Inferior Position Research Articles

Unfolding the evolution of carbon inequality embodied in inter-provincial trade of China: Network perspective analysis

The mismatch between carbon transfer and economic benefits embodied in inter-provincial trade generates carbon inequality among provinces. Exacerbating carbon inequality would diminish the effectiveness of carbon policy, thereby challenging the realization of carbon neutrality target in China. Combining the network analysis and multi-regional input-output (MRIO) analysis, this paper depicted the unbalanced relationship between carbon transfer and value-added flow embodied in inter-provincial trade of China during 2012–2017 to shed light on the evolution features of trade-attributed carbon inequality from a multi-dimensional perspective. The research findings reveal that the carbon inequality embodied in inter-provincial trade of China has increased significantly during the study period, as the coefficient of structural equivalence between carbon transfer network and value-added transfer network decreased from 0.772 in 2012 to 0.634 in 2017. Different environmental regulation intensities and economic development levels among provinces are the main factors triggering the trade-attributed carbon inequality. During the surveyed years, some provinces such as Beijing, Tianjin, and Jiangsu have changed their roles from the drivers of carbon inequality to the leaders of green trade. Whilst some provinces located in the Northwest China which include Ningxia, Gansu, and Inner Mongolia are still placed in inferior positions in trade, and remain as the victims suffering from carbon inequality. The detected provincial communities present geographic adhesiveness and they are basically consistent with national urban agglomeration development planning. The research findings urge the need to shift from local carbon reduction to collective governance of carbon reduction, and provide supportive references for Chinese governments to develop integrated solutions and tailor-made policies towards equitable and sustainable development.

Kriminalisasi Marital Rape: Eksistensi dan Pembuktiannya

Abstract
 Generally, marriage is a moment of happiness, but it cannot deny that when marriage occurs, it brings misery in it such as Domestic Violence. There are several causes of Domestic Violence which split into various aspects, and one of them is sexual violence. This often makes the wife in a weak position or has a more inferior position, making her victim of her husband. The marital status that binds the wife as the victim and the husband as the perpetrator should not abolish the woman's rights over her body. The wife's position as a victim causes her physical and psychological traumatization, making the community also take responsibility by providing moral support. Not necessarily blaming the victim and justifying the behaviour of the perpetrator because it is still considered forbidden for the community to interfere in household matters. Any form of violence and its occurrence is not something that can be accepted and justified in the rule of law in each country. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to discuss acts related to sexual harassment without the victim's consent even in a marriage bond, known as marital rape. In Indonesia, the criminal act of domestic violence is regulated in Act No. 23 of 2004, which concerns the elimination of domestic violence, requires a clear and firm implementation, because the law must provide protection to victims and the accountability of perpetrators of such violence must be adjusted to the applied laws and regulations.

Playing the Dignity Roulette: Deciphering Academic Dignity from the Perspective of Doctoral Scholars

The publish or perish culture is a reality that management scholars deal with every day. It is a means of gaining legitimacy for the business schools while providing an objective approach to measure the performance of the scholars. At the same time, it paves the way for excessive competition, sham authorships, questionable research practices. While the literature on the implications of this culture is quite voluminous, it is primarily based on the experiences of seasoned academicians. So, in this study, we look at this culture from the viewpoint of doctoral scholars, specifically those pursuing their doctorate in a non-Western context. Our findings illustrate that the publish or perish culture subjects these scholars to a never-ending dignity struggle. They lose their dignity as they get dehumanized as machines for publications and stigmatized for their location and being non-native English speakers. These scholars internalize their inferior position and resort to internal divisions to recuperate their lost dignity. In sum, we propose that the publish or perish culture leads to the commoditization of dignity.

Gender Intervention Through Toxic Masculinity in Hashimi's The Pearl That Broke Its Shell

This article is about the idea of gender intervention through toxic masculinity reflected in Nadia Hashimi’s The Pearl That Broke Its Shell based on the theory of toxic masculinity by Terry A. Kupers. Beginning from a position that sees masculinity as a socially constructed idea in a patriarchal culture, this article works through the concept that hegemonic masculinity under patriarchy can turn toxic. There is a connection between toxic masculinity and hegemonic masculinity because toxic masculinity deviates from hegemonic masculinity aspects that are destructive. Many toxic masculinity traits can be found in society. This research uses a descriptive qualitative research design since this study will be limited to explain on two traits that are found in the novel. The most prominent traits that can be found in the novel are the subordination of women and violence. The idea of subordination of women can harm women because it puts them in an inferior position. This idea is also harmful to men as well when they could not meet society’s expectation of being “real” men. Toxic masculinity also has the belief that to prove their manhood, men have to be able to act violently. From that idea, some characters in the novel perform violence because they want to fit society’s expectation of being a “real” man. This study concludes that the hegemony of masculinity under a patriarchal society can result in a bad situation where men are viewed as superior and women as inferior. It can push the idea of toxic masculinity, which is harmful to both men and women. It is because men's superior position in this situation can be destructive and harmful for both men and women.

