Use Of Infant Formula Research Articles

Human milk and infant formula differentially alters the microbiota composition and functional gene relative abundance in the small and large intestines in weanling rats.

Human breast milk is the optimal source of nutrients for growing infants. However, many circumstances can arise which preclude breast milk feeding, leading to the use of infant formula, including during the weaning period. Many diet-related effects are modulated by the gut microbiome. Therefore, we investigated the effect of human milk (HM) or infant formula (IF) on the gut microbiota in weanling rats. The gut microbiota of weanling male Sprague-Dawley rats fed HM or IF for 28days was analysed by shotgun metagenome sequencing. Caecal contents were analysed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry metabolomics. Numerous genera within the Proteobacteria phylum were relatively more abundant in the ileum, caecum, and colon of rats fed HM, including ileal Escherichia (HM = 9.6% ± 4.3 SEM; IF = 0.9% ± 0.3 SEM; P = 0.03). Other taxa that differed between HM- and IF-fed rats included Prevotella and Ruminococcus. Overall, more differences were observed in the ileum than the caecum and colon between rats fed HM and IF. For the rats fed IF, in the ileum, the relative abundance of Bifidobacterium was higher (HM = 1.7% ± 0.7 SEM; IF = 5.0% ± 1.5 SEM; P = 0.04) with gene functions related to carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism also decreased. In the caecum, metabolic features such as bile acids were elevated while amino sugars were also decreased. Our results show that HM and IF composition differences are reflected in the gut microbiome composition and function in both the small and large intestines.

Effect of Moringa Oleifera leaf powder supplementation on reducing anemia in children below two years in Kisarawe District, Tanzania.

Anemia is a nutritional disorder that affects mostly children below 2 years and is mainly contributed by iron deficiency. Moringa oleifera leaves are rich in iron and other essential nutrients necessary for iron metabolism. We investigated the effect of M. oleifera leaf powder supplementation on reducing anemia among children below 2 years. A community‐based interventional study was conducted that enrolled 95 anemic children who were followed for 6 months. The intervention communities received M. oleifera leaf powder and nutrition education, while control communities only received nutrition education. Changes on mean hemoglobin (Hb) concentration and anemia prevalence were compared between the two groups using t test and proportional test where appropriate. At baseline, the mean Hb concentrations of control and intervention groups were 7.9 g/dl (SD = 1.3) and 8.3 g/dl (SD = 1.6) g/L, respectively (p‐value = 0.0943). After 6 months, anemia prevalence significantly decreased in the intervention group by 53.6% (100%–46.4%; p < 0.001) compared to 13.6% (100%–86.4%; p = 0.005) in control community. The mean Hb was 10.9 g/dl (95% CI: 10.2–11.4) for intervention and 9.4 g/dl (95% 7.8–10.1) for control (p‐value = 0.002). The effect was also observed in the reduction of the prevalence of moderate and severe anemia in the intervention communities by 68.2% and 77.9%, respectively, and by 23.3% and 56.9%, respectively, in the control communities. Increasing amount and time of using M. oleifera supplementation resulted to significant reduction in anemia cases therefore can be used as complementary solution in addressing anemia among children especially when the use of infant formulas and fortified food product is very poor.

Crecimiento del recién nacido prematuro durante su primer año de vida en programa madre canguro

Introducción: En los recién nacidos a término la recomendación universal es de que alimentados con leche materna exclusiva durante los primeros 6 meses de vida, sin embargo, con los prematuros no hay un acuerdo en la indicación de la lactancia; por considerarse que la leche materna sola no es suficiente. Numerosos estudios promueven el uso de fórmulas infantiles en prematuros, dado que se plantea que el prematuro debe mantener el mismo crecimiento como si estuvieran aún in utero.Métodos: Estudio de cohorte, se analizaron las historias clínicas de pacientes de los recién nacidos prematuros, que completaron el año de seguimiento en el programa madre canguro ambulatorio en el periodo comprendido entre 2006 a 2014. Se calcularon medidas de tendencia central y dispersión para las variables continuas, se aplicaron pruebas de confianza estadística.Resultados: Se obtuvo información de 90 prematuros; predominio de prematuro tardío (77%). El 16% de los bebés pesaron &lt; 1500 gramos. Se encontró significancia estadística para el aumento en la talla final a los 12 meses para niños y niñas a favor de quienes recibieron leche materna hasta los 12 meses de edad corregida (p = 0,044).Conclusiones: Hay una diferencia estadísticamente significativa para el aumento en la talla final a los 12 meses para niños y niñas. Esto nos permite apreciar que al recibir lactancia materna los indicadores de desnutrición al año de edad corregida son comparativamente menores.

