Infant Formula Milk Research Articles

Development of Molecularly Imprinted Conducting Polymer Composite Film-Based Electrochemical Sensor for Melamine Detection in Infant Formula.

Simple, fast, and sensitive molecularly imprinted composite thin-film-based electrochemical sensor developed by using in situ co-electropolymerization of aniline and acrylic acid in the presence of melamine as a template is described here. The prepolymerization complex formation was studied by using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrophotometry, while the film formation was performed and characterized by cyclic voltammetry, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The optimization of important parameters and removal of melamine generated the binding sites in the polymer matrix, which can recognize melamine specifically. Electrochemical measurements were performed to achieve the linear range, the limit of quantification, and limit of detection of 0.1–180, 0.0573, and 0.0172 nM, respectively. The sensitivity of the sensor was attributed to the synergistic effects of amine from aniline and the carboxylic group from acrylic acid to form multiple noncovalent interactions with the template. Melamine-spiked infant formula and raw milk were analyzed by the developed sensor, and the recovery range of 95.87–105.63% with a relative standard deviation of 1.11–2.23% was obtained. The results showed that the developed sensor using the new composite polymer receptor is promising for the online monitoring of melamine in the food industries in the future.

<p>Insights into Novel Infant Milk Formula Bioactives</p>

<p>Insights into Novel Infant Milk Formula Bioactives</p>

The Concept of Human Milk Donation and Milk Kinship in Islam

Breastfeeding is the initial and the best feeding to infants after birth. Breast milk has countless benefits to children and mothers in matter of health, education, economy, social, and psychology. The aim of this paper is to generally discuss the point of brief concept of human milk donation and milk kinship in Islam. Despite this, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommends the duration of 6 months for exclusivity of breastfeeding and continues up to two years old. This is in line with the statement in Quran that mothers should breastfeed their children for two years [al Baqarah 1: 233]. However, not every mother may succeed to breastfeed their children up to two years and the infants are exposed to many risks with the introduction of infant formula milk. With that, WHO and UNICEF had made a joint statement to suggest on human milk banks development to fit infants need in appropriate situations. In Islam, breastfeeding is virtue and milk sharing practice will lead to a new milk kinship called “Rada” or “Milk-Suckling Mahram”. The milk kinship make the infants are forbidden to marriage with the donors and donors relatives. The concept of Islam would make the operation of milk bank complex, but with some precautions it is still likely that also in Muslim communities a human milk sharing initiative can be successfully established.

Infant formula and toddler milk marketing: opportunities to address harmful practices and improve young children's diets.

Children's diets in their first 1000 days influence dietary preferences, eating habits, and long-term health. Yet the diets of most infants and toddlers in the United States do not conform to recommendations for optimal child nutrition. This narrative review examines whether marketing for infant formula and other commercial baby/toddler foods plays a role. The World Health Organization's International Code of Marketing Breast-milk Substitutes strongly encourages countries and manufacturers to prohibit marketing practices that discourage initiation of, and continued, breastfeeding. However, in the United States, widespread infant formula marketing negatively impacts breastfeeding. Research has also identified questionable marketing of toddler milks (formula/milk-based drinks for children aged 12-36 mo). The United States has relied exclusively on industry self-regulation, but US federal agencies and state and local governments could regulate problematic marketing of infant formula and toddler milks. Health providers and public health organizations should also provide guidance. However, further research is needed to better understand how marketing influences what and how caregivers feed their young children and inform potential interventions and regulatory solutions.

Sensitive detection of choline in infant formulas by SERS marker transformation occurring on a filter-based flexible substrate

In this study, we developed a simple and sensitive surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) technique for the detection of choline in infant formulas based on a filter-based flexible substrate. The flexible substrate with excellent SERS activity and reproducibility was fabricated using a syringe filter and Ag triangular nanoplates. The Raman marker, 3-mercaptophenylboronic acid, was oxidised to 3-hydroxythiophenol in the presence of H2O2, which caused a decrease in the SERS peak intensity ratio (I1021 cm−1: I996 cm−1). Utilising the enhanced flexible substrate, a quantitative detection method for H2O2 was developed. Additionally, choline could be hydrolysed by choline oxidase to generate betaine and H2O2. Thus, the SERS method was successfully applied to detect choline in the concentration range of 10-3–10-7 M with a beneficial limit of detection as low as 8.36 nM. Importantly, the recovery of choline from infant formula milk powder was approximately 99 %. The excellent performance of the flexible substrate-based SERS method demonstrated its potential for application in H2O2-generated oxidase-based biosensing.

