Infant Immunization Research Articles

Exploring the effect of prenatal maternal stress on the microbiomes of mothers and infants: A systematic review.

Prenatal maternal stress (PNMS)-characterized by exposure to stress, anxiety, depression, or intimate partner violence-has been linked to biological alterations in infants, including disruptions to their intestinal microbiota, which have long-term implications for children's developmental outcomes. Significant research has been done examining the effects of PNMS on the microbiome in animals, but less is known about these effects in human research. The current systematic review aimed to synthesize current findings on the association between PNMS and mother and infant microbiomes. Medline, Embase, PsycInfo, Web of Science, and Eric databases were searched through to February 2022. A total of eight studies (n=2219 infants, 2202 mothers) were included in the qualitative synthesis. Findings provided promising evidence of the role that PNMS plays in altering the microbial composition, diversity, and gut immunity in mothers and infants. Notably, majority of included studies found that higher PNMS was linked to increases in genera from the phylum Proteobacteria. The factors influencing these effects are explored including nutrition, birth mode, and parenting behaviors. Potential interventions to mitigate the adverse effects of PNMS are discussed, along with recommendations for future studies with longitudinal designs to better understand the appropriate type and timing of interventions needed to promote "healthy" maternal and infant microbial functioning.

Mothers' Knowledge About Basic Immunisation in Infants

Mothers' Knowledge About Basic Immunisation in Infants

Faktor-Faktor yang Berhubungan dengan Capaian Target Imunisasi Dasar Lengkap pada Bayi Di Puskesmas Tanjung Selor Kabupaten Bulungan

Immunization is an effort to actively generate/increase a person's immunity against a disease. The determination of this type of immunization is based on expert studies and epidemiological analysis of the diseases that arise. Providing Complete Basic Immunization (IDL) to infants is a must. In Health Law Number 36 of 2009 it is stated that every child has the right to receive basic immunization in accordance with the provisions. To determine the factors associated with achieving the target of basic immunization for infants at the Tanjung Selor Health Center, Bulungan District. The research design in this study was descriptive analytic with a cross-sectional approach. The research was conducted in September- November 2022. The population in this study were all mothers who had babies aged 1-12 months and lived in the Tanjung Selor Health Center area of 908 people. Determination of the sample using the Non Random Sampling method with Acidental Sampling technique, the number of samples in this study were 90 people. The statistical test used is the Fisher's Exact Test if t count (pvalue) <0.1 is obtained, then the hypothesis Ha is accepted and Ho is rejected. The results of the Fisher's Exact Test on the relationship between distance, family support and support from health workers with the achievement of the complete basic immunization target for infants obtained a pvalue of 0.00. There is a relationship between distance, family support and support from health workers with the achievement of the target of basic immunization for infants in the working area of the Tanjung Selor Health Center with a value of 0.00.

Global impact and cost-effectiveness of one-dose versus two-dose human papillomavirus vaccination schedules: a comparative modelling analysis