“The doctor said formula would help me”: Health sector influences on use of infant formula in peri-urban Lima, Peru

•Describes rates of unnecessary formula use during infants' first 60 days of life.•Demonstrates how formula companies market products directly to health providers.•Reveals how providers' formula “prescriptions” lead to higher mixed feeding rates.•Describes how poor counseling from nurses hinders mothers' ability to breastfeed.•Shows the need to improve monitoring of legislation to control formula marketing.

Protecting Vulnerable Infants by Ensuring Safe Infant Formula Use

Protecting Vulnerable Infants by Ensuring Safe Infant Formula Use

Iron-fortified formula use in young children and association with socioeconomic factors in the French nationwide ELFE cohort.

To study the rate of iron-fortified infant formula (IFF) use in young children in France and its association with socioeconomic factors. The ELFE national birth cohort included, in 2011, 18329 living births in 349 hospitals randomly selected. The present analyses were restricted to children with follow-up at age two years. Milk consumption was evaluated by parental telephone interview, and its association with socioeconomic factors was studied. The 12341 analysed children had a mean age of 26months; 50% were girls. Rate of IFF use before two years old and at two years old was 65% and 43%, respectively. At age two years, use of IFF was lower with young age of the mother (adjusted OR [aOR]=0.4, 95% CI: 0.3-0.5), low educational level (aOR=0.7, 95% CI: 0.6-0.9), high parity (aOR=0.3, 95% CI 0.2-0.4), and mother smoking (aOR=0.8, 95% CI: 0.7-0.9) as well as low household income (aOR=0.5, 95% CI: 0.4-0.7), and parents' unemployment (aOR=0.7, 95% CI: 0.5-0.9). In this national population-based study, the rate of implementation of the ID prevention strategy was much lower at two years old than before two years old, and significantly lower in disadvantaged populations.

Enzymatic preparation of structured triacylglycerols with arachidonic and palmitic acids at the sn-2 position for infant formula use

Structured TAGs with palmitic acid and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) at the sn-2 position have various health benefits for infants. In this study, we first compared two enzymatic routes for preparation of the structured TAGs. Results showed that the one-pot and two-step syntheses led to 37.6% and 55.4% oleic acid incorporation, respectively, after 10 h and reaction route had little effect on the sn-2 fatty acid composition. Subsequently, reaction variables of the two-step synthesis were optimized. Under the optimal conditions, 53.5% oleic acid was incorporated into the structured TAGs after 6-h acidolysis. Major fatty acids at the sn-2 position were palmitic acid (68.7%), ARA (9.8%) and oleic acid (7.9%). This is the first study reporting a two-step enzymatic method for structured TAGs preparation. Compared to the one-pot synthesis, current method significantly improves the efficiency of the acidolysis by product inhibition elimination. The synthetic TAGs have potential use in infant formulas.

Economic value of atopic dermatitis prevention via partially-hydrolyzed whey-based infant formula (PHF-W) use in high-risk, non-exclusively breastfed, Indonesian urban infants: results of a cost-effectiveness model