Different Effects of Premature Infant Formula and Breast Milk on Intestinal Microecological Development in Premature Infants.

Intestinal microecology has been shown to participate in the pathogenesis of many diseases through different pathways, and the intestinal microecology of premature infants is significantly different from full-term infants. Intestinal microecology in premature infants is affected by various factors such as gestational age, diet, antibiotic use. However, there are few studies focus on the effects of diet on intestinal microecological development in premature infants. This study explored the different effects of the formula milk (FM) and breast milk (BM) for the development of intestinal microecology in premature infants. The results showed that BM feeding increases the alpha diversity of the intestinal flora, however, FM feeding contributes to the increase in short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in the gut of preterm infants. The growth environment has an important influence on the β diversity of intestinal microecology, the genomic function, and the evolution of intestinal microecology in premature infants. The intestinal microecology in premature infants is significantly associated with gestational age and weight gain. This study explored the effects of feeding methods and growth environment on intestinal microecology in premature infants, and provided a basis for promoting the healthy development of premature infants.

Milk lipid composition and structure; The relevance for infant brain development

The neurocognitive development of infants can be positively associated with breastfeeding exclusivity and duration. Differences in dietary lipid quality between human milk and infant milk formula may contribute to this effect. In this review, we describe some of the known differences between human milk and infant milk formula in lipid quality, including fatty acid composition, complex lipids in the milk fat globule membrane as well as the physical properties of lipids and lipid globules. We describe some of the underlying mechanism by which these aspects of lipid quality are thought to modulate infant brain development such as differences in the supply and/or the bioavailability of lipids, lipid bound components and peripheral organ derived neurodevelopmental signals to the infant brain after ingestion and on longer term.

Juvenile toxicity study of Gossence™ (galactooligosaccharides) in Sprague Dawley rats

Gossence™ (galactooligosaccharide; GOS) is a prebiotics and used as one of the major constituents in infant milk formulas that act as a functional food. Gossence is manufactured by Tata Chemicals Ltd, India, through a patented process of biotransformation of lactose. A toxicology study in juvenile rats was carried out to assess the safety profile of Gossence intended for pediatric population. The objective of this study is to assess the potential systemic toxicity of Gossence when administered through gavage at dose levels of 1000, 2000, or 5000/3000 mg/kg/day (equivalent to 1347, 2694, and 6735/4041 mg/kg/day of GOS, respectively) to juvenile Sprague Dawley rats from postnatal day (PND) 4 to PND 52 (i.e. total 49 days of dosing period). A separate group of animals were treated with vehicle (purified Milli Q water) for a similar duration. The following parameters were evaluated during the study period: morbidity/mortality check, clinical signs, body weights, body weight changes, food consumption, functional observational battery, motor activity, postnatal developmental observations, hematology, clinical chemistry, urinalysis, organ weight, gross pathology, and histopathology. During dosing phase, the high-dose group, 5000 mg/kg/day, was reduced to 3000 mg/kg/day (equivalent to 4041 mg/kg/day dose of GOS) from day 16 (PND 19) onward, due to clinical signs of watery feces and yellow color stains at urogenital region and mortality in two animals on day 15 (PND 18) of the study. Time-weighted average dose for 5000 mg/kg/day was equivalent to 3600 mg/kg/day. No further deaths or clinical signs were noticed in animals at 3000 mg/kg/day from day 18 (PND 21) of dosing phase to until terminal euthanization. At the terminal euthanization, there were no test item-related gross changes observed in all surviving rats except for, an increased cecum size in some of the rats at 5000/3000 mg/kg/day, which correlated with the increased weights of cecum with contents during organ weight recording, but this had no correlating light microscopic changes during histological examination. The cecal enlargement was completely recovered following the 14-day recovery period. The no-observedadverse-effect level is 3000 mg/kg/day for Gossence, which is equivalent to 4041 mg/kg/day of GOS in both sexes.

