Infection In Mainland China Research Articles

Omicron neutralization character in patients with breast cancer and liver cancer after the nationwide omicron outbreak.

The surge in omicron variants has caused nationwide breakthrough infections in mainland China since the December 2022. In this study, we report the neutralization profiles of serum samples from the patients with breast cancer and the patients with liver cancer who had contracted subvariant breakthrough infections. In this real-world study, we enrolled 143 COVID-19-vaccinated (81 and 62 patients with breast and liver cancers) and 105 unvaccinated patients with cancer (58 and 47 patients with breast and liver cancers) after omicron infection. Anti-spike receptor binding domain (RBD) IgGs and 50% pseudovirus neutralization titer (pVNT50) for the preceding (wild type), circulating omicron (BA.4-BA.5, and BF.7), and new subvariants (XBB.1.5) were comprehensively analyzed. Patients with liver cancer receiving booster doses had higher levels of anti-spike RBD IgG against circulating omicron (BA.4-BA.5, and BF.7) and a novel subvariant (XBB.1.5) compared to patients with breast cancer after breakthrough infection. Additionally, all vaccinated patients produced higher neutralizing antibody titers against circulating omicron (BA.4-BA.5, and BF.7) compared to unvaccinated patients. However, the unvaccinated patients produced higher neutralizing antibody against XBB.1.5 than vaccinated patients after Omicron infection, with this trend being more pronounced in breast cancer than in liver cancer patients. Moreover, we found that there was no correlation between anti-spike RBD IgG against wildtype virus and the neutralizing antibody titer, but a positive correlation between anti-spike RBD IgG and the neutralizing antibody against XBB.1.5 was found in unvaccinated patients. Our study found that there may be differences in vaccine response and protective effect against COVID-19 infection in patients with liver and breast cancer. Therefore, we recommend that COVID-19 vaccine strategies should be optimized based on vaccine components and immunology profiles of different patients with cancer.

Prevalence and Risk Factors Associated with Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP) in Mainland China between 2008 and 2023: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

To evaluate the overall prevalence of FIP infection in cats in mainland China and associated risk factors, studies on the prevalence of FIP conducted from 1 January 2008 to 20 December 2023 were retrieved from five databases-CNKI, Wanfang, PubMed, Web of Science, and ScienceDirect-and comprehensively reviewed. The 21 studies selected, with a total of 181,014 samples, underwent a rigorous meta-analysis after quality assessment. The results revealed a 2% prevalence of FIP (95% CI: 1-2%) through the random-effects model, showing considerable heterogeneity (I2 = 95.2%). The subsequent subgroup analysis revealed that the age and gender of cats are significant risk factors for FIP infection in mainland China. In order to effectively reduce and control the prevalence of FIP on the Chinese mainland, we suggest improving the immunity of cats, with special attention given to health management in kittens and intact cats, and continuously monitoring FIPV.

Incidence and prognosis of olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions related to SARS‐CoV‐2 Omicron strain infection in mainland China: A national multicenter survey of 35,566 individuals

AbstractObjectiveThis cross‐sectional study aimed to determine the epidemiology of olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions related to COVID‐19 in mainland China.MethodsThis study was conducted by 45 tertiary Grade‐A hospitals in mainland China. Online and offline questionnaire data were obtained from patients infected with COVID‐19 between December 28, 2022, and February 21, 2023. The collected information included basic demographics, medical history, smoking and drinking history, vaccination history, changes in olfactory and gustatory functions before and after infection, and other postinfection symptoms, as well as the duration and improvement status of olfactory and gustatory disorders.ResultsComplete questionnaires were obtained from 35,566 subjects. The overall incidence of olfactory and taste dysfunction was 67.75%. Being female or being a cigarette smoker increased the likelihood of developing olfactory and taste dysfunction. Having received four doses of the vaccine or having good oral health or being a alcohol drinker decreased the risk of such dysfunction. Before infection, the average olfactory and taste VAS scores were 8.41 and 8.51, respectively; after infection, they decreased to 3.69 and 4.29 and recovered to 5.83 and 6.55 by the time of the survey. The median duration of dysosmia and dysgeusia was 15 and 12 days, respectively, with 0.5% of patients having symptoms lasting for more than 28 days. The overall self‐reported improvement rate was 59.16%. Recovery was higher in males, never smokers, those who received two or three vaccine doses, and those that had never experienced dental health issues, or chronic accompanying symptoms.ConclusionsThe incidence of dysosmia and dysgeusia following infection with the SARS‐CoV‐2 virus is high in mainland China. Incidence and prognosis are influenced by several factors, including sex, SARS‐CoV‐2 vaccination, history of head‐facial trauma, nasal and oral health status, smoking and drinking history, and the persistence of accompanying symptoms.