Background: Early nutritional intervention with partially-hydrolyzed whey-based formula (PHF-W) instead of standard cow’s milk formula (CMF) has been found to reduce the risk of atopic dermatitis (AD) development in non-exclusively breastfed infants with familial heredity of AD.Objective: To estimate the 6-year economic impact of this nutritional intervention in non-exclusively breastfed Indonesian urban infants with family history of AD.Methods: A mathematical model simulated AD incidence and burden of using PHF-W vs. CMF in the target population from birth to age 6. The model integrated literature, current cost and market catalogues, and expert clinician opinion. Modeled outcomes included AD risk, time spent post-AD diagnosis, days without flare, quality-adjusted life-years, and costs.Results: Using PHF-W instead of CMF resulted in an estimated absolute 14% (95% CI: 4%, 23%) AD risk reduction, a 0.69 year (95% CI: 0.26, 1.13) per-child reduction in time spent post-AD diagnosis, a 38 (95% CI: 12, 67) increase in days without AD flare, and a 0.046 gain in quality-adjusted life-years. The AD-related 6-year cost estimates when feeding high-risk urban infants with PHF-W were Indonesian Rupiah (IDR) 8,695,057 (95% CI: IDR 4,519,447, IDR13,995,605) and IDR13,139,569 (95% CI: IDR 7,098,794, IDR 19,216,068) per child, respectively, resulting in a net per-child difference of IDR 4,444,512 (95% CI: IDR1,893,080, IDR 8,557,946) favoring PHF-W.Conclusion: PHF-W for the first 17 weeks of non-exclusively breastfed Indonesian urban infants with a hereditary risk of AD demonstrated a reduction in AD incidence, increased days without flare, and increased quality-adjusted life-years and net cost reductions.

Self-reported breastfeeding problems, use of infant formula and early cessation of breastfeeding: Similarities and differences between healthy and overweight mothers

Self-reported breastfeeding problems, use of infant formula and early cessation of breastfeeding: Similarities and differences between healthy and overweight mothers

The 2016 Feeding Infants and Toddlers Study (FITS): Dietary Intakes and Practices of Children in the United States from Birth to 48 Months.

FITS (the Feeding Infants and Toddlers Study) 2016 is a national, cross-sectional survey to evaluate the diets and feeding practices of US infants and children <48 months (n = 3,235). Dietary intakes were assessed using 24-h recalls, including a replicate subsample (n = 799), to estimate usual intake distributions and compliance with dietary reference intakes using the National Cancer Institute method. Infant feeding practices and 1-day food group consumption were assessed by age and participation in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC). Initiation and duration of breastfeeding were higher in 2016 compared to previous FITS surveys. Nutrient intakes of infants were largely adequate, except for vitamins D and E and iron (18% did not meet the iron recommendations at 6-11.9 months). WIC-participating infants were more likely to meet iron recommendations, potentially due to higher use of infant formula. More nutrient inadequacies were noted among toddlers and preschoolers, including low intakes of potassium (12+ months), fiber (12+ months), and vitamins D and E (12+ months), combined with high intakes of sodium and added sugars, especially among WIC participants, and saturated fat among those 24-36 months. These imbalances result from low intakes of vegetables and whole grains, and high intakes of processed meats, sweetened bakery foods, and sugar-sweetened beverages.

Comparing barriers to breastfeeding success in the first month for non-overweight and overweight women

BackgroundWomen who enter pregnancy overweight or obese tend to have poorer breastfeeding outcomes compared to non-overweight women. Women’s experiences of specific breastfeeding-related problems and reasons for use of formula have not been systematically investigated according to pre-pregnancy BMI. The aim of this study was to compare self-reported breastfeeding problems in non-overweight and overweight women and identify the main reasons for use of infant formula during the first month postpartum.MethodsThe present study involved a cross-sectional secondary analysis of data collected as part of a hospital-based longitudinal study of women that commenced in pregnancy (~ 16 weeks). At ~ 4 months postpartum Australian women (N = 477) self-reported breastfeeding problems and reasons for use of infant formula during the first month postpartum. Pre-pregnancy BMI was calculated based on self-reported pre-pregnancy weight and measured height. Binary logistic regression analyses were used to compare pre-pregnancy weight status groups (“non-overweight” [BMI < 25 km/m2] and “overweight” [BMI ≥25 km/m2]) on self-reported breastfeeding problems and reasons for use of infant formula. Analyses were adjusted for covariates that differed between groups (P < .1).ResultsFrequency of self-reported breastfeeding problems was similar across weight status groups. “Not enough milk” was the predominant reason for giving infant formula. Overweight women were more likely than non-overweight women to agree that infant formula was as good as breastmilk.ConclusionsOverall it does not appear that overweight women are more likely to experience a range of specific breastfeeding problems in the first months compared to non-overweight women. However, the severity and duration of the problems needs to be examined. Breastfeeding interventions need to addresses concerns around milk supply as these are common and are likely to be of universal benefit however overweight women in particular may benefit from guidance regarding the benefits of breastfeeding for both themselves and their infants.

