Infant Anthropometric Measurements Research Articles

Breast Milk Macronutrient Content and Its Effects on Infant Anthropometric Measurements in the First 6Months: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

The aim of the study is to determine the effect of the macronutrient content of breast milk on the anthropometric measurements of infants in the first 6months. Breast milk contains essential macro- and micronutrients needed in the early stages of an infant's development. Current literature highlights the importance of understanding how breast milk's macronutrient content influences infant growth. The study protocol has been published in PROSPERO (CRD42023425550). This study adheres to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols (PRISMA-P) guideline. Studies published between January 1, 2016, and June 2, 2023, were reviewed across 6 databases. The Joanna Briggs Institute Cohort Studies checklist was used to assess methodological quality. Effect sizes were calculated using both fixed-effects and random-effects models. Six studies were included in the systematic review and meta-analysis. The meta-analysis indicated a significant relationship between lactose content in breast milk and infant weight gain, length growth, and head circumference, as well as between fat-lipid content and infant weight gain within the first 6months (P <.05). No significant relationship was found between protein or carbohydrate content of milk and anthropometric measurements of infants in the first 6months (P >.05). The findings suggest that macronutrient concentrations in breast milk are important determinants of infant growth. Further research with high level of evidence and standard methodological protocols is recommended to elucidate the relationships between breast milk content and infant growth.

The effects of maternal body weight on iodine concentration in breast milk and cord blood and infant growth.

Breast milk (BM) is the only source of iodine and bioactive compounds that influence growth and development in infants. The content of BM may be influenced by maternal body mass index (BMI). The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of maternal weight on BM and cord blood iodine concentrations, growth-related hormones, infant anthropometric measurements. A total of 84 mother-infant pairs participated. Levels of leptin, adiponectin and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) in postnatal BM and cord blood were analysed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), iodine by Sandell-Kolthoff reaction. Dietary iodine intake of women was determined by food frequency questionnaire, and anthropometric measurements of infants at birth and 3 months were evaluated. Dietary iodine intake was found to be similar in normal weight (NW) and overweight/obese (OW/OB) women (p > 0.05). Breast milk iodine concentration (BMIC) was 17.4 μg in NW, 18.2 μg in OB/OW women. Adiponectin in cord blood and IGF-I in BM were higher OB/OW than NW women (p < 0.05). Positive correlations were found between the infant birth weight and adiponectin in BM, between the infant body weight at 3 months and leptin and adiponectin in BM, between the infant birth head circumference and IGF-I in BM (p < 0.05). In multiple linear regression model, leptin and adiponectin in BM had a positive effect on infant body weight (p < 0.05). Maternal BMI may influence infant body weight via leptin and adiponectin in BM and infant head circumference via IGF-I. No relationship was found between maternal BMI and iodine levels and anthropometric measurements of the infant. Longitudinal studies are recommended to understand the effect of BMIC on growth.

Prenatal bisphenol analogs exposure and placental DNA hypomethylation of genes in the PPAR signaling pathway: Insights for bisphenol analogs’ effects on infant anthropometry

Prenatal exposure to bisphenol analogs (BPs) may pose hazards to offspring's health; however, their underlying mechanisms remain to be elucidated. DNA methylation, a major epigenetic mechanism, may be involved in early programming following environmental disturbances. In this prospective study, we investigated associations between prenatal BPs exposure and the placental DNA methylation levels of 14 candidate genes in the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) signaling pathway among 205 mother-infant pairs and explored the potential mediating role of the DNA methylation in the association of prenatal BPs exposure with anthropometric measurements of infants aged 1 year. We observed a general pattern that prenatal BPs exposure was associated with the DNA hypomethylation of candidate genes, with associations consistently and notably observed for PPAR α (PPARA), retinoid X receptor α (RXRA), acetyl-CoA acyltransferase 1, and acyl-CoA dehydrogenase medium chain (ACADM) in linear regression and Bayesian kernel machine regression. Both models identified bisphenol F (BPF) as the predominant compound. We found inverse associations between the placental DNA methylation levels of most candidate genes, such as PPARA, RXRA, ACADM, and nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group H member 3 (NR1H3), and the length-for-age z-score, arm circumference-for-age z-score, subscapular skinfold-for-age z-score, and abdominal skinfold thickness of the infants. The DNA methylation levels of RXRA and NR1H3 could mediate the associations between prenatal BPF exposure and increased infant anthropometric measurements, with mediating portions ranging from 23.02% to 30.53%. Our findings shed light on the potential mechanisms underlying the effects of prenatal BPs exposure on infant growth and call for urgent actions for risk assessment and regulation of BPF. Future cohort studies with larger sample sizes are warranted to confirm our findings.

