Infant Malnutrition Research Articles

Daya terima dan kandungan gizi formulasi biskuit IBBU sebagai pangan darurat bencana pereda stres ibu hamil

Background: Disasters can cause emergencies that have the potential to impact food and nutrition crises, especially in the first five days (first phase of emergency response); therefore, assistance is needed in the form of providing food immediately. Pregnant women are vulnerable groups that can become victims of disasters. Insufficient intake by pregnant women during a disaster can lead to a potential incidence of infection, stunting, and malnutrition in infants. Additionally, disaster conditions can cause pregnant women to experience stress.Objectives: This study aimed to analyze the formulation of disaster emergency food biscuits in an effort to relieve stress in pregnant women victims of disasters.Methods: This type of research was purely experimental on the biscuit formula and had a completely randomized design with five formulas. The nutritional content was calculated using DKBM. The acceptability test at the organoleptic stage was quasi-experimental. The organoleptic quality tested on 3 limited panelists and 25 somewhat trained panelists was analyzed using the Kruskal Wallis test (α ≤ 0,05). Results: The results showed that the formula with the best acceptability was F1 (purple sweet potato flour 30 g; skim milk powder 10 g; soy protein isolate 5 g; nutmeg powder 7 g) with total energy per serving 247,4 kcal, which fulfills 11% of the energy needs of pregnant women. Giving 7 grams of nutmeg powder can potentially relieve stress in pregnant women if consumed one serving per day for 15 days.Conclusion: An increasing number of substitutions resulted in lower acceptability and higher energy, protein, and fiber contents in biscuits. In addition, biscuits are produced with high nutritional content and can relieve stress. The formula with the best acceptability was obtained using F1 (7,5% purple sweet potato flour, 2,5% skim milk powder, 1,3% soy protein isolate, and 1,8% nutmeg) and had the potential to relieve the stress of pregnant female victims of the disaster.

Designing intervention prototypes to improve infant and young child nutrition in Peru: a participatory design study protocol

IntroductionNutrition during the complementary feeding period (6–23 months) is critical to ensure optimal growth and reduce the risk of diet-related disease across the life course. Strategies to reduce multiple forms...

Evaluating the Relationship Between Maternal Postpartum Depression, Infant Feeding Practices, and Infant Nutritional Status at a Maternity Hospital in Uasin Gishu County, Kenya

Postpartum depression is a major maternal mental problem that has been shown to contribute to malnutrition in infants. This cross-sectional study explores the association between maternal postpartum depression (PPD) and infant feeding practices as well as infant nutritional status among infants aged 6-14 weeks at Eldoret West Maternity Hospital (EWMH) in Uasin Gishu County, Kenya. The study involved 257 women of reproductive age with infants aged 6-14 weeks postpartum attending postnatal and maternal and child health clinics at EWMH. Data was collected using a modified Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) to screen for PPD and other questionnaires to gather sociodemographic information, feeding practices, and infant nutritional status. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted to assess associations between maternal PPD, infant feeding practices, and nutritional status. The prevalence of maternal PPD was 17.5%, with 1 in 6 mothers affected. Exclusive breastfeeding was practiced by 94.6% of mothers, exceeding the national level of 60%. Mothers with PPD were more likely to practice nonexclusive breastfeeding and were 1.4, 1.8, and 1.6 times more likely to have stunted, wasted, and underweight infants respectively than mothers without PPD though the association was not statistically significant after adjusting for confounders.Maternal PPD is prevalent among mothers at EWMH and is more likely to influence infant feeding practices particularly non-exclusive breastfeeding and nutritional status. Stunting, wasting and underweight were prevalent in infants of mothers with PPD. These findings underscore the importance of integrating mental health and nutritional support services for mothers and infants in maternal healthcare settings. Early identification and intervention for maternal PPD can help improve infant feeding practices and nutritional outcomes, promoting the well-being of both mothers and their infants.

Preoperative Nutritional Status of Infants with Non-Restricted Ventricular Septal Defect and Its Influence on Postoperative Recovery.