Firms invest in human milk oligosaccharides

The organism-engineering company Ginkgo Bioworks and the biotech firm Glycosyn are joining to develop human milk oligosaccharides as ingredients for products that foster a healthy gut microbiome. The pair are the latest to pursue commercial-scale production of HMOs, found naturally in breast milk, for use in infant formula and other foods. In the deal, Ginkgo will provide Glycosyn with $14 million in cash and access to Ginkgo’s engineered-microbe foundry in exchange for equity in Glycosyn. The two companies will optimize fermentation microbes and scale up production of HMOs that Glycosyn has so far made only in lab quantities. Although breast milk contains more than 200 unique HMOs, 2′-fucosyllactose is the main one produced at commercial scale. It is now a common ingredient in branded infant formulas. Glycosyn says it can produce 15 additional sugars. It points to early research suggesting they can be used to treat inflammatory bowel diseases such

Educação nutricional sobre fórmulas lácteas artificiais para gestantes de risco: um relato de experiência

Objetivo: Descrever a experiência de ações de educação nutricional sobre o uso de fórmulas lácteas artificiais para gestantes de risco atendidas em clínica pública especializada, da cidade de Picos-PI. Métodos: Após a realização de pesquisa diagnóstica, foram levantadas as principais dúvidas das gestantes e a partir deste resultado foi elaborada ação de educação nutricional, tendo como tema o uso de fórmulas infantis. A intervenção ocorreu durante dois encontros realizados na referida clínica, com duração de aproximadamente 20 minutos cada, utilizando miniexposições dialogadas com auxílio de cartazes ilustrativos. Resultados: As ações apresentaram boa aceitação pelas gestantes, que participaram ativamente ao longo de seu desenvolvimento. Conclusão: A intervenção repercutiu positivamente através da explanação dos conteúdos e com o esclarecimento das principais dúvidas. Assim sendo, anseia-se que que o presente relato de experiência amplifique o debate sobre a aplicação e efetividade de ações educativas e otimização do conhecimento em nutrição para a população geral.

Use of Infant Formulas in Obstetric Hospitals

The results of a questionnaire survey of mothers on the use of infant formulas at the obstetric hospital have been presented. Possible ways to improve the situation with the use of infant formulas in term infants at the obstetric hospital have been discussed. A high frequency of the use of formulas in healthy newborns at the obstetric hospital as well as the practice of issuing formulas as a gift on discharge from the obstetric hospital have been revealed. The literature data has been given on the negative effect of both unreasonable use of formulas and the issuance of formulas as a gift on discharge on the preservation of breastfeeding. It is expected that restricting the distribution of milk formulas without proper indications will lead to an increase in the prevalence of breastfeeding.

Membrane-based fractionation, enzymatic dephosphorylation, and gastrointestinal digestibility of β-casein enriched serum protein ingredients

This study aims to produce a serum protein ingredient enriched with dephosphorylated β-casein from skim milk for infant formula manufacture using ceramic membrane filtration combined with enzymatic dephosphorylation. Compared to filtration at 25 °C or using skim milk ultrafiltration permeates as a diafiltrant, filtration at 4 °C using water as a diafiltrant improved the selective co-enrichment of β-casein with whey proteins in the permeates, resulting in a serum protein ingredient with 49% β-casein, 45% whey proteins and 6% of other caseins after microfiltration and 4-stage diafiltration. Subsequent incubation with phosphatase achieved 0–97% casein dephosphorylation, and β-casein showed multi-dephosphorylated isoforms depending on dephosphorylation extent. With increased dephosphorylation, β-casein enriched serum protein ingredients formed looser gastric clots with greater gastrointestinal digestibility under infant in vitro model conditions. These results offer a potential to develop a multi-functional serum protein ingredient with a casein profile (composition/phosphorylation) close to human milk for use in infant formula.