BackgroundTo eliminate cervical cancer as a public health problem, the World Health Organization had recommended routine vaccination of adolescent girls with two doses of the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine before sexual initiation. However, many countries have yet to implement HPV vaccination because of financial or logistical barriers to delivering two doses outside the infant immunisation programme.MethodsUsing three independent HPV transmission models, we estimated the long-term health benefits and cost-effectiveness of one-dose versus two-dose HPV vaccination, in 188 countries, under scenarios in which one dose of the vaccine gives either a shorter duration of full protection (20 or 30 years) or lifelong protection but lower vaccine efficacy (e.g. 80%) compared to two doses. We simulated routine vaccination with the 9-valent HPV vaccine in 10-year-old girls at 80% coverage for the years 2021–2120, with a 1-year catch-up campaign up to age 14 at 80% coverage in the first year of the programme.ResultsOver the years 2021–2120, one-dose vaccination at 80% coverage was projected to avert 115.2 million (range of medians: 85.1–130.4) and 146.8 million (114.1–161.6) cervical cancers assuming one dose of the vaccine confers 20 and 30 years of protection, respectively. Should one dose of the vaccine provide lifelong protection at 80% vaccine efficacy, 147.8 million (140.6–169.7) cervical cancer cases could be prevented. If protection wanes after 20 years, 65 to 889 additional girls would need to be vaccinated with the second dose to prevent one cervical cancer, depending on the epidemiological profiles of the country. Across all income groups, the threshold cost for the second dose was low: from 1.59 (0.14–3.82) USD in low-income countries to 44.83 (3.75–85.64) USD in high-income countries, assuming one dose confers 30-year protection.ConclusionsResults were consistent across the three independent models and suggest that one-dose vaccination has similar health benefits to a two-dose programme while simplifying vaccine delivery, reducing costs, and alleviating vaccine supply constraints. The second dose may become cost-effective if there is a shorter duration of protection from one dose, cheaper vaccine and vaccination delivery strategies, and high burden of cervical cancer.

Effectiveness of maternal immunisation with a three-component acellular pertussis vaccine at preventing pertussis in infants in the United States: Post-hoc analysis of a case-control study using Bayesian dynamic borrowing

BackgroundImmunisation during pregnancy with a tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid and acellular pertussis (Tdap) vaccine can protect infants against pertussis between birth and paediatric vaccination. We aimed to estimate the vaccine effectiveness (VE) of third-trimester pregnancy immunisation with the three-component acellular pertussis (Td3ap) vaccine at preventing pertussis in infants <2 months in the United States (US), to support a label update. MethodsWe performed a post-hoc sub-analysis of a case-control study conducted in six US Emerging Infections Program Network states between 2011 and 2014. Our analysis included only cases and controls whose mothers were either vaccinated with Td3ap or did not receive any Tdap vaccine. The association between Td3ap maternal immunisation and pertussis in infants was assessed for US data using a frequentist method with conditional logistic regression. A robustified analysis was conducted using Bayesian dynamic borrowing of non-US data, considering a mixing-weighted prior of 90% for historical non-US VE data, and of 10% for a vague prior. VE was estimated as (1-odds ratio) × 100%. Sensitivity analyses accounting for the impact of each non-US study, different mixing weights and missing/ambiguous data were performed. ResultsWe included 108 cases and 183 controls. Based on US data, the estimated VE of third-trimester maternal immunisation with Td3ap at preventing pertussis in infants <2 months was 78.0% (95% confidence interval: −38.0; 96.5). VE estimated by Bayesian dynamic borrowing of non-US data (with a 90% weight for historical data) was 83.4% (95% credible interval: 55.7; 92.5); sensitivity analyses produced similar VE estimates. ConclusionsEffectiveness of third-trimester pregnancy immunisation with Td3ap at preventing infant pertussis in the US is very likely to be ≥ 50% and is most likely ∼ 80%. Bayesian dynamic borrowing of non-US VE data allowed overcoming the limited power (due to small sample size) of a brand-specific sub-analysis by considering additional evidence.

Complete Basic Immunization for Babies at the Manisa Health Center

Immunization is the most effective and efficient public health effort in preventing diseases and reducing mortality, such as smallpox, polio, tuberculosis, hepatitis B, diphtheria, measles, rubella and congenital rubella syndrome (CRS), tetanus, pneumonia (inflammation of lungs) and meningitis (inflammation of the lining of the brain). Immunization aims to provide immunity to the child's body by administering a vaccine. Vaccine is a drug that is given to help prevent a disease. There are still many who have not received complete immunization due to various reasons such as lack of knowledge of mothers about immunization and low awareness of mothers bringing their babies to Posyandu or Puskesmas to get complete immunization, lack of explanation from health workers about the benefits of immunization including the factor of low maternal education. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between education, knowledge and attitudes of mothers at the Manisa Health Center. This research is analytic with a cross sectional approach, in this study were mothers who had babies, with a total sampling technique obtained 30 respondents. Data collection was carried out using a questionnaire as a research instrument. The data that has been collected is then processed and analyzed using the chi-square test. The results of statistical analysis, obtained a relationship between education and completeness of basic immunization in infants (0.007 &lt;0.05), there is a relationship between knowledge and completeness of basic immunization in infants (0.000 &lt;0.05) and there is a relationship between attitude and completeness of basic immunization in infants (0.000 &lt;0.05). Based on the results of this study it was concluded that there was a relationship between education, knowledge and attitudes of mothers with the completeness of basic immunization in infants. Through this research, it is hoped that health workers at the Manisa Health Center will be more active in providing counseling and information about immunization services and for researchers to add experience and apply the knowledge they have gained.