Мальтодекстрин – ингредиент для производства продуктов детского питания. Исследование состава и свойств

The main principles of development of adapted infant milk formulas are approximation to the composition and properties of human milk and correspondence to the specific features of infantile digestion and metabolism. Of no least significance is adjustment of the carbohydrate component. Partial replacement of lactose by maltodextrin allows to decrease the osmolality of milk formulas. Maltodextrin is well utilized in the intestines, has a positive effect on its microbiota. Therefore, in modern infant adapted formulas lactose is partly replaced by maltodextrin. Infant formulas are manufactured using maltodextrin with the dextrose equivalent from 18 to 22. The study was aimed at investigating the possibility of using maltodextrin manufactured in Russia in specialised food products for infant nutrition. Three samples of maltodextrin were selected for the study: 2 were manufactured in Russia and 1 was imported. The samples were tested in the following order: study of comparative characteristics of maltodextrins; experimental pre-production of adapted milk formulas with maltodextrin samples, and examination of the quality and safety characteristics and the technological benefits of its use. The research work and its results confirmed the possibility of using maltodextrin made in Russia for manufacture of adapted products for child nutrition to optimise the carbohydrate composition of the final product. Key words: dextrose equivalent, child nutrition, maltodextrin, solubility

Toxic Elements in Dried Milk and Evaluation of their Dietary Intake in Infant Formula

Infant’s feeding patterns are important for development and growth; therefore babies are very sensitive to toxic elements, mainly through their food, so in the present study, the concentrations and daily intake of some Toxic Elements (TEs); Lead (Pb), Arsenic (As), Cadmium (Cd), Mercury (Hg) and Aluminum (Al) were measured in different and random 60 dried infant foods {30 infant formula (0-6 months) and 30 milk-cereal based infant formula (6 months)} which obtained from various supermarkets and pharmacies. The analysis was done using Inductive Coupled Plasma - Mass Spectrometer (ICP-MS). It could be determined the lead, arsenic, cadmium, mercury and aluminum by mean values of 0.424±0.006, 0.205±0.003, 0.014±0.0001, 0.298±0.007and 0.464±0.029 mg/Kg in the examined infant milk formula samples and a ranged minimum to maximum concentrations of 0.114-0.177, 0.155-0.293, 0.014-0.015, 0.282-0.310 and 0.287-0.437 mg/kg, respectively in the examined milk-cereal based infant formula. Present study indicates that, the greater level of contamination of examined infant formula samples with toxic elements (lead and mercury) surpasses the maximum limit and Provisional Tolerable Daily Intake (PTDI) of these elements. Mercury is over PTDI (0.0005 mg/kg bw/day) in all milk-cereal based infant formula samples, also arsenic in all examined samples of this type of formula was exceed the maximum limit (0.05 mg/kg) of Indian standard. This investigation shows such types of infant formula need more amendment to set limit of more toxic metals for this sensitive group of population.

Hygienic and sanitary conditions of hospital milk dispensaries

The aim of this study was to perform a situational and sanitary diagnosis in milk dispensaries of pediatric hospitals in a municipality in central Brazil, with the characterization of the hygienic and sanitary conditions in the location. This investigation happened in two stages, before and after intervention, which consisted of a training about good handling practices for the professionals involved in the formula production process. For microbiological analyses, 640 samples were obtained from milk dispensaries of five hospitals. The microorganisms found indicate flaws in the operational procedures, offering risks to patients. Interventions were an important tool to improve the process. The unsatisfactory hygienic and sanitary conditions, demonstrated in the applied checklist, may offer risks to the quality of Infant Milk Formulas produced in the milk dispensaries studied. In order for the food to be offered safely to interned infants, both inspection from Sanitary Surveillance and specific infant sanitary legislation are necessary

Modification of protein structures by altering the whey protein profile and heat treatment affects in vitro static digestion of model infant milk formulas.