Nutrient composition of human milk of Indian mothers: relation with maternal and infant anthropometry.

The aim of the study was to determine the nutrient composition of human milk (HM) of Indian mothers and investigate its association with maternal and infant anthropometric measures. Human milk is an ideal source of nutrition for optimum growth and development of infant. Among Indian mothers, HM composition data is scanty, especially during prolonged lactation. Mother-infant dyads (n = 50) comprising of two lactation group (0-6m, n = 26) and (7-12m, n = 24) residing in Delhi, India were enrolled. Height, weight, BMI, MUAC and head circumference were measured and compared with reference standard. The macronutrients and micronutrients of HM were analysed using MIRIS analyzer, ICP-AES and HPLC. Correlation plots were generated between HM nutrients and maternal, infant anthropometry. Mean BMI of mothers were 19.6 ± 2.6 (0-6m) and 21.2 ± 3.7 (7-12m) kg/m2. Around 26% of mothers were underweight, 28% overweight. Among infants, 26% were underweight, wasted (18%), stunted (34%) and overweight (10%). The macronutrient composition of human milk were similar to reference values (means ± standard deviation). Both lactation group showed similar HM nutrient composition. Significant positive associations (r = 0.3-0.5) were found between maternal height, infant HCZ with HM energy, fat; maternal prepregnancy-weight, MUAC with retinol; maternal MUAC with crude protein.

Cleft Lip Surgery in Sudan: Clinical Presentations, Early Outcomes, and Patient and Professional Satisfaction: A sub-Saharan African experience

Cleft lip and palate are the most common congenital craniofacial anomalies. They account for approximately 13% of all congenital anomalies. To study the presentation of cleft lip and the early results of surgical repair among patients who presented to our centers. This was a hospital-based prospective cohort study of 72 patients who underwent cleft lip repair in Sudan. The commonest age group was between 10-18 months. The male-to-female ratio was 2:1, and a family history of cleft lip was found in 2.8% of patients. The cleft lip was complete in 81.9%, incomplete in 12.5%, and hybrid in 5.6% of patients. Associated cleft palate was observed in 54 patients. Associated syndromes were found in 10 patients. The surgery was carried out in most patients at 9 months or less; in 4 patients, it was more than 18 months. Achievement of reasonable lip repair was moderate (50% collectively). High achievement was observed for criteria, such as accurate union (90.3%), and sub-moderate achievement in even vermillion border and cupid's bow (44%), low nose symmetry (30.6%), and quality of scar (18.1%). Early complications were reported at the rate of 13.9%. Patient satisfaction was 59.7%; however, the professionals showed higher satisfaction levels (66.7%). The anthropometric measurements of normal infants were moderately similar to those of the infants who underwent surgery. The patients with cleft lip showed early presentation, with a predominance of the male gender and left side pattern. The preliminary outcome of cleft lip repair was moderate, with variations in different criteria. Patient and professional satisfaction were above average.

Association of Umbilical Cord Perilipin 2 Levels with Neonatal Anthropometric Measurements in Infants of Diabetic Mothers.

Perilipin 2 (PLIN2) is a protein that contributes to the formation and stability of lipid droplets. It has been associated with the development of several diseases, particularly related to glucose and lipid metabolism. In infants of diabetic mother (IDM), fetal hyperinsulinaemia leads to increased adipose tissue and macrosomia. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between PLIN2 levels and anthropometric measurements in the IDM and to investigate the relationship between PLIN2 levels and IGF-1, IGF-2 and leptin levels. The study group consisted of IDMs, while the control group consisted of infants born to non-diabetic mother, matched for gestational week and gender. Cord blood samples were collected from all patients to determine PLIN2, IGF-1, IGF-2 and leptin levels. Anthropometric measurements were taken for all patients at birth. There were no differences between the groups in birth weight, birth length, head circumference and body mass index (BMI), but middle arm circumference, triceps, biceps, subscapular and suprailiac skinfold thickness were significantly higher in the IDM. While PLIN2, IGF-1, IGF-2 and leptin levels were similar between groups, there was a strong correlation between PLIN2 levels and IGF-2 and leptin levels. Even if IDMs were not macrosomic, the presence of high subcutaneous adipose tissue was not associated with PLIN2.