Women Oppression as A Result of Male Domination Represented in Malladi’s Novel The Mango Season

Oppression is the name of social injustice. It is perpetuated through social institutions, practices, and norms on social group by social group. Indian society belongs to the man since time immemorial. The woman has been given a secondary and inferior position in her family and society. She has been facing injustice, suppression, oppression, subjugation, and exploitation in a male-dominated Indian society. This study aims to describe how male domination and women’s oppression experienced by women and its explanation in what extent oppression reject male domination represented in The Mango Season novel. The method used in this study is descriptive qualitative study and using Derrida’s theory of deconstruction to support the data. The main theory used in this study is Maine’s theory of Patriarchy in a perspective of feminist. This study shows that the novel deconstructs its portrayal of male’s domination towards women. So, by destabilizing the binary opposition in the novel, that are males oppose females, the males-females hierarchy are reversed.

Mylohyoid Ridge as a Predictor of Available Bone for Implant Placement: A Cone-Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) Retrospective Observational Study.

Introduction: The posterior mandibular region, due to the presence of vital structures, poses a high risk during implant placement because of its susceptibility to neurovascular injury and perforation of the lingual cortex. A breach in implant length and available bone height may lead to serious intraoperative and postoperative complications. Prediction of the exact location of the inferior alveolar nerve and submandibular fossa anatomy is a prerequisite for ideal implant placement, which is always not possible with conventional radiographic and clinical techniques.Materials and methods: One hundred ten cone-beam computed tomographies (CBCTs) of patients were acquired from the radiological archives of a radiological center in Chennai. DICOM files from CBCT were exported to Bly Sky Plan software. Cross-sections of the second molar and first molar were extracted following the inclusion criteria. The linear dimension between the mandibular canal and mylohyoid ridge and anatomic variables of the submandibular fossa were measured digitally on the left and right sides using software measuring tools. Descriptive statistics were done. The unilateral and bilateral site and gender differences were evaluated. Bone height superior to the mandibular canal was correlated with the submandibular fossa parameters; depth of undercut in the vertical and horizontal directions; and angle of the undercut.Results: The mandibular canal was on average 5.5 mm and 4 mm inferior to the Mylohyoid ridge in the second molar region and first molar region, respectively, with the right and left sides showing no statistically significant difference. The depth of fossa undercut in vertical and horizontal dimensions was higher in the second molar region compared to the first molar region. The height of the deepest point of the undercut in the vertical dimensions showed a positive correlation with the bone available between the mandibular canal and the mylohyoid ridge.Conclusion: Keeping 2 mm of safety factor in consideration, implants can be safely placed up to the mylohyoid ridge in 100% of cases and 2 mm below the mylohyoid ridge in 78.9% of cases in the mandibular second molar region. In keeping with a safety factor of 2 mm, implants can be safely placed up to the mylohyoid ridge in 82.6% of cases and 2 mm below the mylohyoid ridge in 43.1% of cases in the first molar region. A more pronounced undercut was seen in the second molar region than in the first molar region. Deeper fossa undercuts in vertical dimension are associated with more inferior positioning of the mandibular canal.

Breast cancer brain metastasis: Current evidence and future directions.

Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women and the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths after lung cancer. Metastasis of the central nervous system is a terrible event for breast cancer patients, affecting their survival and quality of life. Compared with hormone receptor-positive/human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative breast cancer patients, brain metastases are more likely to affect patients with triple-negative breast cancer and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive breast cancer. The treatment of breast cancer has improved greatly in the last two decades. However, brain metastases from breast cancer remain the leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Patients with breast cancer brain metastasis have been in an inferior position due to the lack of clinical research in this field, and they are often explicitly excluded from almost all clinical trials. The occurrence and progression of brain metastases will result in severe cognitive impairment and adverse physical consequences, so we must have a good understanding of the molecular mechanisms of breast cancer brain metastasis. In this article, we have retrieved the latest literature of molecules and pathways associated with breast cancer brain metastasis, summarized common therapy strategies, and discussed the prospects and clinical implications of targeting the molecules involved.