Heat treatments induce changes in the protein structure in infant milk formulas (IMFs). The present study aims to investigate whether these structural modifications affect protein digestion. Model IMFs (1.3% proteins), with a bovine or a human whey protein profile, were unheated or heated at 67.5 °C or 80 °C to reach 65% of denaturation, resulting in six protein structures. IMFs were submitted to in vitro static gastrointestinal digestion simulating infant conditions. During digestion, laser light scattering was performed to analyze IMF destabilization and SDS-PAGE, OPA assay and cation exchange chromatography were used to monitor proteolysis. Results showed that, during gastric digestion, α-lactalbumin and β-lactoglobulin were resistant to hydrolysis in a similar manner for all protein structures within IMFs (p > 0.05), while the heat-induced denaturation of lactoferrin significantly increased its susceptibility to hydrolysis. Casein hydrolysis was enhanced when the native casein micelle structure was modified, i.e. partially disintegrated in the presence of lactoferrin or covered by heat-denatured whey proteins. The IMF destabilization at the end of the gastric digestion varied with protein structures, with larger particle size for IMF containing native casein micelles. During intestinal digestion, the kinetics of protein hydrolysis varied with the IMF protein structures, particularly for IMFs containing denatured lactoferrin, exhibiting higher proteolysis degree (67.5 °C and 80 °C vs. unheated) and essential amino acid bioaccessibility (67.5 °C vs. unheated). Overall, the protein structures, generated by modulating the whey protein profile and the heating conditions, impacted the IMF destabilization during the gastric phase and the proteolysis during the entire simulated infant digestion.

Evaluation of multidrug-resistant Bacillus strains causing public health risks in powdered infant milk formulas

BackgroundAntibiotic-resistant bacteria are one of the major global health issues that can affect humans, animals, and the environment. Antibiotic-resistant bacteria have emerged as opportunistic pathogenic bacteria that are frequently isolated from both clinical patients and healthy individuals. The aim of this study was to characterize the antibiotic-resistant bacteria isolated from powdered infant formulas marketed in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. MethodsInfant powdered milk formulas were purchased from different pharmacies located within Riyadh, and ten products of powdered milk formulas designed for children of various ages were then transferred to the laboratory in the Department of Botany and Microbiology at King Saud University, Riyadh. Isolation and purification of Bacillus species were both performed according to standard protocols. The identification test was performed using the automated Vitek 2 system (BioMerieux, France), and antibiotic sensitivity tests were performed using the disk-diffusion method incorporating standard antibiotic disks foramikacin (30μg/disk), gentamicin (10μg/disk), imipenem (10μg/disk), moxifloxacin (5μg/disk), cefoperazone (75μg/disk), cefpodoxime (10μg/disk), ceftazidime (30μg/disk), and cefepime (30μg/disk). Statistical analysis was performed using Ward’s method to obtain antibiotic resistance of the isolates. ResultsThe results obtained from the milk samples indicated that all isolates were sensitive to amikacin, gentamicin, and moxifloxacin. A group of isolates obtained from milk was resistant to cefoperazone by 6.49%, cefpodoxime by 25.9%, ceftazidime by 14.28%, and cefepime by 19.48%. ConclusionsBased on these findings, we concluded that the powdered infant formula marketed in Riyadh City may act as a source of bacterial isolates that are resistant to several standard antibiotics.

Advanced Glycation End Products (AGEs) May Be a Striking Link Between Modern Diet and Health.

The Maillard reaction is a simple but ubiquitous reaction that occurs both in vivo and ex vivo during the cooking or processing of foods under high-temperature conditions, such as baking, frying, or grilling. Glycation of proteins is a post-translational modification that forms temporary adducts, which, on further crosslinking and rearrangement, form permanent residues known as advanced glycation end products (AGEs). Cooking at high temperature results in various food products having high levels of AGEs. This review underlines the basis of AGE formation and their corresponding deleterious effects on the body. Glycated Maillard products have a direct association with the pathophysiology of some metabolic diseases, such as diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM2), acute renal failure (ARF), Alzheimer’s disease, dental health, allergies, and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). The most glycated and structurally abundant protein is collagen, which acts as a marker for diabetes and aging, where decreased levels indicate reduced skin elasticity. In diabetes, high levels of AGEs are associated with carotid thickening, ischemic heart disease, uremic cardiomyopathy, and kidney failure. AGEs also mimic hormones or regulate/modify their receptor mechanisms at the DNA level. In women, a high AGE diet directly correlates with high levels of androgens, anti-Müllerian hormone, insulin, and androstenedione, promoting ovarian dysfunction and/or infertility. Vitamin D3 is well-associated with the pathogenesis of PCOS and modulates steroidogenesis. It also exhibits a protective mechanism against the harmful effects of AGEs. This review elucidates and summarizes the processing of infant formula milk and the associated health hazards. Formulated according to the nutritional requirements of the newborn as a substitute for mother’s milk, formula milk is a rich source of primary adducts, such as carboxy-methyl lysine, which render an infant prone to inflammation, dementia, food allergies, and other diseases. We therefore recommend that understanding this post-translational modification is the key to unlocking the mechanisms and physiology of various metabolic syndromes.