Effect of Enteral Zinc Supplementation on the Anthropometric Measurements of Preterm Infants at Discharge from the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit and Evaluation of Copper Deficiency.

Enteral zinc supplementation in preterm infants has been reported to improve short-term weight and height gain. This study aims to evaluate whether early enteral zinc supplementation in preterm infants admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) affects their physical measurements at discharge, and to periodically test serum copper levels. Of the 221 patients admitted to the NICU, 102 were in the zinc group and 119 were in the no-zinc group. The zinc group was administered 3 mg/kg/day of zinc. Body weight, height, and head circumference at discharge (or on the expected delivery date) were evaluated, and the factors affecting these parameters were examined. Serum zinc and copper levels were also evaluated on admission and monthly thereafter. Multivariate analysis was performed and showed that the weeks of gestational age and small for gestational age (SGA) status affected the height and weight at discharge. SGA also affected the head circumference. Serum copper levels were within the reference range for all patients at 3 months of age. Enteral zinc supplementation of 3 mg/kg/day in preterm infants did not affect the weight, height, or head circumference at discharge, but was shown to be relatively safe.

Mortality Risk in US Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Infants by Birth Size Classifications Comparing Three Growth Curves

Introduction: Three widely referenced growth curves classify infant birth anthropometric measurements as small (SGA), appropriate (AGA), or large (LGA) for gestational age (GA) differently. We assessed how these differences in assignment affect the identification and prediction of neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) mortality risk in US preterm infants. Methods: Birth data of infants admitted to NICUs from the Pediatrix Clinical Data Warehouse (2013–2018) were analyzed. Birth weight, length, and head circumference of 46,724 singleton infants (24–32 weeks GA) were classified as SGA, AGA, or LGA using the Olsen, Fenton, and INTERGROWTH-21st curves. NICU mortality risk based on birth size classification was analyzed using unadjusted and adjusted logistic regression stratified by GA. Results: Odds of mortality were increased with SGA classification at all GAs, size measurements, and curve sets, compared with AGA infants. LGA classification for weight was associated with lower mortality risk at 24 weeks GA and higher risk at 30 weeks GA. Odds of mortality did not differ significantly across curve sets. Classification of size at birth alone had relatively low predictive ability to identify mortality risk, with unadjusted AUCs near 0.5 for all analyses. Conclusion: There were no significant differences across curve sets in predicting mortality. Classification of size at birth is a relatively imprecise method to identify infants at risk for NICU mortality.

Iron deficiency in healthy, term infants aged five months, in a pediatric outpatient clinic: a prospective study

BackgroundIron deficiency (ID) is prevalent in Malaysian children. The incidence of ID in infants under 6 months of age is unknown. Our aim was to determine the prevalence of iron deficiency (ID) and iron deficiency anemia (IDA) in healthy, term infants aged below 6 months in our hospital population.MethodsA prospective longitudinal pilot study of mother-infant pairs was conducted on infants receiving routine immunizations in a mother and child clinic at a university hospital, in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Mothers completed standardized questionnaires at 3- and 5-month postnatal visits. Maternal and infant full blood count, ferritin, and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels were measured at 3 months and for the infants repeated at 5 months. Infant anthropometric measurements were obtained at both visits. We conducted a univariate analysis to identify factors associated with ID and IDA.ResultsAltogether, 91 mother-infant pairs were enrolled, with 88 completing the study. No infant had ID or IDA at 3 months; the lowest ferritin level was 16.6 µg/L. At 5 months, 5.9% (5/85) of infants had ID, and 2.4% (2/85) had IDA. Median (interquartile range) infant ferritin levels significantly declined from 113.4 (65.0–183.6) µg/L at 3 months to 50.9 (29.2–70.4) µg/L at 5 months, p < 0.001. Exclusive breastfeeding until 3 or 5 months was significantly associated with ID at 5 months (p = 0.020, and p = 0.008, respectively) on univariate analysis. The drop in ferritin between 3–5 months was significantly associated with weight and length gains between 0–3 months (p = 0.018, p = 0.009, respectively). Altogether, 14.3% of infants exclusively breastfed until 5 months developed ID. At 5 months, 3.4% of infants were underweight, 1.1% stunted, and 10.2% wasted.ConclusionsIn exclusively breastfed term infants, ID occurred by 5 months. Early introduction of iron-rich foods should be considered in exclusively breastfed babies. A high prevalence of wasting suggests a calorie deficit in this population and will lead to stunting if not addressed.