Incidence, temporal trends and risk factors of puerperal infection in Mainland China: a meta-analysis of epidemiological studies from recent decade (2010–2020)

BackgroundPuerperal infection (PI) is a severe threat to maternal health. The incidence and risk of PI should be accurately quantified and conveyed for prior decision-making. This study aims to assess the quality of the published literature on the epidemiology of PI, and synthesize them to identify the temporal trends and risk factors of PI occurring in Mainland China.MethodsThis review was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42021267399). Putting a time frame on 2010 to March 2022, we searched Cochrane library, Embase, Google Scholar, MEDLINE, Web of Science, China biology medicine, China national knowledge infrastructure and Chinese medical current contents, and performed a meta-analysis and meta-regression to pool the incidence of PI and the effects of risk factors on PI.ResultsA total of 49 eligible studies with 133,938 participants from 17 provinces were included. The pooled incidence of PI was 4.95% (95%CIs, 4.46–5.43), and there was a statistical association between the incidence of PI following caesarean section and the median year of data collection. Gestational hypertension (OR = 2.14), Gestational diabetes mellitus (OR = 1.82), primipara (OR = 0.81), genital tract inflammation (OR = 2.51), anemia during pregnancy (OR = 2.28), caesarean section (OR = 2.03), episiotomy (OR = 2.64), premature rupture of membrane (OR = 2.54), prolonged labor (OR = 1.32), placenta remnant (OR = 2.59) and postpartum hemorrhage (OR = 2.43) have significant association with PI.ConclusionsMaternal infection remains a crucial complication during puerperium in Mainland China, which showed a nationwide temporal rising following caesarean section in the past decade. The opportunity to prevent unnecessary PI exists in several simple but necessary measures and it’s urgent for clinicians and policymakers to focus joint efforts on promoting the bundle of evidence-based practices.

Information quality of videos related to Helicobacter pylori infection on TikTok: Cross-sectional study.

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) poses serious threats to human health. TikTok (Douyin in Chinese), a major social media platform focused on sharing short videos, has demonstrated great potential in spreading health information, including information related to H. pylori infection. This study aims to evaluate the content and quality of the information shared in TikTok videos about H. pylori infection in mainland China. We collected a sample of 116 videos in Chinese related to H. pylori infection from TikTok. Video contents were evaluated by the coding schema proposed by Goobie et al., and the Hexagonal Radar Schema was used to intuitively display the spotlight and weight of each aspect of the videos. The DISCERN questionnaire was used to evaluate the quality of the videos. We identified two major sources of videos related to H. pylori: individual users (n = 89) and organizational users (n = 27). Regarding content, the Hexagonal Radar Charts showed that more than 35% of the videos delivered moderate to high quality content (>1 point) in terms of definition, symptoms and management of the disease, whereas risk factors, evaluation and outcomes of the disease were less discussed. The DISCERN classification data showed that 0.9% of the videos were "very poor," 5.2% "poor," 68.7% "fair," 20.0% "good," and only 5.2% "excellent". Regarding total DISCERN scores, videos published by nonprofit organizations had the highest scores, followed by videos uploaded by health professionals. Although the overall quality of TikTok videos related to H. pylori infection was medium, users should be careful when obtaining information related to H. pylori infection on TikTok and opt for videos uploaded by nonprofit organizations and health professionals.

Analysis of risk factors and short-term prognostic factors of arrhythmia in patients infected with mild/moderate SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant.