This study described the preoperative nutritional status of infants with nonrestricted ventricular septal defects (VSDs) and evaluated its effect on postoperative recovery. We retrospectively collected data from infants with nonrestricted VSD who received surgical treatment in our hospital from January 2020 to December 2021 and analyzed their preoperative nutritional status and postoperative recovery. Fifty (53.8%) patients were underweight (weight for age Z score (WAZ) ≤-1), and 31 (33.3%) patients were malnourished (WAZ ≤-2). The mechanical ventilation time, duration of intensive care unit stay and hospital stay time after surgery of patients with WAZ ≤-2 were significantly longer than those of patients with WAZ >-2 (p < 0.05). The results of linear correlation analysis showed that age, WAZ and prealbumin were negatively correlated with mechanical ventilation time, duration of intensive care unit stay and hospital stay time after surgery, respectively. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that mechanical ventilation time = 7.080 - 0.668 WAZ - 0.013 prealbumin - 0.618 age (R2: 0.729, F: 79.773, p: 0.001); duration of intensive care unit admission = 11.775 - 1.385 WAZ - 0.018 prealbumin - 0.102 age (R2: 0.714, F: 74.072, p: 0.001); and hospital stay time = 17.663 - 1.673 WAZ - 0.017 prealbumin - 1.07 age (R2: 0.711, F: 72.842, p: 0.001). The incidence of malnutrition in infants with nonrestricted VSD was very high, and malnutrition had a significant adverse effect on postoperative recovery. Malnutrition significantly prolonged mechanical ventilation time, duration of intensive care unit stay and hospital stay after surgery.

Impacts of climate change on food security and resulting perinatal health impacts

Climate change's impact on global food security is a pressing concern with profound consequences. Climate change disrupts the global food system through a number of mechanisms including extreme weather events, rising food prices, and compromised food quality. In this article, we explore the effect of climate change on food security and the resulting health impacts of poor nutrition on pregnant women and infants in the perinatal period. Inadequate nutrition during pregnancy raises the risk of vitamin deficiencies, obstetric complications, maternal mortality, and infant malnutrition. Climate change exacerbates these challenges and perpetuates intergenerational cycles of poor nutrition. Addressing these issues requires traditional approaches to combating the climate impacts on general food security as well as specific approaches to bridge the food security gender gap. Empowering women as key stakeholders is crucial for overcoming the complex barriers to food insecurity caused by climate change, as well as protecting the well-being of vulnerable populations during the perinatal period.

Measuring growth in critically ill neonates and children.

Critical illness increases the risk of malnutrition in both infants and children. Malnutrition risk is multifactorial and includes premorbid factors as well as changes in nutrient metabolism and energy demands during critical illness. Inadequate nutrition has been linked to poor health outcomes and prolonged length of stay in the intensive care unit, demonstrating the importance of both recognizing and addressing malnutrition in this population. Assessing growth and identifying malnutrition requires methodical measurement of growth and a collaborative, multimodal approach to nutrition assessment. Among the nutrition assessment and growth evaluation tools, neonatal, preterm, pediatric, and disease-specific growth charts remain an important component of growth assessment and should be used along with a nutrition-focused physical examination. Routine measurement promotes the identification of potential growth delays that may require interventions. Indirect calorimetry adds an additional layer of detail for a complete picture of each infant or child's unique nutrition status and progress. Quality improvement research on a national level is urgently needed to assess the adequacy and availability of resources in neonatal and pediatric critical care units and to further the development of standard clinical outcome measures for nutrition assessment and intervention in the critically ill neonate and child.

A Study of Reliability of Mid Upper Arm Circumference for Detection of Severe Acute Malnutrition in Infants Between 1-&lt;6months of Age

Introduction: Severe Acute Malnutrition (SAM) in children below 6months of age is diagnosed in presence of either of (1) weight for height/length &lt;-3 standard deviations (SD) of median WHO growth reference (in infants &gt;45cm); (2) visible severe wasting; (3) presence of bipedal edema. Simple measuring tape with reorientation of health workers can detect beginning of childhood malnutrition. This study aims to study reliability of mid upper arm circumference (MUAC) for detection of SAM in infants aged 1-6 months of age.