Microscopy tools for product innovation

Microscopy tools for product innovation

Pasteurized ready-to-feed (RTF) infant formula fortified with lactoferrin: a potential niche product

Ready-to-feed (RTF) Infant Milk Formula (IMF) is currently processed as UHT-sterilized to ensure safety, however, it incurs a significant loss of nutrients due to its high processing temperature (135 °C and above). Therefore, to retain heat-sensitive bioactives, pasteurized RTF liquid IMF could be a pragmatic approach as a new product development which would improve the quality of IMF. In this study, the effect of thermal (63–90 °C) and High Pressure Processing (HPP) of 300–600 MPa at 23 °C on denaturation of native bovine lactoferrin (LF) in reconstituted IMF was studied. Retention of LF was 94.6 and 91.9% at high temperature short time (HTST) conditions of 70.8 °C for 42 and 71 °C for 57 s, respectively, whereas HPP treatments retained only 66–83% LF. Furthermore, LF remarkably maintained its iron binding capacity and storage stability after HTST pasteurization, which together, confirm the possible application of conventional HTST pasteurization to treat LF-added RTF liquid IMF.

The fatty acids Determination in breast milk and in infant formula milk

Breast milk is the first and best food for the baby and the natural source of all the nutrients needed by the infant to grow and move. At present, local and international markets are full of milk products and alternatives milk products. The aim of this study was to find the differences between the infant formula and breast milk in the presence and percentages of fatty acids during the period of lactation. A total of 240 samples of healthy mothers (ages 18-33 years) which had an infants aged 3-11 months were collected voluntarily, the samples were collected daily and five days per week. A representative sample of the week was taken to measure the presence and percentages of fatty acids by GC mass. The results of fatty acids for the mother sample for the period less than six months were shows (Capric, Lauric, Myristic, Palmitic, Palmitoleic, Stearic, Oleic, Linoleic and Margaric acid 1.41, 1.49, 0.86, 2.59, 0.85, 0.64, 9.09, 10.3, 0.85%), while the infant formula was (IF1 = Linoleic 14.75 %, Oleic 5.11%, Stearic11.39%, Palmitic 3.9%, Myristic 1.04%, Lauric 2.71% and Capric 0.52 %, IF2 = Capric 1.44%, Lauric 9.44%, Myristic 3.34%, Palmitic 5.86%, stearic 1.92%, Oleic 12.51% and Linoleic 6.37%, IF3 = Capric 0.7%, Lauric 1.39%, Myristic 0.53%, Palmitic 4.51%, stearic 0.71%, Oleic 3.73% and Linoleic 2.44% ). While it were the results of breast milk from fatty acids in the period after six months were as follows (Capric 0.84%, Lauric 3.14%, Myristic 2.94%, Palmitic 5.33%, Palmitoleic 0.2%, Stearic 1.8%, Oleic 6.23%, Linoleic 7.06%, Margaric acid 1.16%), the results of the infant formula varied for the same period(IF4 = capric 0.84%, Lauric 3.52%, Myristic 0.94%, Palmitic 5.12%, Palmitoleic 3.64%, Stearic 1.06%, Oleic 5.62% and Linoleic 2.95% IF5 = Capric 0.97 %, Lauric 4.59 %, Myristic 0.74%, Palmitic 3.42 %, Palmitoleic 18.44 %, Undecanoic acid 4.53 %, Oleic 5.13 %, Linoleic 3.02 %, Stearic 1.18 %, Margaric acid 1.64 % and Arachidic acid 0.88 %, IF6 = Lauric 0.5%, Myristic 0.55%, Palmitic 2.83%, Palmitoleic 20.1%, Sebacic 1 %, Arachidic acid 0.98%, Linoleic 1.49 %, Stearic 1.1 % ). The study showed that the earliest infant formula was (IF5) in terms of the fatty acids presence for the second period compared to breast milk, but in terms of ratios did not find a match between breast milk for the periods before and after six months, as well as between breast milk and infant formula.

