analysis was performed by STATA 11.2. Descriptive statistics of frequency and percentage were performed all the study variables. Chi square test were used to measure the association between the CP response with ER status. P

Correlation between Ki-67 Expression and Hemodynamics of Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound in Patients with Breast Infiltrative Ductal Carcinoma

Breast cancer causes great threats to public health worldwide. The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between Ki-67 expression and the hemodynamics of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) in patients with infiltrative ductal carcinoma (IDC). CEUS was performed on 109 masses in 85 IDC cases before resection. Based on the immunohistochemical staining on the antigen Ki-67, the masses were divided into negative group, weakly positive group, positive group, and strong-positive group. Significant statistical differences were noticed in time to peak, arrive intensity, and peak intensity in the positive groups compared with the negative group. Compared with the positive groups, the negative group showed significant statistical differences in arrive intensity and peak intensity. The antigen Ki-67 was positively correlated with arrived intensity, intensity changes, and rising curve's slope. In contrast, it was negatively correlated with arrived time, time to peak, and continuous time. The hemodynamic parameters of CEUS were correlated with the expression of antigen Ki-67. On this basis, Ki-67 is an effective supplement to the diagnosis of IDC.

4-Amino-2-trifluoromethyl-phenyl retinate inhibits proliferation, invasion, and migration of breast cancer cells by independently regulating CRABP2 and FABP5.

Background4-Amino-2-trifluoromethyl-phenyl retinate (ATPR), a novel retinoid derivative, inhibits proliferation and induces differentiation in many cancer cells. In this study, the inhibitory effects of ATPR on the proliferation, invasion, and migration of breast cancer (BC) cells, and the relationship between ATPR and the expression of the intracellular lipid-binding proteins CRABP2 and FABP5 were investigated.MethodsCRABP2 and FABP5 expression was evaluated in infiltrating breast-infiltrating ductal carcinoma(BIDC) and benign breast fibroma (BBF) by immunohistochemistry and in MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-435, and MDA-MB-453 cells by immunofluorescence. The inhibition of proliferation by ATPR in these cells was detected by MTT. After downregulation and upregulation of CRABP2 and FABP5 in MCF-7 or MDA-MB-231 cells using siRNA and plasmids, the effect of ATPR on proliferation was detected by MTT and real-time cell analysis, and the effects of ATPR on the invasion and migration of MDA-MB-231 cells were detected using a Boyden chamber assay and a wound healing assay.ResultsCRABP2 expression was moderately or strongly positive in BIDC and BBF. FABP5 expression was also moderately or strongly positive in BIDC, but weakly positive or negative in BBF. CRABP2 and FABP5 were highly expressed in MCF-7 cells, moderately expressed in MDA-MB-453 cells, and weakly expressed in MDA-MB-435 and MDA-MB-231 cells. ATPR inhibited proliferation more strongly in MCF-7 cells than in other cells. The inhibition of proliferation by ATPR depended on an increase in CRABP2, but not FABP5 expression. A decrease in FABP5 could inhibit the invasion and migration of BC cells.ConclusionThese findings indicate that ATPR might inhibit proliferation by upregulating CRABP2, and inhibit invasion and migration by downregulating FABP5 in BC cells. These findings may facilitate the use of differentiation therapy in BC.

Reconstruction of an anterior chest wall radionecrosis defect by a contralateral latissimus dorsi flap: A case report

Soft tissue and bone radionecrosis are rare but serious complications may occur late after radiotherapy. We report the case of an 86-year-old woman with a history an infiltrating ductal carcinoma of the left breast, treated by total mastectomy, left axillary dissection and adjuvant radiotherapy. Eighteen years later, the first radionecrosis lesions appeared and grew progressively in a 6-month period. These lesions are deep, involving the anterior aspect of the 4th to the 6th ribs and infiltrating the chest wall to the left cardio-thoracic space communicating largely with the pericardium. During axillary dissection, the neurovascular pedicle of the left latissimus dorsi muscle had been severed. The first part of the operation consisted of performing a left side parietectomy of the thoracic wall with a large resection of pericardial tissue and a small myocardial patch. The second step consisted of repairing the thoracic wall defect with a contralateral musculocutaneous latissimus dorsi flap. Due to its significant axis of rotation, the latissimus dorsi muscle flap must be considered in the therapeutic algorithm for covering of contralateral anterior chest wall defects.

DcR3 gene polymorphisms are associated with sporadic breast infiltrating ductal carcinoma in Northeast Chinese women.

Decoy Receptor 3 (DcR3), also called TNFRSF6β, is a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily and is a soluble receptor for FasL. DcR3 is overexpressed in cancers and contributes to tumorigenesis through immune suppression and promotion of angiogenesis. We found that DcR3 is overexpressed in breast infiltrating ductal carcinoma (IDC) cells as compared with normal controls. We also conducted a case-control study analyzing associations of DcR3 polymorphisms with breast IDC risk. Subjects included 531 females with breast IDC and 592 age-matched healthy controls. Four DcR3 single nucleotide polymorphism loci with minor frequencies of more than 5% (rs3208008, rs41309931, rs2297441 and rs1291207) were genotyped using polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism and sequencing. Our results revealed significant differences in rs41309931genotypes and alleles (P < 0.01). Based on Haploview software analysis, the haplotype block Ars3208008 Grs41309931 Grs2297441 Ars1291207 exhibited the highest frequency, but, haplotype blocks Ars3208008 Trs41309931 Grs2297441 Ars1291207 and Crs3208008 Grs41309931 Grs2297441 Ars1291207 were associated with breast IDC risk. This study also detected associations between DcR3 gene polymorphisms and the clinicopathological features of breast IDC, including lymph node metastasis and C-erbB2, P53, estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor status. These data indicate that DcR3 gene polymorphisms are associated with sporadic breast IDC risk in Northeast Chinese females.