Associations between human milk oligosaccharides and infant growth in a Bangladeshi mother–infant cohort

BackgroundWe aimed to estimate associations between human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) and infant growth (length-for-age (LAZ) and weight-for-length (WLZ) z-scores) at 12 months postnatal age.MethodsIn this secondary analysis of data from a maternal vitamin D trial in Dhaka, Bangladesh (N = 192), absolute concentrations of HMOs were measured in 13 ± 1 week(s) postpartum milk samples, infant anthropometric measurements were obtained soon after birth and at 12 months postpartum, and infant feeding was classified during 6 months postpartum. Associations between individual HMOs or HMO groups and LAZ or WLZ were estimated by multivariable linear regression adjusting for infant feeding pattern, maternal secretor status, and other potential confounders.ResultsThe concentrations of 6’sialyllactose, lacto-N-neotetraose, and the non-fucosylated non-sialylated HMOs were inversely associated with LAZ at 12 months of age, whereas the fucosylated non-sialylated HMO concentration was positively associated with LAZ at 12 months. These associations were robust in analyses restricted to infants who were primarily exclusively/predominantly fed human milk during the first 3 (or 6) months.ConclusionsSince HMOs are both positively and negatively associated with postnatal growth, there is a need for randomized trials to estimate the causal benefits and risks of exogenously administered HMOs on infant growth and other health outcomes.Impact6’sialyllactose, lacto-N-neotetraose, and the non-fucosylated non-sialylated human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) were inversely associated with length-for-age z-scores (LAZ) at 12 months, whereas the fucosylated non-sialylated HMO concentration was positively associated with LAZ at 12 months among Bangladeshi infants.Associations between individual and grouped HMOs with infant length growth at 12 months were as strong or stronger in analyses restricted to infants who were exclusively or predominantly fed human milk up to 3 (or 6) months.Randomized trials are needed to characterize the effects of specific HMOs on infant growth, particularly in countries where postnatal linear growth faltering is common.

Human milk miRNAs associate to maternal dietary nutrients, milk microbiota, infant gut microbiota and growth

Maternal diet influences the milk composition, yet little information is available on the impact of maternal diet on milk miRNAs expression. Further, the association of human milk miRNAs to maternal diet and milk microbiota is not explored. In addition, the role of milk miRNAs on the infant gut microbiota, infant growth and development has not been investigated. Milk samples were collected from 60 healthy lactating women at ≤15d post-partum, HTG transcriptome assay was performed to examine milk miRNA profile. Maternal clinical and dietary clusters information were available and infant anthropometric measures were followed up to one year of age. Milk and infant microbiota were analyzed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and integrative multi-omics data analysis was performed to identify potential association between microRNA, maternal dietary nutrients and microbiota. Discriminant analysis revealed that the milk miRNAs were clustered into groups according to the maternal protein source. Interestingly, 31 miRNAs were differentially expressed (P adj<0.05) between maternal dietary clusters (Cluster 1: enriched in plant protein and fibers and Cluster 2: enriched in animal protein), with 30 miRNAs downregulated in the plant protein group relative to animal protein group. Pathway analysis revealed that the top enriched pathways (P adj<0.01) were involved in cell growth and proliferation processes. Furthermore, significant features contributing to the clustering were associated with maternal dietary nutrients and milk microbiota (r>0.70). Further, miR-378 and 320 family miRNAs involved in adipogenesis were positively correlated to the infant BMI-z-scores, weight, and weight for length-z-scores at 6 months of age. Maternal dietary source impacts the milk miRNA expression profile. Further, miRNAs were associated with maternal dietary nutrients, milk microbiota and to the infant gut microbiota and infant growth and development. The study is registered in ClinicalTrials.gov. The identification number is NCT03552939.