A randomized, open-label, phase 3 study evaluating safety and immunogenicity of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in Chinese infants and children under 6 years of age

ABSTRACT Streptococcus pneumoniae causes a considerable disease burden among children in China. Many isolates exhibit antimicrobial resistance but are often serotypes covered by the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13). Because the approved infant immunization schedule in China allows PCV13 vaccination only for those 6 weeks to 15 months of age, this phase 3 study was conducted to evaluate PCV13 immunogenicity and safety in unvaccinated older infants and children. Eligible participants were stratified by age into four cohorts: Cohort 1 (n = 125), 6 weeks−2 months; Cohort 2 (n = 354), 7−<12 months; Cohort 3 (n = 250), 1 −<2 years; Cohort 4 (n = 207), 2−<6 years. Cohort 1 received PCV13 at ages 2, 4, and 6 months; older cohorts were randomized 2:1 to PCV13 or Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccine using age-appropriate schedules. Within-group immune responses were assessed by immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentrations and opsonophagocytic activity (OPA) titers. Safety evaluations included solicited reactogenicity events and adverse events (AEs). IgG geometric mean concentrations and OPA geometric mean titers for all 13 PCV13 serotypes increased for all participants vaccinated with PCV13, but not those vaccinated with Hib. Immune responses in Cohorts 2–4 were generally comparable with those in Cohort 1 (the infant series) for most serotypes. PCV13 was well tolerated across cohorts, with reported AEs consistent with expectations in these age groups; no new safety signals were identified. These results suggest that PCV13 administered as a catch-up regimen to infants and children 7 months−<6 years of age in China will effectively reduce vaccine-type pneumococcal disease in this population. NCT03574389.

Cost-effectiveness analysis of PCV20 to prevent pneumococcal disease in the Canadian pediatric population

ABSTRACT This study assessed the cost-effectiveness of the 20-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV20) in Canadian infants aged <2 years versus the standard of care (SoC), a 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13), or a potential 15-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV15). A decision-analytic Markov model was developed to compare PCV20 with PCV13 or PCV15 in a 2 + 1 schedule over 10 years. Vaccine effect estimates (direct and indirect) across all ages were informed by PCV13 clinical effectiveness and impact studies as well as PCV7 efficacy studies. Epidemiologic, clinical, health state utilities, utility decrements, cost per event, and list price data were from Canadian sources where available. Clinical and economic outcomes related to invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD), hospitalized and non-hospitalized pneumonia, and simple and complex otitis media (OM) were calculated for each strategy. Cost-effectiveness was evaluated from the publicly funded healthcare system perspective. Over 10 years, PCV20 versus PCV13 was estimated to avert over 11,000 IPD cases, 316,000 hospitalized and non-hospitalized pneumonia cases, 335,000 simple and complex OM cases, and 15,000 deaths, resulting in cost savings of over 3.2 billion Canadian dollars (CAD) and 47,000 more quality-adjusted life years (i.e. dominant strategy). Compared with PCV15, PCV20 was estimated to result in over 1.4 billion CAD in cost savings and 21,000 more QALYs (i.e. dominant strategy). PCV20 was dominant over both PCV13 and PCV15. Given broader serotype coverage, substantial incremental benefits and cost-savings, PCV20 should be considered as a replacement for the SoC in the publicly funded Canadian infant immunization program.