Effect of Stinging Nettle Leaf Flour Substitution on the Quality Characteristics of Fermented Corn Complementary Foods

Proper complementary feeding is required to provide essential nutrients to growing infants. However, most families in developing countries are severely food insecure, leading to constant child malnutrition. This study developed fermented corn complementary foods (pap) supplemented with abundantly available and affordable stinging nettles. Stinging nettle leaf flour was incorporated into pap at 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% and evaluated in relation to nutritional, functional, and sensory properties. Soybeans were used to compare the nutritional and health benefits of nettles in infant nutrition. A gradual incorporation of nettle leaf flour increased (p&amp;lt;0.05) the ash, protein, and dietary fibre content of pap from 0.72%, 3.48% and 2.87% to 9.46%, 18.98% and 4.56% respectively. Likewise, nettle-enriched pap contained higher carotenoids (4.99mg/100g), vitamin C (48.76mg/100g), calcium (176.49mg/100g), phosphorus (35.21mg/100g), potassium (210.54mg/100g), and iron (284.55mg/100g) than soybean-enriched pap: 0.96, 4.40, 50.99, 29.29, 204.78 and 64.02mg/100g respectively. While total phenolic content and antioxidant activity index increased (p&amp;lt;0.05) with increasing addition of nettle leaf flour from 1.23mgGAE/g and 0.15 to 125.45mgGAE/g and 2.01 respectively, the metabolic glycaemic response decreased (p&amp;lt;0.05) from 68.53% to 35.60%. In addition, all functional qualities were within acceptable limits for complementary feeding. Nursing mothers rated the overall acceptability between 7.14 (5% nettle-enriched pap) and 6.23 (20% nettle-enriched pap), and 12 of these 20 mothers accepted to feed their babies with stinging nettle leaf flour. Our findings indicated that stinging nettle leaves are nutritionally important for improving low-cost complementary feeding and thus could contribute to the combat of infant malnutrition in rural communities.

Clustering of Child Nutrition Status using Hierarchical Agglomerative Clustering Algorithm in Bekasi City

Clustering infant nutrition based on weight, height, and age is a data analysis method used to group infant nutritional status based on these characteristics. The research on clustering infant nutrition aims to analyze whether there are still many infants in the area with insufficient or excessive nutrition, and to identify groups of infants requiring special attention regarding their nutritional intake. In the analysis of infant nutrition clustering, data on weight, height, and age of infants are collected and then grouped based on similarities in body height and weight at certain ages. The method used in this research is hierarchical clustering, which can help in grouping the data. Clustering analysis can help understand how infants' feeding patterns vary based on their weight, height, and age. The results of research on clustering infant nutrition based on weight, height, and age can provide valuable insights for nutrition experts, pediatricians, and community health workers in developing appropriate intervention programs to improve infant feeding patterns and meet their nutritional needs. Additionally, the results of clustering infant nutrition can also be used to identify groups of infants requiring special attention regarding their nutritional needs, thus minimizing the risk of malnutrition and unhealthy growth in infants.

What is missing in our understanding of urban slum environments and maternal, infant and young child nutrition from publicly available data in Asia and the Pacific?

Given the recent, rapid urbanisation in Asia and the Pacific region, coupled with increases in the triple burden of malnutrition, we need to better understand maternal, infant and young child nutrition (MIYCN) for populations living in urban slum environments. This research used existing large-scale datasets to explore MIYCN indicators for those living in urban slum, compared with urban nonslum, areas. Data since 2015 from available Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS; Afghanistan, India, Indonesia, Myanmar, Pakistan and the Philippines) and Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS; Bangladesh, Fiji, Kiribati, Mongolia, Nepal, Thailand and Tuvalu) were analysed. Most urban children in the 13 countries from the region were breastfed within 24 h of birth, with slightly higher rates for those living in slums. Conversely, almost all indicators of infant and young child malnutrition were worse for those in urban slums. For mothers living in slums, underweight prevalence and iron deficiency anaemia were higher while maternal overweight and obesity prevalence were lower. Analysis revealed disparities across countries in the wealth status of those living in slum versus nonslum areas. What is currently missing is representative sampling of households, adequate collection of data both within and across countries, and accurate representation of slum-dwellers in large-scale surveys. Given that limited data for the region show urban poor slum populations are vulnerable to poor nutrition indicators, more data are needed on the poorest urban slum populations to enable effective resource allocation to support optimal MIYCN.