Comparison of Anthropometric Measurements of Infants Born to Bahraini Mothers with and Without Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM)

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus is a major cause of morbidity and mortality to both mother and fetus. It is defined as the development of hyperglycemia during pregnancy in women who were not previously diagnosed with Diabetes Mellitus (DM) (1). Diagnosis usually occurs during the 24th to 28th weeks of gestation (1). The prevalence of GDM varies worldwide and was reported to be in Bahrain in 2012 at 10.1% of pregnancies, which was increased from 7.2% in 2002 (6). For this study, a total sample of 10,865 patients was used, dating from May 2016 to January 2020. The sample size is set in King Hamad University Hospital (KHUH), Kingdom of Bahrain. They were chosen based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. The data collected included the GDM status of the mother (GDM or Non-GDM), gestational age of the fetus (weeks), birth weight (grams) of the fetus, length (centimeters) of the fetus, head circumference (centimeters) of the fetus and placental weight (grams) upon delivery. In our study, the results showed an increase in anthropometric measurements in infants born to GDM mothers. 10 out of 200 (5%) neonates had a macrocosmic birth weight in GDM infants. However, when comparing to the birth weight, p= 0.940 was found, showing a non-significant difference between both groups. There was a faster acceleration in head circumference in neonates born to mothers with GDM, and there was no significant difference in average head circumference between both groups. Moreover, 153 out of 200 (76%) of the GDM group had a placental weight of more than 500 grams, whereas 179 out of 200 (89.5%) of the non-GDM group had a placental weight of more than 500 grams. GDM is a common yet serious complication encountered throughout pregnancy, most commonly via routine screening. One of the commonly observed outcomes of GDM in pregnancy is increased fetal growth through various mechanisms, which can result in an increased risk of neonatal morbidity and mortality. This study helps to reaffirm that routine screening of GDM is required, and perhaps placental weight is another factor to be taken into consideration after further study as an indicator of fetal growth and GDM progression.

Optimization of Counseling Services at the Desks to the Four Posyandu

During providing services Posyandu Lestari I and Ringinsari I only include anthropometric measurements in infants and toddlers, complementary breastfeeding, immunization, administration of Vitamin A and Deworming (February and August), while counseling services for mothers and toddlers of babies at the tables of four posyandu have not been implemented. Counseling at Posyandu will only be carried out when there are health workers who visit, which is usually only in February and August every year. The purpose of this community service is to improve the services provided by the posyandu, one of which is to reactivate the fourth table. The service at the fourth table is the service provided by the cadre in the form of counseling for infant and toddler mothers The method used in education on improving posyandu services is training on the use of posyandu backsheets to assist cadres in providing counseling at the fourth table of the posyandu. The result obtained from this Community Service is that there are differences in providing counseling before and after getting education on the use of backsheets for counseling at the desks of the four posyandu. Counseling services at the fourth table can increase the satisfaction of mothers of babies and toddlers in receiving services at posyandu.

Maternal exposure to organochlorine pesticides and anthropometrics of newborns – a hospital-based cross-sectional study in rural and urban settings in Armenia

The study objective was to determine a possible association between maternal exposure to organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and anthropometric measures at birth in group of postpartum women in urban and rural areas of Armenia. The anthropometric measures of infants were obtained from birth records and gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane (γ-HCH), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene, and dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane were measured in breast milk. Gas-liquid chromatography with electron capture detection was used to identify OCPs. Total OCPs and DDTs were calculated, and the anthropometrics were analyzed for sex and areas, and group differences were compared (Student’s t-test). Both individual OCPs and total OCPs and DDTs were significantly higher in rural samples than in urban ones (P < 0.01–0.000), with lower and upper quartiles differing by 2.6-fold and 3.1-fold, respectively (P < 0.000). There was no association between the anthropometrics and OCPs levels in rural or urban areas. However, this does not rule out the possibility of OCPs impact on health later in life. To our knowledge, this was the first study addressing these issues in Armenia. The results obtained will provide data on the current situation regarding birth outcomes in terms of prenatal exposure to OCPs in Armenia and will contribute to the available results from previous studies.