The Incomplete Basic Immunization for Infants During the Covid-19 Pandemic in the Work Area of the Bandar Petalangan Health Center, Pelalawan Regency

Achievement of complete basic immunization at Puskesmas bandar Petalangan was only 77.7%. There are various causes for the low achievement of Complete Basic Immunization such as remote and difficult to reach immunization service locations, irregular service schedules and incompatible with community activities, unavailability of immunization cards (MCH handbook), low public awareness and knowledge of benefits. The research objective was to know the timeliness of the implementation of basic immunization in infants during the Covid-19 pandemic in the work area of the Bandar Petalangan Community Health Center, Pelalawan Regency in 2020. The research method used a cross sectional design with a population of mothers who had babies aged 3-12 months, totaling 257 people with a sample. totaled 161 people. The sampling technique used accidental sampling. Data analysis was performed using univariate, bivariate and multivariate multiple logistic regression. The results showed that there were 54 mothers (33.5%) who were not on time in basic immunization, variables related to the timeliness of basic immunizations were maternal education (POR = 2.9), affordability of immunization sites (POR = 3.6) and family support (POR = 3.3). It is recommended that BLUD Puskesmas bandar Petalangan be able to increase and equalize posyandu service facilities, increase information and education communication (KIE) efforts to mothers and families about the importance of basic immunization in infants and increase the role of volunteer health.

Examining the impact of nanoplastics and PFAS exposure on immune functions through inhibition of secretory immunoglobin A in human breast milk

Emerging contaminants such as nanoplastics (NPs) and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), have been detected in the environment and breast milk, thus exposing infants to potentially harmful chemicals during breastfeeding. Breast milk contains secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA), an antibody that plays a vital role in disease protection and the development of the infant's immune system. This study employed molecular simulation and fractional factorial designs to assess the toxicity of NPs and PFAS on breast milk and their influence on infant immunity by inhibiting SIgA. The research found that NPs and PFAS have higher binding affinities to SIgA compared to the control compound. Polycarbonate (−10.7 kcal/mol) had the highest binding affinity among plastics, while Perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA, - 8.0 kcal/mol) had the highest binding affinity among PFAS. The relative toxic index was higher for PFAS (2.4) than for plastics (1.9), suggesting that PFAS may pose a higher overall toxicity burden on the protein. The presence of specific combinations of NPs and PFAS in breast milk may potentially harm breastfeeding infants, although additional experimental studies are required to validate these findings. These results underscore the potential risks associated with these emerging contaminants in breast milk and their impact on infant immunity.

Optimising DTwP-containing vaccine infant immunisation schedules (OptImms) — a protocol for two parallel, open-label, randomised controlled trials

BackgroundUniversal immunisation is the cornerstone of preventive medicine for children, The World Health Organisation (WHO) recommends diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTP) vaccine administered at 6, 10 and 14 weeks of age as part of routine immunisation. However, globally, more than 17 unique DTP-containing vaccine schedules are in use. New vaccines for other diseases continue to be introduced into the infant immunisation schedule, resulting in an increasingly crowded schedule. The OptImms trial will assess whether antibody titres against pertussis and other antigens in childhood can be maintained whilst adjusting the current Expanded Programme on Immunisation (EPI) schedule to provide space for the introduction of new vaccines.MethodsThe OptImms studies are two randomised, five-arm, non-inferiority clinical trials in Nepal and Uganda. Infants aged 6 weeks will be randomised to one of five primary vaccination schedules based on age at first DTwP-vaccination (6 versus 8 weeks of age), number of doses in the DTwP priming series (two versus three), and spacing of priming series vaccinations (4 versus 8 weeks). Additionally, participants will be randomised to receive their DTwP booster at 9 or 12 months of age. A further sub-study will compare the co-administration of typhoid vaccine with other routine vaccines at one year of age. The primary outcome is anti-pertussis toxin IgG antibodies measured at the time of the booster dose. Secondary outcomes include antibodies against other vaccine antigens in the primary schedule and their safety.DiscussionThese data will provide key data to inform policy decisions on streamlining vaccination schedules in childhood.Trial registrationsISRCTN12240140 (Nepa1, 7th January 2021) and ISRCTN6036654 (Uganda, 17th February 2021).