Nutritional status of Vietnamese infants assessed by Fenton growth chart and related factors: A cross-sectional study.

Nutritional status of infants, measured by birth weight and length, is an essential factor in neonatal development. Malnutrition in newborns may lead to a higher risk of mortality, neurological and cognitive impairment, and poor language development. This study aims to assess the nutritional status of infants and related factors regarding maternal anthropometric characteristics and medical history. A cross-sectional study was conducted at the National Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vietnam from May 2021 to May 2022 on 340 infants and mothers. Low birth weight was defined following the Intergrowth-21 standards. Stunting was evaluated using the Fenton growth chart when the length was below the 10% percentile line of the gestational week. Multivariate regression models were applied to identify factors associated with the nutritional status of infants. We found that 12.4% and 14.1% of infants in our study fell into stunted and underweight categories, respectively. Infants of mothers over 35 years old, having a height lower than 150 cm or experiencing anemia during pregnancy were more likely to be stunted or have low birth weight. Serum albumin deficiency during pregnancy was strongly associated with the infant being underweight (odds ratio [OR] = 2.8, 95% confidence interval [95%CI] 1.1-7.3). Newborns were more likely to be stunted if their mothers had a history of preterm birth (OR = 3.3, 95%CI 1.1-10.2). Maternal nutritional status is closely related to infant malnutrition, particularly in preterm infants. Improving the understanding of mothers regarding prenatal care, reproductive healthcare, adequate nutritional diet, and multi-micronutrient supplements during pregnancy is therefore important.

Severe acute malnutrition among infants under 6 months of age in the teaching hospital of Borgou / Alibori in Northen Benin

Background: Acute malnutrition in infants under six months is a scourge that is little studied in relation to the global problem of child malnutrition. This paper aims to describe the sociodemographic, clinical, therapeutic, and outcome features of this phenomenon in the Teaching Hospital of Borgou /Alibori based in Parakou in northern Benin. Patients and methods: This was a two years case-control retrospective and descriptive study carried out in the pediatric care unit of the said hospital from January 1, 2016, to December 31, 2018. It included infants aged 1 to 6 months presenting with severe acute malnutrition defined according to the WHO criteria. Variables investigated were sociodemographic, clinical, therapeutic, and outcome-related. Results: Total of 78 out of 508 infants less than 6 months of age were severely malnourished (5.35%). Their mean age was 4.65 months±1.28. Contributory factors were early dietary diversification (69.2%), and maternal death (14.1%). Marasmus and kwashiorkor were their clinical expressions. Associated complications were gastrointestinal infections (38.5%), septicemia (17.9%), and HIV infection (5.1%). Diluted F-100 was the most used therapeutic food (46.1%) with a recovery rate estimated at 41% and mortality at 19.3%. Conclusion: Severe acute malnutrition in infants under six months of age is real and it involves three out of twenty infants admitted to the hospital. In-hospital mortality is significant. It is urgent to review the policies related to exclusive breast feeding promotion.

Brazilian malnutrition-related infant mortality up to 11 months

Childhood malnutrition in Brazil has a profound impact on the physical and cognitive development of children, compromising their future and perpetuating the cycle of poverty. Moreover, death from this condition can define important aspects in the context of public health in the country. The objective of this study was to analyze and describe the peculiarities of deaths from child malnutrition in Brazil between the years 1996 and 2021. This is an ecological, epidemiological, cross-sectional, descriptive, and quantitative study of deaths due to malnutrition in children up to 11 months of age between 1996 and 2021, with the Brazilian states as the unit of analysis. The methodological strategy involved the analysis of raw data made available by the Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade (SIM). A total of 17.300 deaths due to malnutrition were reported in the studied population. The year 1998 had the highest number of deaths in the period, with 1.766, representing 10.2% of the notifications. The Northeast and Southeast regions presented the highest prevalence of deaths. The states of Bahia, Pernambuco, São Paulo, Minas Gerais and Ceará had the highest number of deaths from infant malnutrition. The predominant characteristics of the victims were female, brown, with birth weight between 2500 and 3999 g, and age up to 3 months. Young pregnant women (between 15 and 29 years old) and those with a medium level of education were the most predisposed. Among deliveries, gestations between 37 and 41 weeks, single gestations, and vaginal deliveries were relevant in determining mortality. In conclusion, it is crucial to adopt prevention measures and access to education to eradicate mortality from child malnutrition in Brazil.