Urinary antibiotics concentrations, their related affecting factors and infant growth in the first 6 months of life: A prospective cohort study

Antibiotic exposure even in low-dose could have potential adverse health effects, especially during early life. There is a lack of data on antibiotic burdens in early infancy. We aim to assess antibiotic exposure in infants from birth to 6 months of age, their related affecting factors and the association between antibiotic exposure and infancy growth. Urine samples were collected at ages of 3 days, 42 days, 3 months and 6 months from 197 term-born Chinese infants. A total of 33 representative antibiotics were measured by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). Urinary antibiotics were detectable in 69.4%, 63.2%, 75.0% and 84.3% of infants at ages of 3 days, 42 days, 3 and 6 months, respectively. The dominant antibiotic categories detected were: Preferred as Veterinary Antibiotics (PVAs), Human Antibiotics (HAs), and Veterinary Antibiotics (VAs). The detectable rates were 30.6%, 45.8%, 58.9%, and 81.4% for PVAs, 34.1%, 20.8%, 28.6%, and 45.1% for HAs, and 36.5%, 12.5%, 6.3%, and 5.9% for VAs, at age 3 days, 42 days, 3 and 6 months, respectively. Urinary concentrations of HAs and preferred as human antibiotics (PHAs) in newborns at age 3 days were not associated with maternal intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis. Similarly, no associations were observed between urinary antibiotics concentration and antibiotics use in infants at age 42 days or 6 months. The numbers and concentrations of urine detectable antibiotics were similar between infants with exclusive breastfeeding and infants fed with formula or mixed-feeding at all ages of 42 days, 3 and 6 months. At age of 42 days, infants in the low tertile of total antibiotics concentration or with one antibiotic detected had higher weight-for-length Z score and greater head circumference, compared to infants with no antibiotics detected. No associations were found between urinary antibiotics and any of the infant anthropometric measures at age 6 months. In conclusion, urinary antibiotics were detectable in most infants during the first 6 months of life, and PVAs, HAs and VAs were the most commonly detected antibiotics. This suggested the possibility of a foods-originated antibiotics exposure in children. No strong nor consistent associations were found between urinary antibiotic concentration and infant growth at the first six months of life. Still, attention is needed on the adverse health effect of early life exposure to antibiotics in future studies.

DEVELOPMENT OF INFANTS’ ANTHROPOMETRIC MEASUREMENTS VIDEO FOR KNOWLEDGE IMPROVEMENT

Background: Video is one of learning media that is very useful in explaining various basic clinical skills, infant anthropometric measurements, especially in distance learningLearning Media Review: The video is structured into two parts, namely the provision of short visual material and demonstration of clinical skills in infant anthropometric measurements in audio and visual form. Validation by media experts, material experts, and teaching lecturers stated that video was appropriate for use as a learning media. Small group trials found that video provide knowledge that can be understood by the target audience.Conclusion: Preparation of videos with validation by experts can produce appropriate learning media and increase the target audience's knowledge

Association between infant breastfeeding practices and timing of peak height velocity: A nationwide longitudinal survey in Japan

BackgroundSeveral studies have discovered an association between infant feeding practices and puberty timing; however, most have involved female cohorts. We investigated the association between infant feeding practices and the timing of peak height velocity in boys and girls.MethodsData on infant feeding methods and anthropometric measurements were collected from a nationwide Japanese birth cohort study. The age at peak height velocity (APV, years) was estimated and compared. Subsequently, the effects of breastfeeding duration were analyzed.ResultsOf the 13,074 eligible participants, 650, 9455, and 2969 were formula-, mixed-, and exclusively breastfed, respectively. Among girls, the mean APV was significantly later in the mixed-fed (standardized regression coefficient (β): 0.094, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.004–0.180) and exclusively breastfed (β: 0.150, 95% CI: 0.056–0.250) groups than in the formula-fed group. Among boys, the mean APV was not significantly different among the three groups; however, a sensitivity analysis that excluded preterm birth revealed more significantly delayed APV in the breastfed-only group compared to the formula-fed group. Furthermore, a multiple linear regression model revealed that a longer breastfeeding period was associated with later APV.ConclusionsInfant breastfeeding practices can affect the timing of peak height velocity in both boys and girls.ImpactSeveral studies have discovered an association between infant feeding practices and puberty timing; however, most have involved female cohorts. Age at peak height velocity, derived from longitudinal height measurements, is a useful marker of secondary sexual maturity milestones in boys and girls.A Japanese birth cohort study revealed that breastfed children had a later age at peak height velocity than their formula-fed counterparts; this was more prominent among girls than boys.Furthermore, a duration-effect relationship was observed, where longer breastfeeding duration was associated with a later age at peak height velocity.