Complications, including arrhythmia, following severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection continue to be of concern. Omicron is the mainstream SARS-CoV-2 mutant circulating in mainland China. At present, there are few epidemiological studies concerning the relationship between arrhythmia and Omicron variant infection in mainland China. To investigate the risk factors of arrhythmia in patients infected with the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant and the factors influencing prognosis. Data from 192 Omicron infected patients with symptoms of arrhythmia (AH group) and 100 Omicron infected patients without arrhythmia (Control group) were collected. Patients in the AH group were divided into the good and poor prognosis groups, according to the follow-up results 4-6 weeks after infection. The general and clinical data between the AH and Control groups, and between the good and poor prognosis groups were compared. The variables with differences between the groups were included in the multivariate logistic regression analysis, and the quantitative variables were analyzed by receiver operating characteristic curve to obtain their cut-off values. Compared with the control group, the body mass index (BMI), proportion of patients with a history of arrhythmia, proportion of antibiotics taken, heart rate, moderate disease severity, white blood cell (WBC) count, and the aspartate aminotransferase, creatine kinase (CK), CK isoenzyme (CK-MB), myoglobin (Mb), high-sensitive troponin I (hs-cTnI), lymphocyte ratio and high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels in the AH group were significantly higher (p < 0.05). In addition, obesity (BMI ≥24 kg/m2), fast heart rate (≥100 times/min), moderate disease severity, and WBC, CK-MB and hs-cTnI levels were independent risk factors of arrhythmia for patients with Omicron infection (p < 0.05), and hs-CRP was a protective factor (p < 0.05). Compared with the good prognosis group, the age, proportion of patients with a history of arrhythmia, heart rate, proportion of moderate disease severity, and hs-CRP, CK, Mb and hs-cTnI levels were significantly higher in the poor prognosis group, while the proportion of vaccination was lower in the poor prognosis group (p < 0.05). Advanced age (≥65 years old), proportion of history of arrhythmia, moderate disease severity, vaccination, and hs-CRP, Mb and cTnI levels were independent factors for poor prognosis of patients with arrhythmia (p < 0.05). The factors that affect arrhythmia and the prognosis of patients infected with Omicron include obesity, high heart rate, severity of the disease, age. history of arrhythmia, WBC, hs-CRP, and myocardial injury indexes, which could be used to evaluate and prevent arrhythmia complications in patients in the future.

Estimating the prevalence of non-cervical human papillomavirus infection in mainland China (PROGRESS-Plus): protocol of a national cross-sectional study

IntroductionHuman papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the most common sexually transmissible infection worldwide. Although the prevalence of cervical HPV infection has been extensively reported in women worldwide, few epidemiological studies have...

Pseudorabies Virus Associations in Wild Animals: Review of Potential Reservoirs for Cross-Host Transmission.

Pseudorabies virus (PRV) has received widespread attention for its potential health effects on humans, wildlife, domestic animals, and livestock. In this review, we focus on PRV dynamics in wildlife, given the importance of wild-origin PRV transmission to domestic and farm animals. Wild boars, pigs, and raccoons can serve as reservoirs of PRV, with viral transmission to domestic livestock occurring via several routes, such as wild herd exposure, contaminated meat consumption, and insect vector transmission. Many endangered feline and canine species can be infected with PRV, with acute disease and death within 48 h. The first confirmed human case of PRV infection in mainland China was reported in 2017. Thus, PRV exhibits potentially dangerous cross-host transmission, which is likely associated with inappropriate vaccination, poor awareness, and insufficient biosecurity. Currently, no vaccine provides full protection against PRV in all animals. Here, we summarize the epidemiology and pathogenesis of PRV infection in wild, domestic, and farmed animals, which may facilitate the design of novel therapeutics and strategies for controlling PRV infection and improving wildlife protection in China.

The research of SARIMA model for prediction of hepatitis B in mainland China.