Conversion to Islam in the Premodern Age: A Sourcebook

Conversion to Islam in the Premodern Age: A Sourcebook

Power, Belonging, and Respectability

Power, Belonging, and Respectability

From minors to equals? Kalanga women and marriage legislation in post-colonial Botswana, 1966-2005

This article examines rural Kalanga women's reactions to marriage legislation in Botswana between 1966 and 2005. This legislation, it could be argued, fails to challenge the broader inequality which exists between women and men in Botswana. This becomes even more apparent when women are identified as belonging to a minority ethnic group and are resident in rural spaces. This article discusses how modernity, tradition-custom, and the law in Botswana converge today. It aims to demonstrate how some women reacted to the abolition of marital power, with a focus on how they perceive marriage. Focusing on rural Kalanga women, the study investigates reactions to Botswana's constitution of 1966, to the marriage laws of 1967, and the 2004 Abolition of Marital Power Act. Finally, it investigates the gendered impact of these laws - as well as the complex discourses surrounding marriage and human rights - on the lived experiences of Kalanga women. The article reflects on the divergent ways in which many women negotiated their struggle for recognition within their ethnic groups - while also circumventing their inferior position as wives under Botswana law and a patriarchal system. Some women in this study preferred to support a more 'traditional' form of inequality within the household. While this study cannot purport to represent all Kalanga women, it does ask important questions about the Botswana gender agenda and in so doing, raises questions of both the perpetuation of patriarchy and women's agency in Botswana.

From minors to equals? Kalanga women and marriage legislation in post-colonial Botswana, 1966-2005

This article examines rural Kalanga women's reactions to marriage legislation in Botswana between 1966 and 2005. This legislation, it could be argued, fails to challenge the broader inequality which exists between women and men in Botswana. This becomes even more apparent when women are identified as belonging to a minority ethnic group and are resident in rural spaces. This article discusses how modernity, tradition-custom, and the law in Botswana converge today. It aims to demonstrate how some women reacted to the abolition of marital power, with a focus on how they perceive marriage. Focusing on rural Kalanga women, the study investigates reactions to Botswana's constitution of 1966, to the marriage laws of 1967, and the 2004 Abolition of Marital Power Act. Finally, it investigates the gendered impact of these laws - as well as the complex discourses surrounding marriage and human rights - on the lived experiences of Kalanga women. The article reflects on the divergent ways in which many women negotiated their struggle for recognition within their ethnic groups - while also circumventing their inferior position as wives under Botswana law and a patriarchal system. Some women in this study preferred to support a more 'traditional' form of inequality within the household. While this study cannot purport to represent all Kalanga women, it does ask important questions about the Botswana gender agenda and in so doing, raises questions of both the perpetuation of patriarchy and women's agency in Botswana.

Image of Woman in Indonesian Folktales: Selected Stories from the Eastern Indonesian Region

In Indonesia, a folk tale is used as a medium of entertainment as well as a teaching tool for children. Parents read folktales to their children at night. Folktales are used in the text of Indonesian lessons at the elementary education level. However, Indonesian folktale is suspected of being gender-biased. Although there is research on this subject, there is still little research on Indonesian folktales originating from Eastern Indonesia. Previous research conducted is still focused on the western region of Indonesia, for example, Java and Sumatra Island. This study aims to understand how women are depicted in Eastern Indonesian folktales, especially to understand the objectification of female characters. Based on the results of our research, we argue that many female characters in Eastern Indonesian folktales are subject to objectification. The objectification of female figures is carried out in the form of women as objects of sexuality, women as a medium of exchange of power, and women being passive and working in the domestic sphere. This finding shows that the folktale of Eastern Indonesia cannot be separated from patriarchal ideology. These stories show that women in the imagination of the Indonesian people still occupy an inferior position compared to men. Furthermore, the female characters also experience objectification and inequality as in folktales from Western Indonesia. The patriarchal point of view in folktales has deep roots and spreads in Indonesia. Research proves that the ideology of folktale is not always in harmony with the ideal values ??that exist in society. It takes a critical attitude towards the selection of stories that will be conveyed to children

Commodification of Women and Female Struggle for Power in Thackeray’s „Vanity Fair“

Indoctrination of women in Great Britain reached its peak during the Victorian age. The embodiment of this peak is the phenomenon of separate spheres. The Victorian culture categorized women as either Angels in the House or fallen women. These moulds were reflected in the Victorian novel. In contrast to common categorization of women, Thackeray makes an effort in Vanity Fair to represent real women, women who do not fit into prescribed types and definitions. This research attempts to prove that both Becky and Amelia are aware of their inferior position. Both of them do what they consider socially acceptable. Their identities are performed, but Amelia’s performance passes as natural, whereas Becky’s acting is recognized. They succeed to dominate men they get in touch with. While Amelia marries Dobbin, morally the most prominent character of the novel, Becky’s triumph is short-lived. One of the main causes of the moral crises of the Victorian era is society’s attitude toward women. Thackeray suggests that only a radical change in beliefs will lead to their better position.