Pertussis deaths in New Zealand without community transmission—an infant immunity gap?

Pertussis deaths in New Zealand without community transmission—an infant immunity gap?

Antibody titre in infants of covid-19 infected mothers

COVID‐19 is caused by SARS‐CoV‐2 and spreads from person‐to‐person. Pregnant women continued to be vulnerable to COVID‐19. Infant protection from covid-19 infection is primarily dependent on neonatal innate immune responses and maternally derived, transplacentally acquired antibodies. Our aim was to study trans placental passage of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody and the magnitude of natural passive immunity in infants born to mothers with covid 19. Prospective observational study was conducted at Balchikitsalay of MBGH, RNT medical college, Udaipur, Rajasthan from June 2021 to December 2022. Mothers with history of covid-19 positive in past at time of delivery in our hospital[MBGH] and all infants [0 days to 12 months] delivered from covid positive mothers who fulfill inclusion and exclusion criteria were enrolled in study. Measurement of SARS Cov2 antibody titre (serum IgG) in mothers and infants at our central lab where this sample was analysed by electrochemiluminescence. Total 100 covid-19 positive mothers and their infants who fulfill inclusion and exclusion criteria were enrolled in study. Out of 100 infants, 59% were males and 41% were females. Out of 100 infants, 12 (12%) were found in age group of &amp;#60;=3 months, followed by 32 (32%) in 4-6 months age group, 32 (32%) in 7-9 months and 24 (24%) in 10 -12 months age group. In our study 100 infants had different antibody titre level at different age. In Age group &amp;#60;= 3 months had maximum mean value of Antibody titre 135 AU/ml , followed by 26.5 AU/ml in Age group 4-6months ,then 2.5 AU/ml in age group 7-9 months, and 0.5 AU/ml in age group 10-12 months. Antibody titre value sharply fall after birth and antibody titre remain almost one tenth of birth, after age of 3 month. After 6 month of age, it fall below protective level (10 Au/ml). In our study protective value of antibody titre remain till 6th month of age, after that antibody titre decline below protective value. So we recommended that vaccination against covid-19 should be started after 6th month of life like other influenza virus

Pentingnya Imunisasi Dasar Pada Bayi Di Kelurahan Bonto Kio Kecamatan Minasatene Kabupaten Pangkep

Immunization is an effort to create or actively increase a person's immunity to a disease so that if one day they are exposed to the disease they will not get sick or only experience a mild illness. The specific objectives of this program are to provide information about the importance of immunization for children, to achieve complete basic immunization coverage for infants according to village/kelurahan targets and to achieve advanced immunization targets for children under two years of age (baduta) and elementary school-age children. The method of implementing activities uses the planning stage and the implementation stage. PKM activities in the form of Health Education about Basic Immunization of Infants began with assessment and data collection of the number of families who have babies/toddlers, starting on May 8 2023. Meanwhile the counseling was carried out at Posyandu in the working area of the Minasatene Health Center in Bonto Kio Village, Minasatene District, Pangkep Regency. The results obtained after the implementation of this activity are: 1) increasing parents' knowledge about the importance of basic immunization in infants; and 2) increasing parents' understanding of the side effects that arise after being immunized and how to deal with these side effects.

Change in Rates of HBsAg and Anti-HBs in Şırnak 20 Years After Introduction of Hepatitis B Vaccine into Routine Infant Immunization Program.