Hepatitis B virus infection is a major global public health concern. This study explored the epidemic characteristics and tendency of hepatitis B in 31 provinces of mainland China, constructed a SARIMA model for prediction, and provided corresponding preventive measures.Monthly hepatitis B case data from mainland China from 2013 to 2020 were obtained from the website of the National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China. Monthly data from 2013 to 2020 were used to build the SARIMA model and data from 2021 were used to test the model.Between 2013 and 2020, 9,177,313 hepatitis B cases were reported in mainland China. SARIMA(1,0,0)(0,1,1)12 was the optimal model and its residual was white noise. It was used to predict the number of hepatitis B cases from January to December 2021, and the predicted values for 2021 were within the 95% confidence interval.This study suggests that the SARIMA model simulated well based on epidemiological trends of hepatitis B in mainland China. The SARIMA model is a feasible tool for monitoring hepatitis B virus infections in mainland China.

Effects of imipenem combined with glutamine in the treatment of severe acute pancreatitis with abdominal infection in mainland China: a meta-analysis.

The aim of this study was to explore the efficacy of imipenem combined with glutamine in the treatment of severe acute pancreatitis with abdominal infection in mainland China using meta-analysis. We searched China National Knowledge Network, Wanfang Medical Network, Chinese Science Citation Database, PubMed, and Embase Databases for publications of imipenem combined with glutamine in the treatment of severe acute pancreatitis abdominal infection. The search time limit was from the establishment of the database to April 10, 2021. Stata software version 12.0 was used for statistical analysis; the combined effect size odds ratio and standardized mean difference values were calculated for the count data and measurement data, respectively; and the heterogeneity test was performed in this study. A total of five randomized controlled trials were included. A total of 499 cases were included, with 251 in the observation group and 248 in the control group. Meta-analysis results showed that the efficacy of imipenem combined with glutamine in the treatment of severe acute pancreatitis with abdominal infection was significantly better than that of imipenem alone (odds ratio=0.78, 95%CI 0.71-0.86, p=0.040). Imipenem combined with glutamine can significantly improve the efficacy in the treatment of severe acute pancreatitis with abdominal cavity infection.

Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in China: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Helicobacter pylori (H.pylori) infection rates have been changing with different populations and geographic areas. We systematically evaluated the longitudinal trends in H.pylori prevalence in China over the past decades. We performed a systematic review of literature reporting the prevalence of H.pylori infection in mainland China from 1990 to 2019 in the PubMed and China National Knowledge Infrastructure databases. We conducted a meta-analysis of qualified studies using a random effects model to estimate the pooled prevalence with a 95% confidence interval (95%CI). A total of 412 eligible studies with 1377349 subjects were included. The pooled H.pylori prevalence was 44.2% (95%CI: 43.0-45.5%) in mainland China, with an estimated 589 million individuals infected with H.pylori. The prevalence was relatively high in the Northwest (51.8%, 95%CI: 47.5-56.1%), East (47.7%, 95%CI: 45.4-50.0%), and Southwest China (46.6%, 95%CI: 42.1-51.1%). The prevalence significantly decreased from 58.3% (95%CI: 50.7-65.5%) in the period 1983-1994 to 40.0% (95%CI: 38.2-41.8%) in the period 2015-2019. The prevalence increased with age, ranging from 28.0% (95%CI: 23.9-32.5%) in children and adolescents to 46.1% (95%CI: 44.5-47.6%) in adults. Although the burden of H.pylori infections is still huge in China, the infection rate has been decreasing over the past decades. Targeted H.pylori eradication strategies may be considered in areas or populations with a high incidence of gastric cancer.

Aristolochic acids exposure was not the main cause of liver tumorigenesis in adulthood

Aristolochic acids (AAs) have long been considered as a potent carcinogen due to its nephrotoxicity. Aristolochic acid I (AAI) reacts with DNA to form covalent aristolactam (AL)–DNA adducts, leading to subsequent A to T transversion mutation, commonly referred as AA mutational signature. Previous research inferred that AAs were widely implicated in liver cancer throughout Asia. In this study, we explored whether AAs exposure was the main cause of liver cancer in the context of HBV infection in mainland China. Totally 1256 liver cancer samples were randomly retrieved from 3 medical centers and a refined bioanalytical method was used to detect AAI–DNA adducts. 5.10% of these samples could be identified as AAI positive exposure. Whole genome sequencing suggested 8.41% of 107 liver cancer patients exhibited the dominant AA mutational signature, indicating a relatively low overall AAI exposure rate. In animal models, long-term administration of AAI barely increased liver tumorigenesis in adult mice, opposite from its tumor-inducing role when subjected to infant mice. Furthermore, AAI induced dose-dependent accumulation of AA–DNA adduct in target organs in adult mice, with the most detected in kidney instead of liver. Taken together, our data indicate that AA exposure was not the major threat of liver cancer in adulthood.