Infant and young child feeding practices and associated socioeconomic and demographic factors among children aged 6-23 months in Ghana: Findings from Ghana Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey, 2017-2018.

Association between poor infant and young child feeding (IYCF) practices and malnutrition in infants and young children (IYC) is well established. Furthermore, appropriate IYCF practices are important during the first 1,000 days of life to ensure optimal health and development. Understanding IYCF practices and associated socioeconomic and demographic factors will inform interventions to achieve the UN 2030 Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) target to end malnutrition in all forms. This study estimates the prevalence of Minimum Dietary Diversity (MDD), Minimum Meal Frequency (MMF), and Minimum Acceptable Diet (MAD), and examines their association with socioeconomic and demographic characteristics among children aged 6-23 months in Ghana. We used data from the Ghana Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 6 (GMICS6) conducted in 2017-18. Participants were recruited through multi-stage stratified cluster sampling. Information on caregiver's self-reported breastfeeding status and 24-hour dietary recall of foods IYC were fed with were collected through face-to-face interviews. We estimated the prevalence of MDD, MMF and MAD with a 95% confidence interval (CI). We investigated the socioeconomic and demographic determinants of MDD, MMF and MAD using univariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses. Among 2,585 IYC aged 6-23 months, MDD, MMF and MAD were estimated as 25.46%, 32.82% and 11.72% respectively. Age of the IYC, educational status of the mothers/primary caregivers, and resident regions were found to have positive associations with MDD, MMF and MAD. In addition, the richest household wealth index and urban area of residence were found to have significant positive associations with MDD. We report a low prevalence of MDD, MMF and MAD. Efforts to improve IYCF practices among children aged 6-23 months in Ghana should focus on multi-sectorial approaches including increasing access to formal education, income-generating activities and addressing regional and rural-urban inequity.

Promoting and supporting breastfeeding in a protracted emergency setting-Caregivers' and health workers' perceptions from North-East Nigeria.

Breastfeeding (BF) should be protected, promoted, and supported for all infants in humanitarian settings. The re-establishment of exclusive BF is also a central part of the management of acutely malnourished infants under 6 months (<6 m). Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) runs a nutrition project in Maiduguri, a protracted emergency setting in North-East Nigeria. This study aimed to explore caregivers' (CGs) and health workers' (HWs) perceptions of BF practice, promotion, and support among CGs with infants <6 m in this setting. We conducted a qualitative study using in-depth interviews and focus group discussions combined with non-participant observations. Participants included CGs of young infants enrolled in MSF nutritional programs or who attended health promotion activities in a displacement camp. MSF HWs were involved at different levels in BF promotion and support. Data were collected involving a local translator and analyzed using reflexive thematic analysis directly from audio recordings. Participants described how feeding practices are shaped by family, community, and traditional beliefs. The perception of breastmilk insufficiency was common and led to early supplementary feeding with inexpensive but unsuitable products. Participants often linked insufficient breastmilk production with poor maternal nutrition and stress, in a context shaped by conflict and food insecurity. BF promotion was generally well received but could be improved if tailored to address specific barriers to exclusive BF. Interviewed CGs positively valued BF support received as part of the comprehensive treatment for infant malnutrition. One of the main challenges identified was the length of stay at the facility. Some participants perceived that improvements in BF were at risk of being lost after discharge if CGs lacked an enabling environment for BF. This study corroborates the strong influence of household and contextual factors on the practice, promotion, and support of BF. Despite identified challenges, the provision of BF support contributes to improvements in BF practice and was positively perceived by CGs in the studied setting. Greater attention should be directed toward providing support and follow-up for infants <6 m and their CGs in the community.