I'm a "Savage": Exploring Megan Thee Stallion's Use of the Politics of Articulation to Subvert the Androcentric Discourses of Women in Hip Hop Culture

Hip hop music is understood to be a tool that promotes equality for a group of people who were previously marginalised and discriminated against. However, misogyny and sexual exploitation of women remain dominant characteristics of hip hop culture. When exploring research on women in hip hop culture, scholars tend to focus on misogyny and the hypersexualising of women, thus disregarding the fact that women can express and enjoy their sexuality purely because it is their prerogative to do so. This article highlights how Fairclough's (1995) model of critical discourse analysis can be used as a lens and tool to introduce alternative perspectives on these discourses and ideologies. Specifically, this research interrogates how Megan Thee Stallion applies the politics of articulation through her rap lyrics to subvert the androcentric discourses of hip hop culture, which objectify and sexually exploit women-specifically, Black women who have been historically subjected to the politics of respectability that positions Black women in inferior position to White women.

Offline and online LSTM networks for respiratory motion prediction in MR-guided radiotherapy

Objective. Gated beam delivery is the current clinical practice for respiratory motion compensation in MR-guided radiotherapy, and further research is ongoing to implement tracking. To manage intra-fractional motion using multileaf collimator tracking the total system latency needs to be accounted for in real-time. In this study, long short-term memory (LSTM) networks were optimized for the prediction of superior–inferior tumor centroid positions extracted from clinically acquired 2D cine MRIs. Approach. We used 88 patients treated at the University Hospital of the LMU Munich for training and validation (70 patients, 13.1 h), and for testing (18 patients, 3.0 h). Three patients treated at Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli were used as a second testing set (1.5 h). The performance of the LSTMs in terms of root mean square error (RMSE) was compared to baseline linear regression (LR) models for forecasted time spans of 250 ms, 500 ms and 750 ms. Both the LSTM and the LR were trained with offline (offline LSTM and offline LR) and online schemes (offline+online LSTM and online LR), the latter to allow for continuous adaptation to recent respiratory patterns. Main results. We found the offline+online LSTM to perform best for all investigated forecasts. Specifically, when predicting 500 ms ahead it achieved a mean RMSE of 1.20 mm and 1.00 mm, while the best performing LR model achieved a mean RMSE of 1.42 mm and 1.22 mm for the LMU and Gemelli testing set, respectively. Significance. This indicates that LSTM networks have potential as respiratory motion predictors and that continuous online re-optimization can enhance their performance.

Revision Clitorolabiaplasty and Urethroplasty After Gender-Affirming Vaginoplasty

ABSTRACT Introduction Gender-affirming vaginoplasty was historically a two-stage procedure with secondary labiaplasty after the initial vaginoplasty. Techniques have evolved into what is now generally a single stage procedure, however some patients may still require revision surgery for cosmetic or functional reasons. Additionally, as with any urethral procedure, patients may develop issues with their urinary stream requiring repeat surgery. Objective The patient is a 51-year-old transgender woman. She underwent robotic-assisted peritoneal flap vaginoplasty in the summer of 2020. Her post-operative course was complicated by recurrent infections. Once the infections had settled and the surgical site was well healed, she had persistent complaints of flat labia majora, overly exposed clitoris causing hypersensitivity, as well as spraying of her urinary stream. We aimed to demonstrate that minor revisions with urethroplasty to relocate the urethral meatus inferiorly as well as securing the clitoris in a more inferior position and bringing the labia together in the midline can provide coverage for the clitoris, more aesthetic appearance of the vulva, and an excellent functional outcome. Methods We first performed the urethroplasty. We began with cystoscopy to identify the level of the external sphincter which was marked externally on the skin. We then incised the skin in the midline starting at the level of the current urethral meatus and extending inferiorly for approximately 2cm. Skin flaps were mobilized off of the urethra bilaterally. The urethra was spatulated ventrally for approximately 1.5cm. The edges were oversewn with 3-0 Vicryl for hemostasis. The superior part of the spatulated urethra was sutured to the surrounding skin to form the lower edge of the vestibulum and provide further definition to the labia minora. The lower edge of the spatulation was sutured to the surrounding skin to become the new urethral meatus. We then turned our attention to the clitoroplasty and labiaplasty. The patient's clitoris was sitting high, over-exposed, and somewhat prolapsed after her initial vaginoplasty and post-operative infections. We started by making a circumferential degloving incision at the level of the glans clitoris. The skin was then carefully mobilized off of the clitoris. A midline incision was made inferior to the clitoris and the clitoris was secured to the vestibulum. A double Z-plasty was performed, in order to bring the labia majora together in the midline to provide better coverage for the clitoris. Results The procedure lasted 4 hours. There was minimal bleeding and no intra- / post-operative complications were encountered. She was discharged home on post-operative day one in good condition. The Foley catheter was left in place until post-operative day five. One month post-operatively, the patient reported resolution of urinary spraying, improved cosmesis, and better coverage for the clitoris. Conclusions Patients may not be satisfied with the cosmetic and functional results following gender-affirming vaginoplasty even if the vaginal canal itself is of adequate dimensions. Minor revisions can provide significant rewards in terms of improvements to the cosmetic appearance of vulva and lower urinary tract symptoms. Disclosure No