This study aimed to monitor the change in the rate of hepatitis B infections in Şırnak, a province in south-eastern Turkey, and to determine the rate of immunization for hepatitis B in this region after the national immunization program covered hepatitis B. This retrospective study included patients born in 1998 or after and applied to different outpatient clinics in the province between April 2017 and June 2018. Patients in this study were screened for HBsAg and anti-HBs for various reasons. We analyzed confirmed HBsAg and anti-HBs positive results according to gender, age, and vertical transmission. Anti-HBs-positive patients were divided into four groups according to their ages, and the groups were compared. Out of 2713 patients, 1530 (56.4%) were male, and the mean age was 12.77 (0-20). Four patients (0.14%) were HBsAg positive, and the anti-HBs positivity rate was 61.22%. The difference was statistically significant when the anti-HBs positivity rate was compared between the age groups (p<0.001). The highest anti-HBs positivity rate was found in the 0 to 5 age group. There has been a significant decrease in hepatitis B virus infection rates after introducing the hepatitis B vaccine into routine infant immunization programs. The widespread introduction of hepatitis B vaccination should be targeted in Turkey, considering its geographical and sociocultural diversity.

Community Barriers, Enablers, and Normative Embedding of Second Year of Life Vaccination in Ghana: A Qualitative Study.

Coverage rates for second year of life (2YL) vaccination still lag behind infant vaccination in most settings. We conducted a qualitative baseline study of community barriers and enablers to acceptance of 2YL vaccines in Ghana 4 years after introducing the second dose of the measles-containing vaccine. We conducted 26 focus group discussions in 2016 with men and women caregivers from mixed urban, peri-urban, and rural areas, as well as pastoralists, using semistructured topic guides based on the Health Belief Model theory. We conducted a thematic analysis of the discussion using NVivo software. We use Normalization Process Theory to contextualize results as a snapshot of a dynamic process of community adaptation to change to a well-established routine immunization schedule following 2YL introduction. Routine immunization for infants enjoys resilient demand, grounded in strong community norms despite surprisingly low levels of vaccine literacy. Despite best practices like integration with the established 18-month "weighing visit," demand for 2YL vaccination is still conditional on individual awareness and competition for limited maternal time, household resources, and other health concerns. An embedded norm that children should be fully vaccinated by 12 months originally sustained Expanded Programme for Immunization goals but now discouraged some caregivers from seeking vaccines for children perceived to be "too old" to vaccinate. Caregivers cited greater costs and inconvenience of taking older, heavier children in for vaccination and anticipated criticism from both community members and health care providers for coming "too late." Closing the 2YL vaccination coverage gap will ultimately require modifying embedded norms among caregivers and health care providers alike. Time is necessary but not sufficient to reach this goal. Progress can be accelerated by increasing the level of community and institutional engagement and adapting services where possible to minimize added costs to caregivers of vaccinating older children.

A Behavioural-Theory-Based Qualitative Study of the Beliefs and Perceptions of Marginalised Populations towards Community Volunteering to Increase Measles Immunisation Coverage in Sabah, Malaysia.

The development of the measles-containing vaccine (MCV) has rendered measles a largely preventable disease. In the state of Sabah in Malaysia, a complete course of measles immunisation for infants involves vaccinations at the ages of six, nine, and twelve months. However, it is difficult for marginalised populations to receive a complete course of measles immunisation. This present study used behavioural theory (BT) to examine the beliefs and perceptions of a marginalised population towards community volunteering as a method of increasing the immunisation coverage of measles. Marginalised populations living in Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, more specifically, Malaysian citizens living in urban slums and squatter areas, as well as legal and illegal migrants, were extensively interviewed in person for this qualitative study. The 40 respondents were either the parents or primary caregivers of at least one child under the age of five. The components of the Health Belief Model were then used to examine the collected data. The respondents had poor awareness of the measles disease and perceived the disease as not severe, with some even refusing immunisation. The perceived barriers to receiving vaccinations included a nomadic lifestyle; issues with finances, citizenship status, language, and weather; failing to remember immunisation schedules; a fear of health care personnel; having too many children; and a lack of female autonomy in vaccine decision-making. However, the respondents were receptive towards community-based programmes and many welcomed a recall or reminder system, especially when the volunteers were family members or neighbours who spoke the same language and knew their village well. A few, however, found it awkward to have volunteers assisting them. Evidence-based decision making may increase measles immunisation coverage in marginalised populations. The components of the Health Belief Model validated that the respondents lacked awareness of the measles disease and viewed it and its effects as not severe. Therefore, future volunteer programmes should prioritise increasing the receptivity and self-control of marginalised populations to overcome barriers that hinder community involvement. A community-based volunteer programme is highly recommended to increase measles immunisation coverage.