P18-016-23 Dietary Intake During the Last Month of Pregnancy Among Women Who Gave Birth to Term and Preterm Infants and Its Association With Infant Anthropometric Measurements at Birth

P18-016-23 Dietary Intake During the Last Month of Pregnancy Among Women Who Gave Birth to Term and Preterm Infants and Its Association With Infant Anthropometric Measurements at Birth

Breast milk leptin concentrations and infant anthropometric indicators in SGA versus non-SGA breastfed infants born at term

Leptin concentrations in breast milk can influence metabolic programming during the first months of life. Small for gestational age (SGA) newborns show a peculiar growth pattern after birth, which can lead to adulthood diseases. This study aims to assess an association between leptin concentration in mature breast milk and the infant anthropometric indicators of the SGA and the non-SGA groups, in addition, to comparing the hormone level between these groups. A longitudinal study was performed with mother-infant pairs. The maternal sociodemographic information was collected in the first 48h postpartum. Breast milk was collected at one month postpartum and leptin concentrations were obtained by immunoassays. The infant anthropometric measurements were collected at three and six months postpartum and included weight, height (to body mass index-BMI calculated), triceps skinfold (TSF), and subscapular skinfold (SSF). The BMI for age (BMI/A), TSF, and SSF were calculated by Z-score indicators. Data from 67 mother-infant pairs (n=16 SGA and n=51 non-SGA) were analyzed. In univariate analyses, the breast milk of the SGA group had lower leptin concentrations than the non-SGA group (p=0.006), however, after adjustment, there was no difference between groups (p=0.181). In the SGA group, there was a significant association between leptin concentrations and lower SSF at six months in infants, after adjustment (p=0.003). In the non-SGA group, the breast milk leptin was associated with lower BMI/A at three and six months in infants, after adjustment (p=0.002 and p=0.010, respectively). The association between breast milk leptin concentrations with SSF in the SGA group and BMI/A in the non-SGA group suggests that leptin may be a modulating factor in infant growth in the first months of life.

Maternal depressiveness and infant growth outcomes: Findings from the MAASTHI cohort study in India

The study aims to examine the association between depressiveness in mothers on infant obesity and stunting at one year of age. We enrolled 4829 pregnant women, followed them up at public health facilities in Bengaluru for one year after birth. We collected information on women's sociodemographic characteristics, obstetric history, depressive symptoms during pregnancy and delivery within 48h. We took infant anthropometric measurements at birth and one year. We used chi-square tests, and calculated an unadjusted odds ratio using univariate logistic regression. We used multivariate logistic regression to examine the association between maternal depressiveness, childhood adiposity, and stunting. We found that the prevalence of depressiveness was 31.8% in mothers who delivered in public health facilities in Bengaluru. Infants born to mothers with depressiveness at birth had 3.9 times higher odds of having larger waist circumference than infants born to mothers with no depressiveness (AOR: 3.96, 95% Confidence Interval: 1.24,12.58) and 1.9 times higher odds of having a larger sum of skinfold thickness (AOR: 1.99, 95% CI: 1.18,3.38). Additionally, we found that infants born to mothers with depressiveness at birth had 1.7 times higher odds of stunting than infants born to mothers with no depressiveness (AOR: 1.72; 95%CI: 1.22,2.43) after adjusting for confounders. Our study highlights a high prevalence of depressiveness among mothers seeking antenatal care at a public hospital is associated with an increased risk of infant adiposity and stunting at one year. Further research is needed to understand the underlying mechanisms and identify effective interventions.