Trends in Incidence of Urinary Tract Infection in Mainland China from 1990 to 2019.

PurposeUrinary tract infection (UTI) is the second-most-common type of infection in China. This study aimed to determine the long-term trends in the incidence of UTI in Mainland China between 1990 and 2019.Materials and MethodsData were extracted from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 and were analyzed with the age–period–cohort framework.ResultsThe net drift in the incidence of UTI was –0.37% (95% CI: –0.40%, –0.35%) in males and –0.25% (95% CI: –0.29%, –0.20%) in females. For males, the local drift was lower than 0 (P<0.05) among those younger than 90 years. For females, the local drift was lower than 0 (P<0.05) among those younger than 60 years and higher than 0 (P<0.05) in those aged 65–79 years. In the same birth cohort, the incidence of UTI was higher in females than in males in all age groups (P<0.05). The period relative risk (RR) showed a decreasing pattern after 2005 in both sexes. The cohort RR showed a downward trend of the birth cohort after 1905 for males and 1960 for females.ConclusionThe incidence has increased significantly among older females over the past 30 years. It is necessary to develop a comprehensive intervention plan for reproductive health services covering females and males of all ages.

Changing Epidemiology of Hepatitis B Virus and Hepatitis C Virus Coinfection in a Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Positive Population in China: Results From the Third and Fourth Nationwide Molecular Epidemiologic Surveys.

The transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV)/hepatitis C virus (HCV) is similar in modes/routes and related risk factors. Understanding the long-term changing epidemiology of HIV, HBV, and HCV coinfection is important for evaluation of existing disease control policy and healthcare planning. We describe HBV and HCV coinfection based on the latest 2 nationwide molecular epidemiologic surveys of HIV infection in mainland China in 2007 and 2015. Seroprevalence of HBV and HCV infections was determined in antiretroviral treatment (ART)-naive people living with HIV-1 (PLWH) from 2 nationwide surveys conducted in 2007 and 2015 from 31 provinces, municipalities, and autonomous regions in mainland China. Demographic characteristics, route of HIV transmission, and CD4+ cell count were captured in the national database. Logistic regression was used to study the association between coinfection status and possible relevant risk factors. A total of 6611 (n = 1571 in 2007; n = 5040 in 2015) ART-naive PLWH met the eligibility criteria. The prevalence of HBV and HCV coinfection in PLWH decreased from 61.1% in 2007 to 18.0% in 2015. Significant coinfection proportion reduction was found for HCV (from 53.7% to 4.9%), and a moderate decrease for HBV (17.8% to 13.9%). There was an increase of HBV/HIV coinfections among 12 provinces, municipalities, and autonomous regions, associated with domestic migration (adjusted odds ratio, 6.34 [95% confidence interval, 1.82-22.09]). A significant decrease of HBV and HCV coinfection in PLWH was observed. Due to limited health resources and high transmission efficiency, concerted efforts should be made to further control viral hepatitis epidemics in HIV-positive populations.

A simple transmission dynamics model for predicting the evolution of COVID-19 under control measures in China.

Epidemic forecasting provides an opportunity to predict geographic disease spread and counts when an outbreak occurs and plays a key role in preventing or controlling their adverse impact. However, conventional prediction models based on complex mathematical modelling rely on the estimation of model parameters, which yields unreliable and unsustainable results. Herein, we proposed a simple model for predicting the epidemic transmission dynamics based on nonlinear regression of the epidemic growth rate and iterative methods, which is applicable to the progression of the COVID-19 outbreak under the strict control measures of the Chinese government. Our model yields reliable and accurate results as confirmed by the available data: we predicted that the total number of infections in mainland China would be 91 253, and the maximum number of beds required for hospitalised patients would be 62 794. We inferred that the inflection point (when the growth rate turns from positive to negative) of the epidemic across China would be mid-February, and the end of the epidemic would be in late March. This model is expected to contribute to resource allocation and planning in the health sector while providing a theoretical basis for governments to respond to future global health crises or epidemics.