B7-H4 expression in human infiltrating ductal carcinoma‑associated macrophages.

B7-H4 is a co‑inhibitory molecule of the B7 family, which is expressed on antigen‑presenting cells (APCs) and is able to limit the T‑cell immune response. Macrophages act as professional APCs and are important for immunoregulation of the tumor microenvironment in breast cancer. In order to identify the association between the presence of B7‑H4 on macrophages and infiltrating ductal carcinoma (IDC), the present study investigated the expression of B7‑H4 on macrophages with different polarizations. The expression levels of B7‑H4 in IDC tissues were determined using immunohistochemistry, and the expression of B7‑H4 on macrophages in the breast IDC microenvironment were determined using western blot analysis and reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT‑qPCR). The expression levels of interleukin (IL)‑6 and IL‑10 were detected in IDC tissues and the supernatants of polarized macrophages using an enzyme‑linked immunosorbent assay and RT‑qPCR. The present study demonstrated that B7‑H4 was overexpressed in IDC tissues and macrophages. Invitro, M1 and M2 macrophages exhibited different expression levels of B7‑H4. IL‑6 and‑10 exhibited higher expression in the IDC tissues compared with in distal pericarcinomatous tissues. In conclusion, B7‑H4 exhibited overexpression in IDC tissues and cultured macrophage cells. Furthermore, M2 macrophages exhibited higher expression levels of B7‑H4 compared with the M1 subtype. In addition, IL‑6 and‑10 may be associated with B7‑H4 expression on macrophages of different polarizations in the IDC microenvironment.

Oligoadenylate synthetase 1 (OAS1) expression in human breast and prostate cancer cases, and its regulation by sex steroid hormones

&lt;p&gt;Oligoadenylate synthetase 1 (OAS1) is an interferon-induced protein characterised by its capacity to catalyse the synthesis of 2ʹ-5ʹ-linked oligomers of adenosine from adenosine triphosphate (2-5A). The 2-5A binds to a latent Ribonuclease L (RNase L), which subsequently dimerises into its active form and may play an important role in the control of cell growth, differentiation and apoptosis. Previously, our research group identified &lt;em&gt;OAS1&lt;/em&gt; as a differentially-expressed gene in breast and prostate cancer cell lines when compared to normal cells. This study evaluates: i) the expression of &lt;em&gt;OAS1&lt;/em&gt; in human breast and prostate cancer specimens; and ii) the effect of sex steroid hormones in regulating the expression of &lt;em&gt;OAS1&lt;/em&gt; in breast (MCF-7) and prostate (LNCaP) cancer cell lines. The obtained results showed that &lt;em&gt;OAS1&lt;/em&gt; expression was down-regulated in human infiltrative ductal carcinoma of breast, adenocarcinoma of prostate, and benign prostate hyperplasia, both at mRNA and protein level. In addition, &lt;em&gt;OAS1&lt;/em&gt; expression was negatively correlated with the progression of breast and prostate cancer. With regards to the regulation of &lt;em&gt;OAS1&lt;/em&gt; gene, it was demonstrated that 17β-estradiol (E&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;) down-regulates &lt;em&gt;OAS1&lt;/em&gt; gene in MCF-7 cell lines, an effect that seems to be dependent on the activation of oestrogen receptor (ER). On the other hand, 5α‑dihydrotestosterone (DHT) treatment showed no effect on the expression of OAS1 in LNCaP cell lines. The lower levels of OAS1 in breast and prostate cancer cases indicated that the OAS1/RNaseL apoptotic pathway may be compromised in breast and prostate tumours. Moreover, the present findings suggested that this effect may be enhanced by oestrogen in ER-positive breast cancers.&lt;/p&gt;

Comparative prognostic relevance of breast intra-tumoral microvessel density evaluated by CD105 and CD146: A pilot study of 42 cases

Angiogenesis is a key process for metastatic progression. While it has been established that the evaluation of breast tumoral microvessel density by CD105 marker is a potential prognostic parameter, its evaluation by CD146 marker has been poorly studied. AimThe purpose of this study was to compare the prognostic value of intra-tumoral microvessel density assayed by CD105 and CD146 in early breast cancer patients. Methods42 women with breast infiltrative ductal carcinoma (I and II-stages) were retrospectively reviewed. Intra-tumoral microvessel density was immunohistochemically examined using antibodies anti-CD105 and CD146 in paraffin-embedded tissues, and their association with classical prognostic-markers, metastatic recurrence, metastasis-free survival and overall survival was analyzed. ResultsHigh microvessel density assessed by CD146 was significantly associated with a higher risk of developing metastasis (p=0.0310) and a shorter metastasis-free survival (p=0.0197). In contrast, when we used the CD105-antibody, we did not find any significant association. Finally, CD146 showed to be an independent predictive indicator for metastasis-free survival (p=0.0055). ConclusionOur data suggest that the intra-tumoral microvessel density evaluated by CD146 may be a more suitable predictor of metastatic development than that evaluated by CD105 in early breast cancer.

Immunohistochemical and biochemical analysis of mammary gland tumours of different age patients

Immunohistochemical and biochemical study of infiltrative ductal breast carcinoma and tissue adjacent to the tumour revealed a particular molecular profile and characteristics of the oxidant-antioxidant status neoplasms depending on the age of the patients and the presence of metastases in regional lymph nodes. Some causes of high aggressiveness and low hormone sensitivity of tumours in premenopausal women, as well as stability and high metastatic potential of tumours in postmenopausal women have been found.