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OPINION Reactions ShareShare onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail C&EN, 2018, 96 (31), p 4July 30, 2018Cite this:C&EN 96, 31, 4This illustration appeared with the C&EN article "How to Be Diverse." (Credit: Shutterstock)Figure1of1Letters to the editor Diversity includes weight The article “How to Be Diverse” (C&EN, July 2, page 37) makes the point by illustrating “a diverse and inclusive workplace.” The illustration shows nine people of different genders, races, and ages, including one in a wheelchair and one with a head covering. The drawing is so detailed that it depicts diversity even in terms of height, attire, hairstyle, and facial hair. Yet remarkably, not one of these nine figures is of average or large size—in fact, all are ultraslim even to the point of emaciation.According to the National Institutes of Health, more than two-thirds of all Americans are overweight or obese. Workplace discrimination against overweight and obese people is pervasive in both hiring and promotions, as has been demonstrated in many scientific studies (see, for example, Front. Psychol. 2016, DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00647 and references therein). Given these facts, the depiction of “a diverse and inclusive workplace” as one consisting exclusively of ultraskinny fashion-model-like people is especially unfortunate and ironic.Andrew J. Lovinger Arlington, Va. Corrections July 2, page 26: The cover story about synthesizing oligosaccharides found in human milk for use in infant formula incorrectly indicated that a planned clinical trial of a formula by German firm Jennewein Biotechnologie will include two oligosaccharides approved in the U.S. and Europe and three others produced via a proprietary fermentation process. The trial will include one approved and four proprietary oligosaccharides.July 9, page 17: The infographic about volcano chemistry incorrectly stated that pahoehoe lava flows have higher viscosity than aa lava flows. They have lower viscosity.July 23, cover: The 3-D rendering of the structure of cannabidiol depicts an isomer of CBD with the double bond in the cyclohexene ring in the wrong position. The correct 2-D structure appears in the story.

Determinants of in-hospital feeding practices in Shiraz, Iran: Results of a prospective cohort study.

In-hospital feeding practices have been shown negatively to affect breastfeeding exclusivity and duration. The purpose of this study was to report the prevalence and determinants of delayed breastfeeding, provision of traditional prelacteal foods, and use of infant formula in hospital. Between June 2014 and March 2015, 700 women were recruited from three public and two private maternity hospitals in Shiraz, Iran. Data were collected at recruitment via face-to-face interviews and extracted from medical records. Multivariable logistic regression was used to explore the association of feeding practices with a variety of maternal characteristics and hospital practices. Only 32.2% of infants were breastfed within 1 hour of birth, with 40.8% receiving a traditional prelacteal food, and 34.9% given formula during their hospital stay. Compared with infants delivered vaginally, those delivered by cesarean were more likely to have experienced delayed breastfeeding and received formula, but less likely to have received traditional prelacteal foods. Infants who did not experience skin-to-skin contact were more likely to have experienced delayed breastfeeding and received traditional prelacteal foods and formula in hospital. Although four out of the five hospitals were designated as Baby-Friendly, several of the 10 Steps to Successful Breastfeeding were not adhered to. The high rate of cesarean delivery was a barrier to the early initiation of breastfeeding and the majority of infants did not experience early skin-to-skin contact. Maternity care practices should be reviewed and include a clear breastfeeding care plan for women who undergo a cesarean delivery.

The Effect of Mass Evacuation on Infant Feeding: The Case of the 2016 Fort McMurray Wildfire.