Providing Complete Basic Immunization and Supplementary Food for Infants and Toddlers

One basic immunization type in Indonesia is DPTHBHib immunization, targeting infants or children aged two to eleven months. DPTHBHib immunization must be given to children to avoid Diphtheria, Pertussis, Tetanus, Hepatitis B, and Haemophilus influenzae type b, which can cause death in children. The vaccination was carried out 3 times at 2 months, 3 months, and 4 months. Since the Covid-19 pandemic, the participation of mothers with toddlers has decreased, especially in the Pondok Jaya Village, Cipayung sub-district, Depok City. Therefore, to support the implementation of Immunization by the Government, it is felt necessary to hold community service for Providing Complete Basic Immunization and Supplementary Food to Infants and Toddlers at Posyandu Delima RW 02 Kel Pondok Jaya Kec Cipayung Depok City in 2022. The results of this community service activity were carried out well and appreciated by the local community. As many as 6 mothers who have babies and toddlers attend posyandu activities.

Systematic Literature Riview Dampak COVID-19 pada Pelayanan Imunisasi Bayi

The consequences of COVID-19 response measures such as restrictions on mobilization (Lockdown) have an impact on infant immunization services in the world, especially in lower and middle-income countries experiencing a decrease in coverage, therefore this study aims to examine the impact of COVID-19 on immunization services. baby. The research method uses a systematic literature review following the PRISMA rules. Search for scientific articles through the Proquest, Scince Direct and Scopus databases for 2019-2022. Initially obtained 11,437 articles, after screening only 27 articles that met the criteria. From the results of the study, it was found that the impact of COVID-19 on Vulnerable infant immunization services decreased by 6-52.5% in all countries. types of vaccines affected by DPT, BCG and MMR. Some of the causes of the decline in immunization coverage include fear of COVID-19 so they are reluctant to visit, difficult access such as in rural areas and other factors. Suggestions from this study strengthen services such as system recovery, improve access with logistical support. appointments to catch up, use technology appropriately, service providers use communication strategies in service so that parents or guardians avoid worries

The cellular and immunological dynamics of early and transitional human milk

Human milk is essential for infant nutrition and immunity, providing protection against infections and other immune-mediated diseases during the lactation period and beyond in later childhood. Milk contains a broad range of bioactive factors such as nutrients, hormones, enzymes, immunoglobulins, growth factors, cytokines, and antimicrobial factors, as well as heterogeneous populations of maternal cells. The soluble and cellular components of milk are dynamic over time to meet the needs of the growing infant. In this study, we utilize systems-approaches to define and characterize 62 analytes of the soluble component, including immunoglobulin isotypes, as well as the cellular component of human milk during the first two weeks postpartum from 36 mothers. We identify soluble immune and growth factors that are dynamic over time and could be utilized to classify milk into different phenotypic groups. We identify 24 distinct populations of both epithelial and immune cells by single-cell transcriptome analysis of 128,016 human milk cells. We found that macrophage populations have shifting inflammatory profiles during the first two weeks of lactation. This analysis provides key insights into the soluble and cellular components of human milk and serves as a substantial resource for future studies of human milk.