Overview of Toddler Height and Weight in Patients with Malnutrition at the Dukuh Kupang Health Center, Surabaya

Children do not get enough energy intake, so the body will use energy reserves in the form of fat and protein to maintain important body functions. This can cause weight loss in children, especially if the nutritional deficiency lasts for a long time. Overall, a child's height and weight are very important in assessing a child's nutritional status because both are good indicators of growth and development. If there are disturbances in the growth and development of children, then this can be a sign that the child has nutritional problems that need to be taken seriously. This study aimed to determine the relationship between height and weight with malnutrition in infants at the Dukuh Kupang Health Center area as a descriptive observational study. The data used in this study were height and weight data as well as the nutritional status of infants obtained from Health Centers in the Dukuh Kupang Health Center area. Regression analysis was performed to determine whether height and weight have a significant effect on the nutritional status of infants. The results showed that height and weight had a significant effect on the nutritional status of infants, with significant regression coefficient values for each variable. In addition, the ANOVA test also shows that the regression model used is significant. These results can be used as a basis for improving public health programs related to the problem of malnutrition in toddlers in the Dukuh Kupang Health Center area.

The double burden of malnutrition and gross motor development in infants: A cross-sectional study

The objective of the present work was to study the relationship between the double burden of malnutrition and gross motor development in infants. ology: Sample included 5900 infants under 24 months of age, participants of the ENSANUT-ECU study. To evaluate nutritional status, we calculated z-scores for body mass index/age (BAZ) and height/age (HAZ). Six gross motor milestones were considered: sitting without-support, crawling, standing and walking with-support, standing and walking without-support. Data was analysed using logistic regression models in R. Independently form age, sex and other socio-economic factors, the probability of achieving three gross motor milestones was significantly lower among chronically undernourished infants compared to their peers: sitting without-support, crawling, and walking without-support. Compared to no malnourished infants the probability of sitting without-support at six months was 10% lower for chronically undernourished infants (0.70, 95%CI [0.64-0.75]; 0.60, 95%CI [0.52-0.67]; respectively). The probability of crawling at eight months and walking without-support at 12 months were also significantly lower among chronically undernourished infants (0.62, 95%CI [0.58-0.67]); 0.25, 95%CI [0.20-0.30]; respectively) in comparison to no malnourished infants (0.67, 95%CI [0.63-0.72]); 0.29, 95%CI [0.25-0.34]; respectively). Obesity/overweight was not associated with the achievement of gross motor milestones, except for sitting without-support. Chronically undernourished infants with low or high BMI/age were generally delayed in the achievement of gross motor milestones than their peers. Chronic undernutrition is related to delayed gross motor development. Public health measures are needed to be implemented to prevent the double burden of malnutrition and its detrimental effects on infant development.

Factors associated with malnutrition in infants with congenital heart disease within one year after surgery