A systematic literature review and meta-analysis of characterization of canine parvoviruses 2 prevalent in mainland China

BackgroundCanine parvovirus 2 (CPV-2) is a pathogenic virus that infects dogs, causing a highly infectious disease. Monitoring CPV-2 spread is an important part of prevention; however, the prevalence and epidemiological characteristics of CPV-2 have not been systematically evaluated and analyzed in mainland China. Therefore, a systematic review and meta-analysis were performed to assess prevalence and epidemiological characteristics of CPV-2 in domestic dogs in mainland China.MethodsIn this study, Chinese and English literature on CPV-2 epidemiology published between January 2006 and December 2019 was evaluated. Regarding meta-analysis, the random-effect model was employed by forest plot with 95% of confidence interval. The number of CPV-2 infections was identified and the pooled prevalence of infection, as well as the epidemiological characteristics, was calculated using meta-analysis.ResultsA total of 39 studies (data from 137,844 dogs) met the evaluation criteria and were used in our study. The pooled prevalence of CPV-2 infection in mainland China was 36%. CPV-2 infection were associated with age, breed, sampling season and immunization status, but not with gender, publication time and diagnostic methods.ConclusionsOur results indicated that CPV-2 is prevalent among dogs in China. It is therefore necessary to carry out continuous surveillance and epidemiological studies of CPV-2. In addition, accordingly, effective measures should be taken to prevent the transmission and spread of CPV-2 among the Chinese dog population.

Time trends and other sources of variation in Helicobacter pylori infection in mainland China: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Helicobacter pylori (Hpylori) is a carcinogen that causes a huge burden of gastric cancer in China. We aimed to evaluate the temporal trends and other sources of variation of Hpylori infection in adults from mainland China. For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched PubMed, Embase, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, and Wanfang databases for articles published from January 1983 to June 2020. We included studies reporting Hpylori prevalence in adults and then applied random effect meta-analyses to obtain pooled prevalence estimates for all studies and subgroups. Sources of heterogeneity were investigated by moderator analysis, and time trends were assessed through random effect meta-regression. Of the 2121 studies identified, 98 were eligible for inclusion. The pooled estimate of 670 572 participants from 26 provinces during 1983-2018 was 49.6% (95% CI: 46.9%, 52.4%). Hpylori prevalence varied considerably, ranging from 20.6% to 81.8%. Periods, urban/rural status, detection method, and study design explained 18.8%, 24.0%, 17.8%, and 30.4% of the heterogeneity, respectively. Overall, Hpylori prevalence declined by -0.9% (95% CI: -1.1%, -0.6%) annually. Consistent declines in prevalence were observed by sex, age, and study characteristics. Helicobacter pylori prevalence is slowly decreasing over time in mainland China, but the low declining speed is not enough to have a major impact on gastric cancer incidence for many years. The time trends and the large heterogeneity should be taken into account when conducting regional comparisons, disease burden estimations, and customized strategy making.

Impact of household quarantine on SARS-Cov-2 infection in mainland China: A mean-field modelling approach.