Glycerol Monolaurate Contributes to the Antimicrobial and Anti-inflammatory Activity of Human Milk

Human milk has antimicrobial compounds and immunomodulatory activities. We investigated glycerol monolaurate (GML) in human milk versus bovine milk and infant formula for antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities. Human milk contained approximately 3000 µg/ml of GML, compared to 150 μg/ml in bovine milk and none in infant formula. For bacteria tested (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Clostridium perfringens, Escherichia coli), except Enterococcus faecalis, human milk was more antimicrobial than bovine milk and formula. The Enterococcus faecalis strain, which was not inhibited, produced reutericyclin, which is an analogue of GML and functions as a growth stimulant in bacteria that produce it. Removal of GML and other lipophilic molecules from human milk by ethanol extraction resulted in a loss of antibacterial activity, which was restored by re-addition of GML. GML addition caused bovine milk to become antimicrobial. Human milk but not bovine milk or formula inhibited superantigen and bacterial-induced IL-8 production by model human epithelial cells. GML may contribute beneficially to human milk compared to bovine milk or infant formula.

Contamination level and exposure assessment to Aflatoxin M1 in Jordanian infant milk formulas.

Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is a principal hydroxylated-aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) metabolite, and has been classified as possible human carcinogen (group 2B). The aim of this study was to survey the contamination level, estimated daily intake (EDI) and tolerable daily intake % (TDI%) of AFM1 in Jordanian infant milk formulas. A total of 120 samples, 48 starter and 72 follow-on formula samples were collected and analyzed using ELISA technique. Of the 120 surveyed samples, 58 (48.33%) were AFM1-positive and exceeded the EU maximum limit for AFM1 in IMF (25 ng/kg). The average AFM1 concentration was 69.93 and 84.78 ng AFM1/kg, with range of <5 − 89.25 and <5 – 213.84 ng AFM1/kg in starter and follow-on formula, respectively. It is also noteworthy the high EDI of AFM1 by infants (1.557 and 1.551 ng AFM1/kg b.w./day), and the high TDI% values (786.9 and 775.9%). In addition, current study indicated high-extrapolated AFB1 content in the feed; accordingly, raised the need to implement good agricultural and hygienic practices as preventive and controlling measures to decrease AFM1 in milk and IMF through controlling AFB1 in feed at the farm level. Finally, it is obvious that the contamination of IMF by AFM1 is an international problem, and the protection of infants and young children against AFM1 in Jordan requires a fundamental setup of clear legal limits of AFM1 in Jordanian standards and strict monitoring and continual analysis of IMF traded and consumed in Jordan.

Physicochemical properties of spray-dried model infant milk formula powders: Influence of whey protein-to-casein ratio

The effect of whey protein-to-casein ratio (60:40, 50:50 and 40:60) on the physicochemical properties of model infant milk formula (IMF) wet-mixes and powders prepared therefrom was studied. A lower whey protein-to-casein ratio lowered the zeta potential and apparent viscosity of wet-mixes and increased the particle size after evaporation. Particle size and water activity of powders decreased with decreasing whey protein-to-casein ratio. Glass transition temperature, crystallinity, surface free fat content and solubility of the powders were similar and unaffected by protein composition. Surface composition of powders was substantially different from their bulk composition irrespective of the protein ratios, with fat representing more of the powders surface (∼42–44%) followed by protein (∼30–32%) and lactose (∼24–26%). Overall, IMF powders can be prepared by varying the whey protein-to-casein ratio without affecting the physicochemical properties of the feed and the spray-dried powders.