Objective: To explore the risk factors of malnutrition in infants with congenital heart disease within one year after surgery. Methods: This retrospective cohort study selected 502 infants with congenital heart disease who underwent surgical treatment in Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center from February 2018 to January 2019. Their basic information and clinical data were analyzed, and their nutrition status after the surgery was followed up by questionnaire survey. Weight-for-age Z score (WAZ)≤-2 one year after operation was defined as malnutrition group, and WAZ>-2 was non-malnutrition group. The perioperative indicators and complementary food advancement were compared between the two groups by chi-square test, t-test, and Kruskal-Wallis test. The risk factors of malnutrition were analyzed by Logistic regression. Results: A total of 502 infants were selected, including 301 males and 201 females, with the age of 4.1 (2.0, 6.8) months. There were 90 cases in malnutrition group and 412 cases in non-malnutrition group. The body length and weight at birth in the malnutrition group were lower than those in the non-malnutrition group ((47.8±3.8) vs. (49.3±2.5) cm, (2.7±0.6) vs.(3.0±0.5) kg, both P<0.001). The proportion of paternal high school education or above and the proportion of family per capita income of 5 000 yuan or above in the malnutrition group were lower than those in the non-malnutrition group ((18.9% (17/90) vs. 30.8% (127/412), 18.9% (17/90) vs. 33.7% (139/412), both P<0.05). Compared to the non-malnutrition group, the proportion of complex congenital heart disease in the malnutrition group was higher (62.2% (56/90) vs. 47.3% (195/412), P<0.05). The postoperative mechanical ventilation time, postoperative intensive care unit (ICU) stay time, postoperative hospital stay, total length of ICU stay and total hospital stay in the malnutrition group were significantly longer than those in non-malnutrition group (all P<0.05). The proportion of egg and fish supplementation over 2 times/week within one year after the surgery was also lower in the malnutrition group (both P<0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that mother's weight at delivery (OR=0.95,95%CI 0.91-0.99), the pre-operative WAZ≤-2 (OR=6.04, 95%CI 3.13-11.65), the complexity of the cardiac disease (OR=2.23, 95%CI 1.22-4.06), the hospital stay after the surgery over 14 days (OR=2.61, 95%CI 1.30-5.26), the types of complementary food<4 (OR=2.57, 95%CI 1.39-4.76), and the frequency of meat and fish<2 times/week (OR=2.11, 95%CI 1.13-3.93) were the risk factors associated with malnutrition within one year after the surgery. Conclusion: Mother's weight at delivery pre-operative nutritional status, complexity of cardiac disease, postoperative hospital stay, types of daily supplements and frequency of fish are risk factors associated with malnutrition within one year after surgery in children with congenital heart disease.

Development of Instant Porridge Complementary Feeding with Catfish Flour and Pumpkin Flour Substitution

The problem of malnutrition in infants and toddlers led to growth and development impairment. In the long term, nutritional problems increased the risk of disease and lower productivity. A method to overcome malnutrition was by using complementary feeding. This study aimed to create and evaluate the quality, safety and shelf life of instant porridge complementary feeding with the substitution of catfish flour and pumpkin flour. The method used in this study was an experimental study with two factorial completely randomized design with two repetitions to evaluate the product sensory. Furthermore, quality and safety testing was carried out according to the parameters set by Indonesia National Standard and Indonesia National Food and Drug Agency. In the final stage, the shelf life evaluation was carried out using the Extended Storage Studies (ESS) method using room temperature 27-37oC. The results showed that the use of catfish flour as much as 15% and pumpkin flour as much as 10% gave the best results on the sensory value of instant porridge. The product had a fairly good nutritional value, and safe in terms of heavy metals and microbiology. However, the water content of the product was still too high from the standard. The result of shelf life testing using the ESS method, instant porridge products had shelf life of 6 months at room temperature 27-37°C. The implications of this research can be used as a reference in the development of complementary feeding made from local food.

Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) practices and it’s determinants in flood-affected communities in Edo State, Nigeria

The immediate effect of child malnutrition in Africa is morbidity. In the longer term, it limits the child’s potential for life even when the child manages to survive its instantaneous effects. This cross-sectional study focused on investigating the socio-demographic determinants of the components of Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) in flood-affected Local Government Areas (LGAs) in Edo State, Nigeria. A total of 400 mothers were interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire. Results from this current study indicate that only about 48% of mothers surveyed exclusively breastfed theirs under 5 children. Also, only about 55% of mothers initiated breastfeeding within 1 hour of birth and gave colostrum, and about 45% of the mothers actually adhered strictly to the prescribed complementary feeding practice of giving nutritionally adequate and safe complementary foods alongside breastfeeding at six months up till 2 years of age and even beyond. Education, source of income, marital status, and access to healthcare facilities were strong influencers of misconceptions and other factors impeding the implementation of the core components of IYCF as observed in this study. Flood remains a significant contributing factor depleting household food security structures leading to maternal and infant malnutrition. A concerted governmental coordinated intervention is required to relieve flood-affected families of the burden of malnutrition and infectious diseases. Training and retraining of health workers will be helpful in strengthening community involvement in implementing and monitoring IYCF components in the community. Longer maternity leave for nursing mothers should be strongly advocated for.