The novel coronavirus, named SARS-Cov-2, has raged in mainland China for more than three months, and it causes a huge threat to people's health and economic development. In order to curb the SARS-Cov-2 prevalence, the Chinese government enacted a series of containment strategies including household quarantine, traffic restriction, city lockdowns etc. Indeed, the pandemic has been effectively mitigated, but the global transmission is not still optimistic. Evaluating such control measures in detail plays an important role in limiting SARS-Cov-2 spread for public health decision and policymakers. In this paper, based on the cumulative numbers of confirmed cases and deaths of SARS-Cov-2 infection, from January 31st to March 31st, announced by the National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, we established a mean-field model, considering the substantial contact change under some restrictive measures, to study the dynamics of SARS-Cov-2 infection in mainland China. By the Metropolis-Hastings (M-H) algorithm of Markov Chain Monte Carlo numerical method, our model provided a good fitting to the overall trends of SARS-Cov-2 infections and discovers the transmission heterogeneities by some extreme containment strategies to some extent. The basic reproduction number was approximated to be 2.05 (95% CI [1.35,2.87]); the hospitalized cases arrived at the peak of 29766 (95% CI [29743,29868]) on February 7th (95% CI [Feb.6th, Feb.8th]). Importantly, we identified that the highest risk group of SARS-Cov-2 was the family of four, which has the biggest probability of degree distributions at such node, suggesting that contact patterns play an important role in curtailing the disease spread.

The Influence of Metabolic Syndrome on the Risk of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis B Infection in Mainland China.

The association between metabolic syndrome (MS), both in terms of its components and as a whole, and the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in subjects with hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remains unclear, especially in mainland China. We prospectively included 6,564 individuals with HBV infection from an initial cohort of 105,397 civil servants. The multivariate-adjusted HR and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) were evaluated using Cox proportional hazards models to explore the potential connection between HCC risk and MS. Cumulative incidences were plotted using Kaplan-Meier curves. After a 45,668.0 person-year follow-up (76.0 ± 30.8 months) of 6,564 subjects who were seropositive for hepatitis B surface antigen, 89 incident HCC cases were identified. MS as a whole was independently associated with a 2-fold increased HCC risk (HR, 2.25; 95% CI, 1.41-3.60) after adjusting for age (in 1-year increments), gender, cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, liver cirrhosis, and elevated aspartate aminotransferase levels (≥40 U/L). Subjects with three or more factors and those with one or two factors had adjusted increased HCC risks of 2.12-fold (95% CI, 1.16-3.89) and 1.28-fold (95% CI, 0.74-2.22), respectively, in comparison with those without any metabolic factors. Central obesity and type 2 diabetes were associated with significantly increased HCC risk, whereas this association was not observed in obese subjects (body mass index ≥30 kg/m2; 95% CI, 0.73-3.44). MS as a whole, central obesity, and type 2 diabetes were independently associated with increased HCC risk in a population with HBV infection in mainland China. MS may be a risk factor for HCC.

Rates of periprosthetic infection and surgical revision in Beijing (China) between 2014 and 2016: a retrospective multicenter cross-sectional study

BackgroundPeriprosthetic joint infection (PJI) is a rare but devastating complication after total joint arthroplasty. There is a paucity of data on the incidence and prevalence of periprosthetic infection in mainland China. This study aimed to analyze the rates of surgical revision after arthroplasty due to PJI and the procedures followed in Beijing, China.MethodsThe study involved a retrospective multicenter cross-sectional survey of patients undergoing revisions for periprosthetic infection after hip/knee arthroplasty at nine hospitals in Beijing from 2014 to 2016. Age, gender, body mass index, primary diagnosis, comorbidity, primary surgery, treatment methods, and post-revision complications were analyzed.ResultsA total of 38,319 hip/knee arthroplasties and 366 (0.96%) revisions for PJI were identified. Of these, 161 (161/14,110; 1.14%) revisions involved hip arthroplasty, whereas 205 (205/24,209; 0.85%) revisions were due to knee arthroplasty. Procedures for revisions of infected hip included 7 (4.3%) cases of open debridement and prosthesis retention, 32 (19.9%) cases of one-stage exchange, 121 (75.2%) cases of two-stage exchange, and 1 (0.007%) case of hip dissection. As for the infected knee, the procedures included 45 (22.0%) cases of open debridement and prosthesis retention, 13 (6.3%) cases of one-stage exchange, 143 (69.8%) cases of two-stage exchange, and 4 (0.02%) cases of knee fusion.ConclusionsThe study found the rates of revision due to PJI to be low. Nonetheless, the incidence of PJI in mainland China could be higher and calls for more elaborate studies in geographically and socioeconomically diverse health institutions.