Objectives We examine the ways in which the 2016 Fort McMurray wildfire evacuation affected infant feeding. Our primary objective is to understand the decisions and perceptions of primary caregivers of children age 0-36 months who evacuated from Fort McMurray, Canada. Methods We used a mixed methods approach to assess the overall impact that the evacuation had on infant feeding. Specific outcome variables for the quantitative research are: decision-making, access to support and resources, and changes in routine. Participants were recruited using a purposive sampling technique through infant feeding in emergency support groups on social media in which members were primarily evacuees from the Fort McMurray wildfire. Loglinear results include a model of feeding methods before and after the wildfire evacuation. Results Content analyses results from qualitative data support findings from the loglinear model. Specifically, the findings suggest that the evacuation was associated with a reduction in breastfeeding and an increase in use of infant formula The open-ended data revealed that caregivers experienced stress during and after the evacuation due to moving from place to place, food insecurity associated with artificial feeding, warding off unhealthy food for older children, and managing family reunification. In addition, respondents reported that breastfeeding was a source of comfort for infants and contributed to a sense of empowerment. Conclusions for Practice This study sets forth important groundwork for understanding decision-making, stress, logistics, and social factors that influence infant feeding in a large-scale evacuation event. Emergency management, health workers, and nutrition experts can provide support to families in disasters to mitigate some of the adverse impacts the evacuation may have on infant feeding.

Comparing Iraqi Regional Differences on Infant Feeding through Breastfeeding and Formula

Research tends to focus on the health implications of breastfeeding, but understanding associations that might drive maternal choice in infant feeding practice is also very important. To understand the relationship between women’s feeding strategies for their children and the context in which they live in Iraq, mixed methods are deployed through analysis of surveys and interviews. Using data from the 2000 and 2011 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey, trends are quantitatively examined in breastfeeding and infant formula use for Iraq using linear probability models. Interviews are qualitatively analyzed that were collected from women in Sulaimani governorate in the Kurdish region of Iraq to begin understanding the reasons why Iraqi women initiate breastfeeding and formula use. Being urban, wealthier, and more educated increases the probability of a mother using infant formula, while only increasing wealth and increasing education are associated with increasing the probability of breastfeeding. In 2000, governorates significantly differ in the probability of mothers using infant formula (e.g. Karbala = 24.32 percentage points lower probability of using infant formula relative to Sulaimani, (p&lt;0.0001), but differences in breastfeeding seem to be between the southern and northern governorates (e.g. Karbala = 6.78 percentage points higher probability of breastfeeding relative to Sulaimani, (p&lt;0.01). Over the ensuing decade, the probability of breastfeeding decreases, and the probability of infant formula use increases across most governorates. Interviews provide narratives that help explain these trends such as mothers continuing to breastfeed during stressful times but using infant formula when working outside of the home. Between governorate differences could be driven by differences in conflict over the decade. This study contributes to a more nuanced perspective on infant feeding practices in Iraq at the governorate level, suggesting that future maternal-child nutrition studies need to account for the effects of where a mother lives within Iraq.

Barriers to exclusive breast-feeding in Indonesian hospitals: a qualitative study of early infant feeding practices.

Although initiating breast-feeding is common in Indonesia, rates of exclusive breast-feeding are low. Our objective was to identify early barriers to exclusive breast-feeding in Indonesian hospitals. Qualitative. Semi-structured interviews were conducted in April-June 2015. The data were analysed using thematic analysis. Indonesian provinces of Jakarta, Banten and West Java. Fifty-four participants including public health officials, hospital administrators, health-care professionals and parents. Five themes were identified as contributing to low rates of early exclusive breast-feeding in Indonesian hospitals: (i) quality and quantity of breast-feeding education; (ii) marketing and influence of infant formula manufacturers; (iii) hospital infrastructure; (iv) policy, legislation and protocols; and (v) perceived need for infant formula supplementation. Participants noted that providers and mothers receive inadequate or incorrect education regarding breast-feeding; manufacturers promote infant formula use both inside and outside hospitals; constraints in physical space and hospital design interfere with early breast-feeding; legislation and protocols designed to promote breast-feeding are inconsistently enforced and implemented; and providers and mothers often believe infant formula is necessary to promote infant health. All participants identified numerous barriers to early exclusive breast-feeding that related to more than one identified theme. Our study identified important barriers to early exclusive breast-feeding in Indonesian hospitals, finding that participants consistently reported multifaceted barriers to early exclusive breast-feeding. Future research should examine whether system-level interventions such the Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative might improve rates of exclusive breast-feeding by improving breast-feeding education, reducing manufacturer influence, modifying existing infrastructure and providing tools needed for protocols and counselling.