I'm a "Savage": Exploring Megan Thee Stallion's Use of the Politics of Articulation to Subvert the Androcentric Discourses of Women in Hip Hop Culture

Hip hop music is understood to be a tool that promotes equality for a group of people who were previously marginalised and discriminated against. However, misogyny and sexual exploitation of women remain dominant characteristics of hip hop culture. When exploring research on women in hip hop culture, scholars tend to focus on misogyny and the hypersexualising of women, thus disregarding the fact that women can express and enjoy their sexuality purely because it is their prerogative to do so. This article highlights how Fairclough's (1995) model of critical discourse analysis can be used as a lens and tool to introduce alternative perspectives on these discourses and ideologies. Specifically, this research interrogates how Megan Thee Stallion applies the politics of articulation through her rap lyrics to subvert the androcentric discourses of hip hop culture, which objectify and sexually exploit women-specifically, Black women who have been historically subjected to the politics of respectability that positions Black women in inferior position to White women.

Poetics of Love in Henry James’s “The Beast in the Jungle”

May and Marcher in Henry James’s “The Beast in the Jungle” pursues an odd relationship interpreted by James’s critics as fraudulent, self-victimizing, or queer. While May is reduced to a witness to Marcher’s psychosomatic complexities, an evidence reliable to justify Marcher’s troubled heterosexuality, Marcher is deprived of any romantic yearnings for her. This article, departing from simplistic psychosexual interpretations having ended up demoting May to an inferior position and Marcher to a homosexual character, suggests the main problem of their relationship is the contrast between their love styles. In this relationship, the communication is prevented not so much by May’s subordinate silence/assent as by Marcher’s narcissism. John Allan Lee’s typology of love helps individually explicate each character’s psychological traits and romantic advances under Lee’s comparing terms of eros/ludus and storge/mania. The result of this case-by-case analysis is to prove their relationship is nothing but the obsession Dorothy Tennov redefines in her limerence theory based on such terms as idealization, crystallization, and intrusive thinking. After proving May and Marcher as limerent lovers, each pursuing a love style fundamentally at odds with the love style of the other, this article finally, based on Sigmund Freud’s notion of cathexis, concludes it is Marcher’s narcissism or self-cathexis that bars the doors of proper communication and mutual recognition.

Sexual Humor in Dickens' Works

This paper attempts to investigate a sexual selection-based argument about the significance of humor in courtship. The huge range of Dickensian sexual humor suggests that the extroversion of female characters is associated with their inferior position. Females were formerly under-represented in producing humor. Jokes and humorous acts were primarily associated with males, particularly in the domain of sexual humor. Dickens’ use of sexual humor is evidence for the critic and becomes a valuable tool for revealing gender stereotypes in the 19

Carbon inequality in global trade: Evidence from the mismatch between embodied carbon emissions and value added

Global trade not only brings about the exchange of goods and services, but also stimulates the transfer of carbon emissions. Given different economic development stages and industrial structures, global carbon inequality occurs due to the mismatch between trade-related carbon emissions and value added. Combining the multi-regional input-output model and regional environmental index (REI), this paper constructs an integrated research framework to trace the embodied carbon emissions and value-added among six regions from 2010 to 2015 to shed light on global carbon inequality from a multi-regional perspective. The results indicate that major carbon exporters are placed in inferior positions in global trade, rendering them victims of carbon inequality. The EU, Japan and the USA have been favored by global trade from both economic and environmental perspectives, and the advantaged position of the EU has improved whereas the positions of Japan and the USA have slightly decreased. For disadvantage regions, China and ASEAN10 has improved their situations, yet the inequality suffered by the RoW148 has deteriorated. Adjusting the export structure from primary to advanced products is an effective measure to mitigate global carbon inequality. Our major implications help strike thinking on the rationality of global trade and offer integral solutions towards sustainable development.